Hepatorenal-toxicities Accompanying Exposure to Indoor Air Pollutants in Chemical Storekeepers at an International Market

Subject Areas : Journal of Chemical Health Risks

Francis Ugochukwu Madu ¹ , Miracle Chinwenmeri Madu ² , Adedeji Aderinola Adejumo ³

1 - Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Umuagwo, Imo State, Nigeria
2 - Department of Medical Laboratory, Romalex Hospital Aba, Abia State, Nigeria
3 - Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State Nigeria

Received: 2022-10-25 Accepted : 2023-11-08 Published : 2024-03-16

Keywords: Heavy metals, Ariaria international market, Kidney function, Liver function, Particulates,

Abstract :

Various activities in chemical stores such as production, packaging, repackaging, offloading, and storing of chemicals can emit toxic chemicals into the ambient air which may be detrimental to health. This research work aimed to determine whether or not there is hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity in chemical storekeepers. A total of twenty male adult storekeepers of four chemical stores were used as subjects. Four male storekeepers of a garment store 1km from the chemical stores of the same market were used as control subjects. Heavy metals in the indoor air of the shops and the blood samples of the subjects were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer while an aerocet analyzer was used for the measurement of particulate matter. Kidney and liver function tests were carried out on the serum of subjects using standard analytical test kits. Concentrations of all the assayed heavy metals in the ambient air of the chemical stores and the blood samples of chemical storekeepers were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the controls. Particulate matter concentrations in all the chemical stores increased significantly (p<0.05). Serum urea, creatinine, sodium ion, potassium ion, chloride, and bicarbonate were significantly elevated (p<0.05) in the chemical storekeepers compared to control subjects. Concentrations of serum bilirubin and liver enzymes were significantly elevated (p<0.05) while total protein and albumin concentrations were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the majority of the chemical storekeepers compared to the control subjects. There were strong indications of renal and hepato-toxicities in the chemical storekeepers at Ariaria International Market.

References:

1. Chen Y., Ebenstein A., Greenstone M., Li H., 2013. Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China’s Huai river policy, proc. Natl Acad Sci Unit States Am. 110(32), 12936-12941.


2. Ebenstein A., Fan M., Greenstone M., He G., Yin P., Zhou M., 2015. Growth, pollution and life expectancy, China from 1991-2012. Am Econ Rev. 105(5), 226-231


3. Zhang X., Zhang X., Chen X., 2017. Happiness in the air: how does a dirty sky affect mental health and subjective well-being? J Eviron Econ Manag. 85, 81-94.


4. Chen S., Olivia P., Zhang P., 2018.Air pollution and mental health: Evidence from China, NBER working paperp. 24686


5. Zhang X., Chen X., Zhang X., 2018. The impact of exposure to air on cognitive performance, Proc Natl Acad Sci Unit States Am.115(37), 9193-9197.


6. Chen S., Zhang D., 2012. Impact of air pollution on labor productivity: Evidence from prison factory data. China Economic Quarterly International. 1, 148-159


7. Guo B., Guo Y., Nima Q., Ding X., Zhoa X., 2022. Exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Journal of Hepatology, 76(3), 518-525.


8. Madu F.U., Agoro E.S., Madu M.C., 2022. Exhaled breath condensate markers of oxidative stress in male storekeepers of chemical stores in Ariaria international market Aba Abia State Nigeria, Toxicology and Industrial Health. 38(12), 801-809


9. Kim J.W., Park S., Lim C.W., Lee K., Kim B., 2014. The role of air pollutants in initiating liver disease. Toxicological Research. 30(2), 65-70


10. Limdi J.K., Hyde G.M., 2003. Evaluation of abnormal liver function tests. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 79, 307-312


11. Nwankwo N.E., Nwodo O.F.C., 2015.Amalunwaeze AE, Agbo KU and Abugu SC. Liver and kidney function tests and histological study on malaria parasite infected mice administered with seed extract of Picralimanitida. International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review. 8(2), 1-14


