فناوری زیست پالایی: یک راهکار قابل اعتماد و سازگار با محیط زیست برای احیای محیطهای آلوده
محورهای موضوعی : راه حل های موثر و قابل توسعه برای کنترل و حذف آلودگی های محیطیمحمد صفری 1 , نسیم موسی خانی 2 , احمد اصل هاشمی 3 , غلامحسین صفری 4 *
1 - دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان، کرمان، ایران
2 - کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران
3 - گروه آموزش بهداشت محیط دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز
4 - گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران
کلید واژه: آلودگی محیط زیست, میکروارگانیسمها, تجزیه زیستی, زیست پالایی درجا, زیست پالایی دگرجا,
چکیده مقاله :
آلودگی محیطزیست در چندین دهه اخیر به دلیل افزایش فعالیتهای انسانی افزایش یافته است. صنعتیشدن جهانی و روشهای کشاورزی مدرن، به بروز آلایندههایی مانند هیدروکربنها، آفتکشها و فلزات سنگین منجر شده است. فناوری زیستپالایی یک استراتژی کلیدی برای مواجهه با چالشهای متنوع ناشی از آلودگی محیطی است که از توان میکروارگانیسمها برای پاکسازی و حفاظت از اکوسیستمها و حذف آلایندهها از محیطهای آلوده بهره میبرد. زیستپالایی فرآیندی است که شامل کاهش، حذف، تغییر و تبدیل آلایندهها در محیطهای طبیعی نظیر خاک، رسوبات، هوا و آب با استفاده از میکروارگانیسمها، قارچها، گیاهان یا آنزیمهای آنها به منظور بازگرداندن محیط آسیبدیده به شرایط اولیه است. فناوریهای زیستپالایی را میتوان به دو دسته اصلی درجا و دگرجا تقسیمبندی کرد. زیستپالایی درجا به تصفیه آلایندهها در محل آلوده اختصاص دارد، در حالی که زیستپالایی دگرجا شامل جمعآوری و انتقال مواد آلوده به محل دیگری برای تصفیه است. روشهای زیستپالایی درجا شامل تزریق زیستی، تهویه زیستی، تحریک زیستی، مکش زیستی، تقویت زیستی و گیاهپالایی هستند. از طرفی، روشهای دگرجا شامل تصفیه به کمک زمین، کمپوستسازی، تودههای بیولوژیکی، فیلترهای زیستی، راکتورهای زیستی و روش ویندرو میباشند. با وجود مزایای فراوان این فناوری نظیر پایداری، هزینه کم و سازگاری با محیطزیست، زیستپالایی با چالشهای مهمی مانند ویژگیهای بیولوژیکی، تنوع زیستمحیطی، ناهمگونی سایتها، مشکلات مقیاسپذیری و موانع نظارتی روبرو است. برای مواجهه با این چالشها، تحقیق، توسعه و مدیریت چندرشتهای ضروری است. این مقاله یک مرور جامع از زیستپالایی، اهداف، اصول، روشها، عوامل مؤثر، مزایا و چالشهای پیش روی آن و همچنین چشماندازهای آتی این فناوری را ارائه میدهد و بر نیاز به تحقیقات مستمر برای بهینهسازی و گسترش کاربرد آن تأکید میکند.
