بررسی جایگاه حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست درحل بحران های اقلیمی و عملکرد ایران در اجرای تعهدات زیست‌محیطی
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق بین الملل محیط زیستنوشین عزیزاللهی 1 * , زینب پورخاقان شاهرضایی 2
1 - دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین الملل عمومی،گروه حقوق، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران
2 - گروه حقوق بین الملل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
کلید واژه: حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست, تغییرات اقلیمی, تعهدات بین‌المللی, عملکرد ایران, کنوانسیون اقلیمی,
چکیده مقاله :
بحران‌های اقلیمی به‌عنوان یکی از جدی‌ترین چالش‌های قرن بیست‌ویکم، مرزهای ملی را درنوردیده و نیازمند پاسخ‌های هماهنگ در سطح بین‌المللی است. در این میان، حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست به‌عنوان یک حوزه نوین و پویا از حقوق بین‌الملل، نقش مهمی در تنظیم تعهدات کشورها، تدوین اسناد بین‌المللی و تقویت سازوکارهای نظارتی و اجرایی برای مقابله با تغییرات اقلیمی ایفا می‌کند. این مقاله با رویکردی تحلیلی، ابتدا به تبیین اصول بنیادین حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست، همچون اصل توسعه پایدار، اصل آلاینده‌پرداز، اصل احتیاط و اصل مسئولیت مشترک اما متفاوت، می‌پردازد و جایگاه این اصول را در معاهدات بین‌المللی ازجمله کنوانسیون تغییرات اقلیمی سازمان ملل پروتکل کیوتو و توافق‌نامه پاریس بررسی می‌نماید. در بخش دوم، عملکرد کشورایران در راستای تعهدات بین‌المللی محیط زیستی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. با تحلیل اسناد رسمی، برنامه‌های ملی اقلیمی و اقدامات اجرایی، نقاط قوت و چالش‌های پیش‌روی ایران در اجرای تعهدات اقلیمی مورد واکاوی قرار می‌گیرد. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که اگرچه ایران در سطح اسنادی و حقوقی به بخش عمده‌ای از تعهدات بین‌المللی پایبند بوده، اما در سطح عملیاتی و نهادی با موانعی چون تحریم‌های اقتصادی، ضعف در حکمرانی محیط زیستی، فقدان برنامه‌ریزی منسجم و کمبود منابع مالی مواجه است. همچنین عدم تصویب نهایی توافق‌نامه پاریس در مجلس شورای اسلامی، تعهدات ایران را در سطح بین‌المللی با تردیدهایی مواجه ساخته است. مقاله بر این نکته تأکید دارد که تقویت جایگاه حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست و تعهدات الزام‌آور بین‌المللی، همراه با اراده سیاسی داخلی، ارتقاء ظرفیت‌های نهادی و بهره‌گیری از دیپلماسی محیط زیستی می‌تواند راهگشای نقش‌آفرینی مؤثرتر ایران در مقابله با بحران اقلیمی باشد.
Climate crises have emerged as one of the most pressing global challenges of the 21st century, transcending national boundaries and demanding coordinated international responses. In this context, international environmental law plays a critical role in shaping the obligations of states, developing global legal instruments, and strengthening compliance mechanisms aimed at combating climate change. This paper adopts an analytical approach to examine the foundational principles of international environmental law—including the principle of sustainable development, the polluter-pays principle, the precautionary principle, and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities—and explores their incorporation into key international agreements such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. The second part of the study focuses on the performance of the Islamic Republic of Iran in fulfilling its environmental commitments. By analyzing official documents, Iran's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and practical implementation measures, the study identifies both the strengths and the challenges facing Iran. Despite Iran's formal adherence to many international environmental frameworks, the country faces significant operational and institutional obstacles, including economic sanctions, weak environmental governance, lack of coherent national planning, and limited financial resources. Moreover, the failure of the Iranian parliament to ratify the Paris Agreement has cast uncertainty on the country's long-term climate commitments. The paper concludes that strengthening the legal authority of international environmental law, coupled with internal political will, institutional capacity building, and effective environmental diplomacy, can significantly enhance Iran’s role in addressing the climate crisis and fulfilling its international obligations.
