آلاینده‌های نوظهور در محیطهای آبی: وقوع، منابع، سرنوشت، اثرات بهداشتی و زیست محیطی و ارزیابی ریسک
محورهای موضوعی : ارزیابی خطرات آلاینده ها بر روی محیط زیست
محمد صفری
1
(1- دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان، کرمان، ایران)
احمد اصل هاشمی
2
(گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران)
غلامحسین صفری
3
(2- گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران)
کلید واژه: محیطهای آبی, آلاینده‌های نوظهور, سرنوشت, اثرات بهداشتی, ارزیابی ریسک,
چکیده مقاله :
آلاینده‌های نوظهور (EPS) شامل بسیاری از ترکیبات مصنوعی یا طبیعی از قبیل زیست‌کش‌ها (بیوسایدها)، بازدارنده‌های آتش، هیدروکربن‌های آروماتیک چند حلقه‌ای، نرم‌کننده‌ها، مواد فعال سطحی (سورفکتانت‌ها)، هورمون‌ها، محصولات مراقبت شخصی، ترکیبات دارویی و نانوذرات می‌باشند، که اغلب در محیط کنترل یا نظارت نمیشوند. این آلاینده ها در غلظتهای محیطی کم وجود دارند و اثرات شدیدی بر سلامتی انسان و موجودات زنده میگذارند. این آلایندهها عمدتاً در بیمارستانها، مزارع کشاورزی و مناطق شهری و صنعتی تولید میشوند. راههای اصلی ورود آنها به محیط زیست، بقایای آبهای آلوده، لجن فاضلاب حاصل از تصفیهخانه فاضلاب و کود دامی ناشی از مزارع کشاورزی می‌باشند. با این حال، اگرچه منابع ورودی این آلایندهها شناخته شده هستند، سرنوشت و رفتار آنها در بخش‌های مختلف محیطی و همچنین خطرات آنها برای سلامتی انسان و محیط زیست نیاز به تحقیقات بیشتری دارد. هدف از این مقاله مروری، بررسی وضعیت فعلی وقوع، منابع آلودگی، سرنوشت، اثرات بهداشتی و زیستمحیطی و همچنین ارزیابی ریسک‌های ناشی از EPها در محیطهای آبی در راستای مدیریت پایدار منابع آبی میباشد. در این مقاله مروری طبقه‌بندی EPها در محیط زیست، منابع، سرنوشت و اثرات آنها، با چند مثال مورد بحث قرار میگیرد. همچنین برخی از مشکلات مربوط به آلودگی محیطهای آبی با EPها و ریسکهایی که آنها میتوانند برای آبزیان و سلامتی انسانها ایجاد کنند، ارائه میشود. این مقاله نگاهی انتقادی به چالش‌های فعلی ناشی از حضور EPها در محیطهای آبی و توصیه‌هایی برای تحقیقات بیشتر به منظور کاهش اثرات EPها بر محیطهای آبی و سلامت انسان ارائه می‌کند.
Emerging pollutants (EPs) encompass a wide range of synthetic or natural substances, such as biocides, fire retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), emollients, surfactants, hormones, personal care products, pharmaceutical compounds, and nanoparticles, many of which are not consistently controlled or monitored in the environment. Despite their typically low environmental concentrations, these pollutants pose significant risks to human health and living organisms. EPs primarily originate from hospitals, agricultural fields, urban areas and industrial sectors. Their entrance into the environment occurs through polluted water, wastewater sludge from wastewater treatment plants, and manure from agricultural fields. While the sources of EPs are generally known, further research is needed to fully understand their behavior, fate, and potential risks across different environmental sectors as well as their impacts on human health and ecosystems. This review aims to investigate the current state of the occurrence, pollution sources, fate, and health and environmental impacts of EPs, with a particular focus on aquatic environments and the broader goal of sustainable water resource management. The article categorizes EPs in the environment, and provides detailed discussion on their sources, fate and effects supported by relevant examples. Additionally, it addresses the challenges posed by EP contamination in aquatic systems and the associated risks to both aquatic life and human health. Finally the review offers critical insights into the current challenges and suggests avenues for further research to mitigate the effects of EPs on aquatic environments and public health.
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