Environmental pollution has escalated over the past few decades due to the rise in anthropogenic activities. Global industrialization and modern agricultural practices have led to the emergence of pollutants such as hydrocarbons, pesticides, and heavy metals. Bioremediation technology is a key strategy for addressing the diverse challenges posed by environmental pollution, leveraging the capabilities of microorganisms to clean and protect ecosystems and remove contaminants from polluted environments. Bioremediation is a process that involves the reduction, removal, modification, and transformation of pollutants in natural environments such as soil, sediments, air, and water using microorganisms, fungi, plants, or their enzymes in order to restore the damaged environment to its original conditions. Bioremediation technologies are broadly categorized into in-situ and ex-situ methods. In-situ bioremediation is dedicated to the treatment of pollutants at the contaminated site, while ex-situ bioremediation involves the collection and transfer of contaminated materials to another location for treatment. In-situ bioremediation methods include biosparging, bioventing, biostimulation, bioslurping, bioaugmentation, and phytoremediation. On the other hand, ex-situ methods include land farming, composting, biopiles, biofilters, bioreactors, and windrow methods. Despite the numerous advantages of this technology, such as sustainability, low cost, and environmental compatibility, bioremediation faces significant challenges including biological specificity, environmental variability, site heterogeneity, scalability issues, and regulatory barriers. Overcoming these obstacles requires interdisciplinary research, development, and management. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of bioremediation, its goals, principles, methods, influencing factors, benefits, and the challenges it faces, as well as future prospects for this technology, emphasizing the need for ongoing research to optimize and expand its applications.
[1] Kuppan, N., Padman, M., Mahadeva, M., Srinivasan, S., Devarajan, R., 2024, A comprehensive review of sustainable bioremediation techniques: Eco friendly solutions for waste and pollution management. Waste Management Bulletin, 2, 154.
[2] Sharma, I., 2020, Bioremediation techniques for polluted environment: Concept, advantages, limitations, and prospects. In: Trace metals in the environment-new approaches and recent advances, IntechOpen, pp. 221-236.
[3] Demnerová, K., Mackova, M., Speváková, V., Beranova, K., Kochánková, L., Lovecká, P., Ryslavá, E., Macek, T., 2005, Two approaches to biological decontamination of groundwater and soil polluted by aromatics-characterization of microbial populations, International Microbiology, 8, 205.
[4] Tang, C.Y., Fu, Q.S., Criddle, C.S., Leckie, J.O., 2007, Effect of flux (transmembrane pressure) and membrane properties on fouling and rejection of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes treating perfluorooctane sulfonate containing wastewater, Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 2008.
[5] Chen, B.Y., Ma, C.-M., Han, K., Yueh, P.-L, Qin L.-J., Hsueh C.-C., 2016, Influence of textile dye and decolorized metabolites on microbial fuel cell-assisted bioremediation, Bioresource Technology, 200, 1033.
[6] Aryal, S., 2023, Introduction to bioremediation, Microbe Notes. (Available online: microbenotes.com/bioremediation).
[7] Malik, S., Dhasmana, A., Kishore, S., Kumari, M., 2022, Microbes and microbial enzymes for degradation of pesticides. In: Bioremediation and Phytoremediation Technologies in Sustainable Soil Management, Apple Academic Press, pp. 95-127.
[8] Patowary, R., Devi, A., Mukherjee, A.K., 2023, Advanced bioremediation by an amalgamation of nanotechnology and modern artificial intelligence for efficient restoration of crude petroleum oil-contaminated sites: a prospective study, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 74459.
[9] Ren, X., Zeng, G., Tang, L., Wang, J., Wan, J., Wang, J., Deng, Y., Liu, Y., Peng, B., 2018, The potential impact on the biodegradation of organic pollutants from composting technology for soil remediation, Waste Management, 72, 138.
[10] Jain, P.K., Bajpai, V., 2012, Biotechnology of bioremediation-a review, International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3, 535.
[11] Lutes, C., 2007, In-situ substrate addition to create reactive zones for treatment of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, ESTCP Cost and Performane Report. (Available online: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA478051).
[12] International Centre for Soil and Contaminated Sites, 2006, Manual for Biological Remediation Techniques, pp. 9-18.
[13] Prasad, S., Kannojiya, S., Kumar, S., Yadav, K.K., Kundu, M., Rakshit, A., 2021, Integrative approaches for understanding and designing strategies of bioremediation, In: Bioremediation Science, 1st Edition, CRC Press, pp. 37-56.
[14] Smriti, K., 2023, Bioremediation: Factors, types, advantages, disadvantages, Microbe Notes, (Available online: microbenotes.com/bioremediation-types-factors).