Abdelaty, H., Weiss, D., & Mangelkramer, D. (2023). Climate policy in developing countries: analysis of climate mitigation and adaptation measures in Egypt. Sustainability, 15(11), 9121.
Asadnabizadeh, M. (2019). Understanding the Iran security dilemma in the Paris climate change agreement: A neo realist relative gains theory. International Journal of Political Science and Development. [In Persian]
Bahador, E., & Ahmadi Mousavi, S. M. (2018). Deficiencies of irans substantial criminal policy in the field of environmental offences in order to protect the healthy environment. islamic life style centered on health, 2(4 ), 276-288. [In Persian]
Birnie, P., Boyle, A., & Redgwell, C. (2015). International Law and the Environment (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press، 234-254.
Bodansky, D. (2016). The Legal Character of the Paris Agreement. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 25(2), 142–150. .
Bodansky, D., Brunnée, J., & Rajamani, L. (2017). International Climate Change Law. Oxford University Press،200-234.
Ciplet, D., Roberts, J. T., & Khan, M. (2015). Power in a Warming World: The New Global Politics of Climate Change and the Remaking of Environmental Inequality. MIT Press،290-300.
Climate Action Tracker. (2023). Iran. https://climateactiontracker.org
Cordonier Segger, M., & Khalfan, A. (2020). Sustainable Development Law: Principles, Practices and Prospects. Oxford University Press.67-110.
Dupuy, P. M., & Viñuales, J. E. (2018). International Environmental Law. (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
ECHR, 2024. https://www.echr.coe.int/w/2024
Falkner, R. (2016). The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics. International Affairs, 92(5), 1107-1125.
Grubb, M., Hourcade, J. C., & Neuhoff, K. (2014). Planetary economics: energy, climate change and the three domains of sustainable development. Routledge.
Gupta, A., & van Asselt, H. (2019). Transparency in multilateral climate politics: Furthering (or distracting from) accountability? Regulation & Governance, 13(1), 18–34.
Hunter, D., Salzman, J., & Zaelke, D. (2015). International Environmental Law and Policy. (5th ed.). Foundation Press، 211-234.
IEA, 2023. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023
Jabari, L., Salem, A. A., Zamani, O., & Farzanegan, M. R. (2024). Economic sanctions and energy efficiency: Evidence from Iranian industrial sub-sectors. Energy Economics, 139, 107920.[In Persian]
Kolahi, M., & AzimiSeginSara, R. (2023). Socio-environmental responsibility in Iranian universities: a multidimensional perspective. Environmental Conservation, 50(4), 267-274. [In Persian]
Kolahi, M., Sakai, T., Moriya, K., & Makhdoum, M. F. (2012). Challenges to the future development of Iran’s protected areas system. Environmental management, 50(4), 750-765. [In Persian]
Kotzé, L. J. (2021). Neubauer et al. versus Germany: planetary climate litigation for the anthropocene?. German Law Journal, 22(8), 1423-1444.
Lotfian, S. & Nasri Fakhredavood, S. (2018). Environmental policy in Iran. Political quarterly, 48(1), 97-121. [In Persian]
Madani, K. (2020). Energy, Environment and Sanctions: The Climate Dilemma in Iran. Environmental Science and Policy, 108, 17-24.
Maloomi, F. A. & Satei, S. (2020). The Impact of Environmental Diplomacy on Policy Making in Iran. Middle East Studies, 27(1), 85-118. [In Persian]
Movahedian, H., & Norouzi, N. (2024). Environmental Protection Law and Oil Contracts. Journal of Economic and Business Law Review, 4(1), 66-90.
