بررسی جایگاه حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست درحل بحران های اقلیمی و عملکرد ایران در اجرای تعهدات زیست‌محیطی
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق بین الملل محیط زیستنوشین عزیزاللهی 1 , زینب پورخاقان شاهرضایی 2 *
1 - دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین الملل عمومی،گروه حقوق، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران
2 - گروه حقوق بین الملل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
کلید واژه: حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست, تغییرات اقلیمی, تعهدات بین‌المللی, عملکرد ایران, کنوانسیون اقلیمی,
چکیده مقاله :
بحران‌های اقلیمی به‌عنوان یکی از جدی‌ترین چالش‌های قرن بیست‌ویکم، مرزهای ملی را درنوردیده و نیازمند پاسخ‌های هماهنگ در سطح بین‌المللی است. در این میان، حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست به‌عنوان یک حوزه نوین و پویا از حقوق بین‌الملل، نقش مهمی در تنظیم تعهدات کشورها، تدوین اسناد بین‌المللی و تقویت سازوکارهای نظارتی و اجرایی برای مقابله با تغییرات اقلیمی ایفا می‌کند. این مقاله با رویکردی تحلیلی، ابتدا به تبیین اصول بنیادین حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست، همچون اصل توسعه پایدار، اصل آلاینده‌پرداز، اصل احتیاط و اصل مسئولیت مشترک اما متفاوت، می‌پردازد و جایگاه این اصول را در معاهدات بین‌المللی ازجمله کنوانسیون تغییرات اقلیمی سازمان ملل پروتکل کیوتو و توافق‌نامه پاریس بررسی می‌نماید. در بخش دوم، عملکرد کشورایران در راستای تعهدات بین‌المللی محیط زیستی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. با تحلیل اسناد رسمی، برنامه‌های ملی اقلیمی و اقدامات اجرایی، نقاط قوت و چالش‌های پیش‌روی ایران در اجرای تعهدات اقلیمی مورد واکاوی قرار می‌گیرد. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که اگرچه ایران در سطح اسنادی و حقوقی به بخش عمده‌ای از تعهدات بین‌المللی پایبند بوده، اما در سطح عملیاتی و نهادی با موانعی چون تحریم‌های اقتصادی، ضعف در حکمرانی محیط زیستی، فقدان برنامه‌ریزی منسجم و کمبود منابع مالی مواجه است. همچنین عدم تصویب نهایی توافق‌نامه پاریس در مجلس شورای اسلامی، تعهدات ایران را در سطح بین‌المللی با تردیدهایی مواجه ساخته است. مقاله بر این نکته تأکید دارد که تقویت جایگاه حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست و تعهدات الزام‌آور بین‌المللی، همراه با اراده سیاسی داخلی، ارتقاء ظرفیت‌های نهادی و بهره‌گیری از دیپلماسی محیط زیستی می‌تواند راهگشای نقش‌آفرینی مؤثرتر ایران در مقابله با بحران اقلیمی باشد.
Climate crises have emerged as one of the most pressing global challenges of the 21st century, transcending national boundaries and demanding coordinated international responses. In this context, international environmental law plays a critical role in shaping the obligations of states, developing global legal instruments, and strengthening compliance mechanisms aimed at combating climate change. This paper adopts an analytical approach to examine the foundational principles of international environmental law—including the principle of sustainable development, the polluter-pays principle, the precautionary principle, and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities—and explores their incorporation into key international agreements such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. The second part of the study focuses on the performance of the Islamic Republic of Iran in fulfilling its environmental commitments. By analyzing official documents, Iran's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and practical implementation measures, the study identifies both the strengths and the challenges facing Iran. Despite Iran's formal adherence to many international environmental frameworks, the country faces significant operational and institutional obstacles, including economic sanctions, weak environmental governance, lack of coherent national planning, and limited financial resources. Moreover, the failure of the Iranian parliament to ratify the Paris Agreement has cast uncertainty on the country's long-term climate commitments. The paper concludes that strengthening the legal authority of international environmental law, coupled with internal political will, institutional capacity building, and effective environmental diplomacy, can significantly enhance Iran’s role in addressing the climate crisis and fulfilling its international obligations.
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