[15] Mishra, M., Singh, S.K., Kumar, A., 2021, Environmental factors affecting the bioremediation potential of microbes, In: Microbe Mediated Remediation of Environmental Contaminants, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 47-58.
[16] Kensa, V.M., 2011, Bioremediation-an overview, Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 27, 161.
[17] Montagnolli, R.N., Lopes, P.R.M., Bidoia, E.D., 2015, Assessing Bacillus subtilis biosurfactant effects on the biodegradation of petroleum products, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 4116.
[18] Sharma, S., 2012, Bioremediation: Features, strategies and applications, Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Life Science, 2, 202.
[19] Barba, S., Villaseñor, J., Rodrigo, M.A., Cañizares, P., 2021, Biostimulation versus bioaugmentation for the electro-bioremediation of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid polluted soils, Journal of Environmental Management, 277, 111424.
[20] Singh, A., Kumar, V., Srivastava, J.N., 2013, Assessment of bioremediation of oil and phenol contents in refinery waste water via bacterial consortium, Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology, 4, 1000145.
[21] Tyagi, B., Kumar, N., 2021, Bioremediation: Principles and applications in environmental management, In: Bioremediation for Environmental Sustainability, Elsevier, pp. 3-28.
[22] Abatenh, E., Gizaw, B., Tsegaye, Z., Wassie, M., 2017, The role of microorganisms in bioremediation-A review, Open Journal of Environmental Biology, 2, 038.
[23] Boopathy, R., 2000, Factors limiting bioremediation technologies, Bioresource Technology, 74, 63.
[24] Harekrushna, S., Kumar, D.C., 2012, A review on: Bioremediation, International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment, 2, 13.
[25] Kumar, V., Shahi, S.K., Singh, S., 2018, Bioremediation: An eco-sustainable approach for restoration of contaminated sites, In: Microbial Bioprospecting for Sustainable Development, Springer, pp. 115-136.
[26] Azubuike, C.C., Chikere, C.B., Okpokwasili, G.C., 2016, Bioremediation techniques–classification based on site of application: Principles, advantages, limitations and prospects, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 32, 180.
[27] Mulligan, C.N., Yong, R.N., 2004, Natural attenuation of contaminated soils, Environment International, 30, 587.
[28] Li, C.-H., Wong, Y.-S., Tam, N.F.-Y., 2010, Anaerobic biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with amendment of iron(III) in mangrove sediment slurry, Bioresource Technology, 101, 8083.
[29] Singh, S.P., Garima, T., 2015, Application of bioremediation on solid waste management: A review, Environmental Science: An Indian Journal, 10, 11.
[30] Niu, G.L., Zhang, J.J., Zhao, S., Liu, H., Boon, N., Zhou, N.Y., 2009, Bioaugmentation of a 4-chloronitrobenzene contaminated soil with Pseudomonas putida ZWL73, Environmental Pollution, 157, 763.
[31] Malik, Z.A., Ahmed, S., 2012, Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by oil field isolated bacterial consortium, African Journal of Biotechnology, 11, 650.
[32] Alwan, A.H., Fadil, S.M., Khadair, S.H., Haloub, A.A., Mohammed, D.B., Salah, M.F., Sabbar, S.S., Mousa, N.K., Salah, Z.A., 2013, Bioremediation of the water contaminated by waste of hydrocarbon by use Ceratophyllaceae and Potamogetonaceae plants, Journal of Genetic and Environmental Resources Conservation, 1, 106.
[33] Gomez, F., Sartaj, M., 2014, Optimization of field scale biopiles for bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil at low temperature conditions by response surface methodology (RSM), International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 89, 103.
[34] Sayler, G.S., Ripp, S., 2000, Field applications of genetically engineered microorganisms for bioremediation processes, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 11, 286.
[35] Thapa, B., Kc, A., Ghimire, A., 2012, A review on bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in soil, Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 8, 164.