Oberthür, S. (2022). Strengthening the Paris Agreement: The role of the compliance mechanism. International Environmental Agreements, 22(1), 1–19
Peel, J., & Lin, J. (2019). Litigating Climate Change through International Law: Obligations Strategy and Rights Strategy. Leiden Journal of International Law, 32(3), 545–568.
Rajabali Nejad, A. , nozari, N. & Rahimi Badr, B. (2023). The Effect of Climatic Variables and the Role of Sanctions in Agricultural Production. Agricultural Economics and Development, 31(2), 157-184. [In Persian]
Rajamani, L. )2016). The 2015 Paris Agreement: Interplay Between Hard, Soft and Non-Obligations. Journal of Environmental Law, 28(2), 337–358.
Rajamani, L., & Peel, J. (2022). Compliance in the Paris Agreement and beyond. In The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press،154-187.
Romijn, E., De Sy, V., Herold, M., Böttcher, H., Roman-Cuesta, R. M., Fritz, S., ... & Martius, C. (2018). Independent data for transparent monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions from the land use sector–What do stakeholders think and need?. Environmental Science & Policy, 85, 101-112.
Sands, P., Peel. J., Fabra, A., & MacKenzie, R. (2018) Principles of international environmental law. 4th edn. Cambridge, 321.
Seddighi, H., & Seddighi, S. (2020). How much the Iranian government spent on disasters in the last 100 years? A critical policy analysis. Cost effectiveness and resource allocation, 18(1), 46. [In Persian]
Shaffer, G., & Bodansky, D. (2017). Transnationalism, Unilateralism and International Law. Transnational Environmental Law, 1(1), 31–41.
Shokri, M. (2022). Environmental governance and sustainable development in the future of Middle East order. Quarterly Journal of Environmental Studies Strategic of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 6(3), 35-62. [In Persian]
Tahbaz, M. (2016). Environmental challenges in today’s Iran. Iranian Studies, 49(6), 943-961.
Toosi, N. M., Esfahani, J. A., & Safaei, M. R. (2018). Investigation of energy consumption and renewable energy resources in top ten countries with most energy consumption. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 397, No. 1, p. 012108). [In Persian]
UN Treaty Collection. (2024). Paris Agreement status list. https://treaties.un.org
UNEP. (2019). Emissions Gap Report 2019: https://unepccc.org/publications/emissions-gap-report-2019-executive-summary/
UNEP-WCMC. (2023). Middle East Environmental Cooperation Framework
UNFCCC, 1997. https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol.
UNFCCC. (2015). Adoption of the Paris Agreement. FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf
UNFCCC. (2017). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/resource/annualreport/
UNFCCC. (2020). Handbook on Transparency and Reporting under the Paris Agreement. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/ETF_technical%20handbook_First%20Edition.pdf
UNFCCC. (2023). Global Stocktake Technical Dialogue Synthesis Report. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/sb2023_09_adv.pdf
Vlasceanu, M., Doell, K. C., Bak-Coleman, J. B., Todorova, B., Berkebile-Weinberg, M. M., Grayson, S. J., ... & Lutz, A. E. (2024). Addressing climate change with behavioral science: A global intervention tournament in 63 countries. Science advances, 10(6), eadj5778.
Voigt, C., & Makuch, K. (2022). Climate litigation trends in Europe: The judicialization of climate governance. Journal of Environmental Law, 34(1), 87–104.
Wewerinke-Singh, M., & Doebbler, C. F. J. (2016). The Paris Agreement: Some Critical Reflections on Process and Substance. University of New South Wales Law Journal, 39(4), 1486–1517
Yousefian, E. , Faghihi, A. & Daneshfard, K. (2022). Designing A Model of Integrated Policy for Water Governance in Iran. Iranian journal of management sciences, 16(64), 1-32. [In Persian]
Zamani, H., Montazeri, A., & Fathpour, F. (2024). International Law and Management of Shared Water Resources in Eastern and Northeastern Iran. Legal Studies in Digital Age, 3(3), 25-37. [In Persian]