• Home
  • Factors Associated with Crack Cocaine and Alcohol Addicts: A Community-based Drug Treatment Service ('CAPS-AD') Case Study

Share To

Article Url


Manuscript ID : JCHR-2308-1795 (R2) Visit : 282 Page: 803 - 812

10.22034/jchr.2023.1993347.1795

Article Type: Original Research

Factors Associated with Crack Cocaine and Alcohol Addicts: A Community-based Drug Treatment Service ('CAPS-AD') Case Study

Subject Areas : Journal of Chemical Health Risks

Aldo Pacheco Ferreira 1 , Maria José Cruz-Hernández 2

1 - Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2 - Mexican National Council Against Addiction (CONADIC), Mexico City, Mexico

Received: 2023-08-07 Accepted : 2023-09-20 Published : 2023-12-01

Keywords: Cognition, mental health, Dependency, drugs, Substance-related disorders,

Abstract :

Drug addiction is a serious public health problem, related to several psychiatric and psychosocial problems. Drug users are generally inserted in a context of great social vulnerability, often associated with violence, poverty, and family conflicts. The effects on the cognitive sphere of drug user patients undergoing treatment at the Center for Psychosocial Care - Alcohol and Drugs (CAPS-AD), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with a diagnosis of crack dependence (CUD group - Drug Use Disorder) were evaluated. Cocaine) and/or alcohol (AUD group - Alcohol Use Disorder), according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). This is a quantitative, exploratory, and descriptive research based on (sociodemographic research) and structured questionnaires (Frontal Assessment Battery, Mini-Mental State Examination, Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale, Cocaine Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale). The results obtained after the application and interpretation of the questionnaires point to cognitive deterioration in drug users. At the same time, alcohol and drug users showed the worst results in the domains of attention/calculation, evocation memory and temporal/spatial orientation. The results obtained in the research showed that the users of alcohol and drugs participating in the research presented a worse result in the fields of attention/calculation, evocation memory and time/spatial orientation. This fact corroborates the hypothesis that the chronic use of alcohol and crack cocaine affects more directly prefrontal and temporal brain regions and the forebrain, areas responsible for abstract thoughts and planning, associations of thoughts and memories, attention, verbal fluency, memory visual, verbal memory, learning ability and executive functions.

References:


  1. Nunes M.O., Lima Júnior J.M., Portugal C.M., Torrenté M., 2019. Psychiatric reform and counter-reform: an analysis of a socio-political and sanitary crisis at national and regional level. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. 24(12), 4489-4498.
    2.
  2. Brasil, 2017. Portaria nº 3.588, de 21 de dezembro de 2017. Dispõe sobre a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial, e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União.
    3.
  3. Amarante P., 2015. Salud mental y atención psicossocial. Madrid: Editorial Grupo 5.
    4.
  4. Brasil, 2001. Lei nº 10.216, de 06 de abril de 2001. Dispõe sobre a proteção e os direitos das pessoas portadoras de transtornos mentais e redireciona o modelo assistencial em saúde mental. Diário Oficial da União.
    5.
  5. Rocha H.A.D., Reis I.A., Santos M.A.D.C., Melo A.P.S., Cherchiglia M.L., 2021. Psychiatric hospitalizations by the Unified Health System in Brazil between 2000 and 2014. Rev Saude Publica. 55, 14.
    6.
  6. Tatmatsu D.I.B., Siqueira C.E., Del Prette Z.A.P., 2020. Public policies for drug abuse prevention in Brazil and the United States. Cad. Saúde Pública. 36(1), e00040218.
    7.
  7. Ministério da Saúde, 2012. Portaria No. 130, de 26 de janeiro de 2012. Redefine o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial de Álcool e outras Drogas 24h (CAPS AD III) e os respectivos incentivos financeiros. Diário Oficial da União, seção 1.
    8.
  8. Silva M.N.R.M.O., Abbad G.S., Montezano L., 2019. Practices and therapeutic strategies of the psychosocial Care Centers Alcohol and Drugs. Paidéia. 29, e2903.
    9.
  9. Costa P.H.A., Mota D.C.B., Paiv, F.S., Ronzani T.M., 2015. Unravelling the skein of care networks on drugs: A narrative review of the literature. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 20(2), 395-406.
    10.
  10. Melo J.R.F., Maciel S.C., 2016. Drug user’s social representation in the perspective of the chemical dependent. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão. 36(1), 76-87.
    11.
  11. Smith T., Hawke L.D., Chaim G., Henderson J., 2017. Housing instability and concurrent substance use and mental health concerns: An examination of Canadian youth. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(3), 214–223.
    12.
  12. Volkow N.D., Koob G.F., McLellan A.T., 2016. Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. N Engl J Med. 374(4), 363-71.
    13.
  13. Fischer B., Cruz M.S., Bastos F.I., Tyndall M., 2013. Crack across the Americas –a massive problem in continued search of viable answers: exemplar views from the North (Canada) and the South (Brazil). International Journal of Drug Police. 24(6), 631-3.
    14.
  14. Chaves T.V., Sanchez Z.M., Ribeiro L.A., Nappo S.A., 2011. Crack cocaine craving: behaviors and coping strategies among current and former users. Rev Saude Publica. 45(6), 1168-75.
    15.
  15. Gonçalves J.R., Nappo S.A., 2015. Factors that lead to the use of crack cocaine in combination with marijuana in Brazil: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 15, 706.
    16.
  16. Gonçalves J.R., Nappo S.A., 2020. The reasons for and consequences of the combined use of crack cocaine and alcohol in Brazil: qualitative study. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research. 8(9), 75–89.
    17.
  17. Gould T.J., 2010. Addiction and cognition. Addict Sci Clin Pract., 5(2), 4-14.
    18.
  18. Formiga M.B., Galdino M.K.C., Vasconcelos, S.C., Neves, J.W.J.S., Lima, M.D.C., 2021. Executive functions and emotion regulation in substance use disorder. Jornal Brasileiro De Psiquiatria. 70(3), 236–244.
    19.
  19. Ferreira V.R.T., Colognese B.T., 2014. Prejuízos de funções executivas em usuários de cocaína e crack: case studies. Aval psicol. 13(2). 195-201.
    20.
  20. Rigoni D., Wilquin H., Brass M., Burle B., 2013. When errors do not matter: Weakening belief in intentional control impairs cognitive reaction to errors. Cognition. 127(2), 264-269.
    21.
  21. Maharjan S., Amjad Z., Abaza A., Vasavada A.M., Sadhu A., Valencia C., Fatima H., Nwankwo I., Anam M., Mohammed L., 2022. Executive dysfunction in patients with alcohol use disorder: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 14(9), e29207.
    22.
  22. Setia M.S., 2016. Methodology Series Module 3: Cross-sectional Studies. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 61(3), 261-264.
    23.
  23. Van Belle G., Fisher L.D., Heagerty P.J., Lumley T., 2004. Biostatistics: A methodology for the health sciences. Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/7531709/mod_resource/content/1/Introduction%20to%20Biostatistics.pdf
    24.
  24. American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Cautionary statement for forensic use of DSM-5. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.CautionaryStatement