12. Johnston D., 1999. Special consideration in interpreting liver function tests. Am Fam  Physician. 59(8), 2223-2230.


13. Lee M., 2009. Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data. 5th ed. Texas: ASHP.

14.Vasudevan D., Sreekumari S.,Vaidyanathan K., 2017.Kidney Function TestsIn book: Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students. pp.370-383

15. Damiati S.A., 2019.Pilot Study to Assess Kidney Functions and Toxic Dimethyl-arginines as Risk Biomarkers in Women with Low Vitamin D Levels. J Med Biochem. 38(2), 145-152


16. Ahmed M.S., Yesmin M., Jeba F.,Hoque M.S., Jamee A.R., Salam A., 2020.Risk assessment and evaluation of heavy metals concentration in blood samples of plastic industry workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Toxicology Reports.7, 1373-1380


17. Madu F.U., Akubugwo E.I., Uhegbu F.O., Osuocha K.U., 2020. Ambient air pollution and histopathologic effects of quarry industry on liver and kidney of albino rats. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences. 7(5), 116-130


18. Agappe Diagnostics. 2016. Liver and kidney function test kit package insert for procedures. Agappe diagnostics ltd., India. Available from: http:// www. agappe.com. accessed: 2022-09-05.


19. Teco Diagnostics. Sodium, Potassium, bicarbonate and chloride reagent set (manual). 2017. Colorimetric method. Teco diagnostics Anaheim, CA 92807 USA.


20. Ali H., Khan E., Ilahi I., 2019. Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of harzadous heavy metals: environmental persistence, toxicity and bioaccumulation. Journal of Chemistry. 2019, 1-14


21. Pei J., Zuo J., Wang X., Yin J., Liu L., Fan W., 2019. The bioaccumulation and tissue distribution of arsenic species in tilapia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16(5), 757


22. Collin M.S., Venkatraman S.K., Vijayakumar N., Kanimozhi V., Arbaaz S.M., Stacey R.G.S., Anusha J., Choudhary R., Lvov V., Tovar G.I., Senatov F., Koppala S.,Swamiappan S., 2022.Bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) and its effects on human: A review, Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances. 7, 1- 8


23. Al-rikabi Z.G.K., Al-Saffar M.A., Abbas A.H., 2021. The accumulative effect of heavy metals on liver and kidney functions. Medico-legal Update. 21(1), 1114-1119


24. Hyder O., Chung M., Cosgrove D., Herman J.M., Li Z., Firoozmand A., Gurakar A., Koteish A.,Pawlik T.M., 2013. Cadmium exposure and liver disease among US adults, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 17(7), 1265-1273.


25. Balali-mood M., Naseri K., Tahergorabi Z., Khazdair M.R., Sadeghi M., 2021. Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium and arsenic. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 12, 1-19


26. Bodaghi-Namileh V., Sepand M.R., Omidi A., Aghsami M., Seyednejad S.A., Kasirzadeh S., 2018. Acetyl-1-carnirine attenuates arsenic-induced liver injury by abrogation of mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats. Environ. Toxicol Pharmacol. 58, 11-20


27. Hartwig K.U., Beyersmann D., 1992. Mechanism of cobalt (II) uptake into V79 Chinese hamster cells. Arch Toxicol. 66(8), 592-597


28. Rasking L., Vanbrabant T., Bove H., Plusquin M., De Vusser K., Roels H.A., Nawrot T.S., 2022. Adverse effects of fine particulate matter on human kidney functioning: a systematic review. Environmental Health: a Global Access Science Source. 21(1), 24


29. Kim J.W., Park S., Lim C.W., Lee K., Kim B., 2014. The role of air pollutants in initiating liver disease. Toxicological research. 30(2), 65-70


30. Gotsman I., Zwas D., Planner D., Admon D., Lotan C.,Keren A., 2010. The significance of serum urea and renal function in patients with heart failure. Medicine. 89(4), 197-203


31. Dey T., Gogoi K., Unni B., Bharadwaz M., Kalita M., Ozah D., Kalita M., Kalita J., Baruah P.K., Bora T., 2015. Role of Environmental Pollutants in Liver Physiology: Special References to Peoples Living in the Oil Drilling Sites of Assam. PLoS ONE. 10(4), 223-230.