[36] Adams, G.O., Fufeyin, P.T., Okoro, S.E., Ehinomen, I., 2015, Bioremediation, biostimulation and bioaugmention: A review, International Journal of Environmental Bioremediation & Biodegradation, 3, 28.
[37] Naik, M.G., Duraphe, M.D., 2012, Review paper on-parameters affecting bioremediation, International Journal of Life Science & Pharma Research, 2, 77.
[38] Frutos, F.J.G., Escolano, O., García, S., Babín, M., Fernández, M.D., 2010, Bioventing remediation and ecotoxicity evaluation of phenanthrene-contaminated soil, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183, 806.
[39] Agarry, S., Latinwo, G.K., 2015, Biodegradation of diesel oil in soil and its enhancement by application of bioventing and amendment with brewery waste effluents as biostimulation-bioaugmentation agents, Journal of Ecological Engineering, 16, 82.
[40] Bala, S., Garg, D., Thirumalesh, B.V., Sharma, M., Sridhar, K., Inbaraj, B.S., Tripathi, M., 2022, Recent strategies for bioremediation of emerging pollutants: a review for a green and sustainable environment, Toxics, 10, 484.
[41] Tong, W., 2018, Groundwater hydrology, soil and groundwater contamination assessment and monitoring, In: Fundamentals of Environmental Site Assessment and Remediation, 1st Edition, CRC Press, pp. 70–99
[42] Kao, C.M., Chen, C.Y., Chen, S.C., Chien, H.Y., Chen, Y.L., 2008, Application of in situ biosparging to remediate a petroleum-hydrocarbon spill site: Field and microbial evaluation, Chemosphere, 70, 1492.
[43] Atlas, R.M., Philp, J.C., 2005, Bioremediation. Applied microbial solutions for real-world environmental cleanup, 1st Edition, American Society of Microbiology.
[44] Maitra, S., 2019, Permeable reactive barrier: A technology for groundwater remediation - a mini review, Research Journal of Life Sciences, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 5, 203.
[45] Emami, S., Pourbabaee, A.A., Alikhani, H.A., 2012, Bioremediation principles and techniques on petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil, Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2, 320.
[46] Bewley, R.J.F., Hockin, S., 2011, Contaminated soils and bioremediation: Creation and maintenance of inner space, In: The Architecture and Biology of Soils: Life in Inner Space, 1st Edition, Wallingford UK: CABI, pp. 196-215.
[47] Dias, R.L., Ruberto, L., Calabró, A., Balbo, A.L., Del Panno, M.T., Mac Cormack, W.P., 2015, Hydrocarbon removal and bacterial community structure in on-site biostimulated biopile systems designed for bioremediation of diesel-contaminated Antarctic soil, Polar Biology, 38, 677.
[48] Whelan, M.J., Coulon, F., Hince, G., Rayner, J., McWatters, R., Spedding, T., Snape, I., 2015, Fate and transport of petroleum hydrocarbons in engineered biopiles in polar regions, Chemosphere, 131, 232.
[49] Garima, T., Singh, S.P., 2014, Application of bioremediation on solid waste management: A review, Journal of Bioremediation & Biodegradation, 5, 248.
[50] Rodríguez-Rodríguez, C.E., Marco-Urrea, E., Caminal, G., 2010, Degradation of naproxen and carbamazepine in spiked sludge by slurry and solid-phase Trametes versicolor systems, Bioresource Technology, 101, 2259.
[51] Sanscartier, D., Zeeb, B., Koch, I., Reimer, K., 2009, Bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil by heated and humidified biopile system in cold climates, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 55, 167.
[52] Chemlal, R., Abdi, N., Lounici, H., Drouiche, N., Pauss, A., Mameri, N., 2013, Modeling and qualitative study of diesel biodegradation using biopile process in sandy soil, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 78, 43.
[53] Delille, D., Duval, A., Pelletier, E., 2008, Highly efficient pilot biopiles for on-site fertilization treatment of diesel oil-contaminated sub-Antarctic soil, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 54, 7.