    25.
  25. Dubois B., Slachevsky A., Litvan I., Pillon B., 2000. The FAB: A Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside. Neurology. 55, 1621-1626.
    26.
  26. Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., McHugh P.R., 1975. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 12(3):189-98.
    27.
  27. Anton R.F., 2000. Obsessive–compulsive aspects of craving: development of the Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale. Addiction. 95 (Supplement 2), S211–S217.
    28.
  28. Vorspan F., Bellais L., Romo L., Bloch V., Neira R., Lépine, P., 2012. The Obsessive–Compulsive Cocaine Scale (OCCS): A Pilot Study of a New Questionnaire for Assessing Cocaine Craving. The American Journal on Addictions. 21(4), 313-319.
    29.
  29. O'Sullivan R.L., Fava M., Agustin C., Baer L., Rosenbaum J.F., 1997. Sensitivity of the six-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 95(5), 379-384.
    30.
  30. Hamilton M., 1959. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 32(1), 50–55.
    31.
  31. Silveira K.L., Oliveira M.M., Nunes B.P., Alves P.F., Pereira G.B., 2019. Craving in crack cocaine users according to individual and behavioral characteristics. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 28(1), e2018304.
    32.
  32. Alonso-Matias L., Reyes-Zamorano E., Gonzalez-Olvera J.J., 2019. Cognitive functions of subjects with cocaine and crack dependency disorder during early abstinence. Rev Neurol. 68(7), 271-280.
    33.
  33. Green C.A., 2006. Gender and use of substance abuse treatment services. Alcohol Res Health. 29(1), 55-62.
    34.
  34. Yeom H.S., Shepard D.S., 2007. Cost-effectiveness of a mixed-gender aftercare program for substance abuse: decomposing measured and unmeasured gender differences. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 10(4), 207-19.
    35.
  35. Carlini E.A., Galduróz J.C.F., Noto A.R., Nappo S.A., 2002. I Levantamento domiciliar sobre o uso de drogas psicotrópicas no Brasil : estudo envolvendo as 107 maiores cidades do país. São Paulo: CEBRID – Centro Brasileiro de Informações Sobre Drogas Psicotrópicas: UNIFESP – Universidade Federal de São Paulo.
    36.
  36. Carlini E.A., Galduróz J.C.F., Noto A.R., Nappo S.A., 2007. II Levantamento Domiciliar Sobre o Uso de Drogas Psicotrópicas no Brasil: estudo envolvendo as 108 maiores cidades do país - 2005/Supervisão E. A. Carlini; Coordenação Jose Carlos F. Galduroz; Brasília: Secretaria Nacional Antidrogas (SENAD).
    37.
  37. Trevisan E.R., Castro S.S., 2019. Psychosocial Care Centers - alcohol and drugs: users’ profile. Saúde em debate. 43(121), 450–63.
    38.
  38. Peixoto C., Prado C.H.O., Rodrigues C.P., Cheda J.N.D., Mota L.B.T., Veras A.B., 2010. Impact of clinical and socio-demographic profiles in treatment adherence of patients attending a day hospital for alcohol and drug abuse. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria. 59(4), 317–321.
    39.
  39. Tavares B.F., Béria J.U., Lima M.S., 2001. Prevalência do uso de drogas e desempenho escolar entre adolescentes. Rev Saude Publica. 35(2), 150-8.
    40.
  40. Queiroz S., Scivoletto S., Silva M.M.S., Strassman P.G., Andrade A.G., Gattaz W.F., 2001. Uso de drogas entre estudantes de uma escola pública de São Paulo. Rev Psiq Clín. 28(4), 176-82.
    41.
  41. Leite S.C., Oliveira M.M., Cruz V.D., 2015. Encounters with crack: beginning, length of use, daily quantity, and form of use. SMAD, Rev. Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool Drog. 11(2), 97-104.
    42.
  42. Soares F.R.R., Farias B.R.F., Monteiro A.R.M., 2019. Consumption of alcohol and drugs and school absenteeism among high school students of public schools. Revista Brasileira De Enfermagem. 72(6), 1692–1698.
    43.
  43. Randhawa A., Brar M.S., Kumari B., Chaudhary N., 2020. Sociodemographic profile and pattern of substance abusers: A retrospective study to unveil the public health problem of Punjab. J Family Med Prim Care. 9(7), 3338-3342.
    44.
  44. Majumder P., Sarkar S., Gupta R., Patra B.N., Balhara Y.P., 2016. Predictors of retention in treatment in a tertiary care de-addiction center. Indian J Psychiatry. 58(1), 27-30.
    45.
  45. Gossop M., Manning V., Ridge G., 2006. Concurrent use and order of use of cocaine and alcohol: behavioural differences between users of crack cocaine and cocaine powder. Addiction. 101(9), 1292-8.
    46.
  46. Dias A.C., Araújo M.R., Laranjeira R., 2011. Evolution of drug use in a cohort of treated crack cocaine users. Rev Saúde Pública. 45(5), 938–48.
    47.

Related articles

The rights to this website are owned by the Raimag Press Management System.
Copyright © 2021-2024

Home| Login| About Us| Contact Us|
[فارسی] [العربية] [fa] [ar]