Pollution Indices and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil of Major Motor Parks in Yola, Nigeria

Subject Areas : Journal of Chemical Health Risks

Abdulazeez Mobolaji Hammed ^{1 *} , Ayodele Akinterinwa ² , Shuaibu Abdullahi ³ , Hasiru Mahmud ⁴

1 - Department of Chemistry, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria
2 - Department of Chemistry, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria
3 - Department of Chemistry, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria
4 - Department of Chemistry, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Received: 2024-09-11 Accepted : 2025-05-28 Published : 2025-04-19

Keywords: Pollution index, Ecological risk, Geo-accumulation index, Health risk index, Soil, Motor parks,

Abstract :

This study assessed the ecological risk and pollution level of motor parks’ soil in Yola metro, Nigeria. Twenty (20) soil samples were collected from topsoil of the selected motor parks and heavy metals (Cu, As, Ni, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Zn) were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Contamination degree (DC), pollution load index (PLI), ecological risk index (RI), geo-accumulation index (I-geo), health risk index of the metals concentration were evaluated. The results showed that mean concentration of the metals in the soil were in the increasing order As<Ni<Mn<Cd<Pb<Cr<Cu<Zn, with average values ranged 0.09-061mg kg^-1, 0.21-0.44mg kg^-1, 0.35-0.58mg kg^-1, 2.14-3.08mg kg^-1, 1.86-3.70mg kg^-1, 0.56-5.49mg kg^-1, 10.20-20.12mg kg^-1, and 14.45–16.55 mg kg^-1, respectively. The concentration of Cd, Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Zn exceeded the standard USEPA threshold limits and cadmium concentration is higher than its natural background value. The results of pollution indices indicated that the soil sample were less polluted, while the geo-accumulation index showed that the soil samples were highly contaminated. The ecological risk index indicated that the soil samples were in the range of moderate to considerable risk. The study revealed that cadmium is the main contaminant in the soil samples which posed a very high ecological risk. It is recommended that regular assessment of sources of pollution and health risk be regularly carried out in order to preserve the health of motorists, passengers and workers in the parks.

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