[54] Arora, S., Saxena, S., Sutaria, D., Sethi, J., 2022, Bioremediation: An ecofriendly approach for the treatment of oil spills, In: Advances in Oil-Water Separation, Elsevier, pp. 353-373.
[55] Ojha, N., Karn, R., Abbas, S., Bhugra, S., 2021, Bioremediation of industrial wastewater: A review, In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 796, 012012.
[56] Naeem, U., Qazi, M.A., 2020, Leading edges in bioremediation technologies for removal of petroleum hydrocarbons, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 27370.
[57] Jaain, R., Patel, A., 2019, Bioremediation of Gurugram–Faridabad dumpsite at Bandhwari, In: Waste Valorisation and Recycling, Springer, pp. 433-440.
[58] Oualha, M., Al-Kaabi, N., Al-Ghouti, M., Zouari, N., 2019, Identification and overcome of limitations of weathered oil hydrocarbons bioremediation by an adapted Bacillus sorensis strain, Journal of Environmental Management, 250, 109455.
[59] Volpe, A., D’Arpa, S., Del Moro, G., Rossetti, S., Tandoi, V., Uricchio, V.F., 2012, Fingerprinting hydrocarbons in a contaminated soil from an Italian natural reserve and assessment of the performance of a low-impact bioremediation approach, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 223, 1773.
[60] Silva-Castro, G.A., Uad, I., Gónzalez-López, J., Fandiño, C.G., Toledo, F.L., Calvo, C., 2012, Application of selected microbial consortia combined with inorganic and oleophilic fertilizers to recuperate oil-polluted soil using land farming technology, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 14, 719.
[61] Williams, J., 2006, Bioremediation of contaminated soils: A comparison of in situ and ex situ techniques, Engineering Biology.
[62] Mohan, S.V., Sirisha, K., Rao, N.C., Sarma, P.N., Reddy, S.J., 2004, Degradation of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil by bioslurry reactor operated in sequencing batch mode: bioprocess monitoring, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 116, 39.
[63] San Miguel, A., Ravanel, P., Raveton, M., 2013, A comparative study on the uptake and translocation of organochlorines by Phragmites australis, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 244-245, 60.
[64] Meagher, R.B., 2000, Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 3, 153.
[65] Kuiper, I., Lagendijk, E.L., Bloemberg, G.V., Lugtenberg, B.J., 2004, Rhizoremediation: A beneficial plant-microbe interaction, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 17, 6.
[66] Moosavi, S.G., Seghatoleslami, M.J., 2013, Phytoremediation: A review, Advance in Agriculture and Biology, 1, 5.
[67] Etim, E.E., 2012, Phytoremediation and its mechanisms: A review, International Journal of Environment and Bioenergy, 2, 120.
[68] Vasavi, A., Usha, R., Swamy, P.M., 2010, Phytoremediation–an overview review, Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 26, 83.
[69] Ekta, P., Modi, N.R., 2018, A review of phytoremediation, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7, 1485.
[70] Yadav, K.K., Gupta, N., Kumar, A., Reece, L.M., Singh, N., Rezania, S., Khan, S.A., 2018, Mechanistic understanding and holistic approach of phytoremediation: A review on application and future prospects, Ecological Engineering, 120, 274.
[71] Kristanti, R.A., Ngu, W.J., Yuniarto, A., Hadibarata, T., 2021, Rhizofiltration for removal of inorganic and organic pollutants in groundwater: A review, Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 11, 12326.
[72] Paul, D., Pandey, G., Pandey, J., Jain, R.K., 2005, Accessing microbial diversity for bioremediation and environmental restoration, Trends in Biotechnology, 23, 135.
[73] Vishwakarma, G.S., Bhattacharjee, G., Gohil, N., Singh, V., 2020, Current status, challenges and future of bioremediation, In: Bioremediation of Pollutants: From Genetic Engineering to Genome Engineering, Elsevier, pp. 403-415.