Determination of Carbamazepine in Biological Samples Using Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification Micro-extraction and Gas Chromatography

Subject Areas : Journal of Chemical Health Risks

Manoochehr Bahmaei ¹ (Department of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
Faezeh Khalilian ² (Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Science, Yadegar -e- Imam Khomeini (RAH) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
Hossein Ali Mashayekhi ³ (Department of Chemistry, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran)

Received: 2015-02-15 Accepted : 2018-10-29 Published : 2018-10-29

Keywords:

Abstract :

In this study, simple and efficient ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) combined with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was developed for the preconcentration and determination of carbamazepine in biological samples. In this method, the fine droplets of 1-octanol were formed and dispersed in the sample with the help of ultrasonic waves, which accelerated the formation of the fine cloudy solution without using disperser solvents. Several factors influencing the extraction efficiency such as the nature and volume of organic solvent, extraction temperature, ionic strength and centrifugation time were investigated and optimized. The new method (USAEME) provided detection limits of 0.6 µg L-1 and 1.2 µg L-1 in urine and plasma samples, respectively. The calibration graphs were linear in the range of 2.5-500 µg L-1 and 5.0-500 µg L-1 in urine and plasma, respectively. This proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of carbamazepine in biological samples.    

References:

1. Tsatsakis A.M., Psillakis T.K., Tzatzarakis M., Kourtopoulos H., Paritsis N., 1997. Carbamazepine levels in the hair of patients under longterm treatment: a preliminary study. Clin Chim Acta. 263, 187ââ‚‌“195.
2. Carbamazepine. Interactions with other medications. Professional. epilepsy.com/ medications
3. Dordevic S., Kilibarda V., Stojanovic T., 2009. Determination of carbamazepine in serum and saliva samples by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Vojnosanit Pregl. 66, 347-352.
4. Minkova G., Getova D., 2001. Determination of carbamazepine and its metabolite carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in serum with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol.23, 481ââ‚‌“485.
5. Zhu Y., Chiang H., Wulster-Radcliffe M., Hill R., Wong P., Kissinger C.B., Kissinger P.T., 2005. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of carbamazepine and its main metabolite in rat plasma utilizing an automated blood sampling system. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 38, 119-125.
6. Van Rooven G.F., Badenhorst D., Swart K.J., Hundt H.K., Scanes T., Hundt A.F., 2002.Determination of carbamazepine and carbamazepine 10, 11-epoxide in human plasma by tandem liquid chromatographyââ‚‌“mass spectrometry with electrospray ionisation. J Chromatogr B.769, 1-7.
7. Romanlyshyn L.A., Wichmann J.K., Kucharczyk N., Shumaker R.C., Ward D., Sofia R.D., 1994. Simultaneous determination of felbamate, primidone, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, two carbamazepine metabolites, phenytoin and one phenytoin metabolite in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. Ther Drug Monit. 16, 90-99.
8. Kouno Y., Ishikura C., Homma M., Oka K., 1993. Simple and accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of threeantiepileptics in therapeutic drugmonitoring. J Chromatogr A. 622, 47-52.
9. Patil K.M., Bodhankar S.L., 2005. Simultaneous determination of lamotrigine, phenobarbitone, carbamazepine and phenytoin in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 39, 181-186.
10. Liu H., Delgado M., Forman L.J., Eggers C.M., Montoya J.L., 1993. Simultaneous determination of carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone and their principal metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. J Chromatogr B. 616, 105-115.
11. Loughrin H., 2006. Comparison of solid-Phase microextraction and stir bar sorptive extraction for the quantification of malodors in wastewater. Agric J Food Chem. 54, 3237-3241.
12. David F., Sandra P., 2007. Stir bar sorptive extraction for trace analysis. J Chromatogr A.1152, 54-63.
13. Hu Y., Zheng U., Zhu F., Li J., 2007. Sol-gel coated polydimethylsiloxane/beta-cyclodextrin as novel stationary phase for stir bar sorptive extraction and its application to analysis of estrogens and bisphenol A. J Chromatogr A.1148, 16-22.
14. Rezaee M., Assadi Y., MilaniHosseini M.R., Aghaee E., Ahmadi F., Berijani S., 2006. Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A.1116, 1-9.
15. RahnamaKozani R., Assadi Y., Shemirani F., MilaniHosseini M.R., Jamali M.R., 2007. Part-per-trillion determination of chlorobenzenes in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined gas chromatography-electron capture detection.Talanta.72, 387-393.
16. Farajzadeh M.A., Bahram M., Jonsson J.A., 2007. Dispersive liquidââ‚‌“liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection as an efficient and sensitive technique for determination of antioxidants. Anal Chim Acta.591, 69-79.
17. Bidari A., Zeini Jahromi E., Assadi Y., Milani Hosseini M.R., 2007. Monitoring of selenium in water samples using dispersive liquidââ‚‌“liquid micro extraction followed by iridium-modified tube graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.Microchem J. 87, 6-12.
18. Shokoufi N., Shemirani F., Assadi Y., 2007. Fiber optic-linear array detection spectrophotometry in combination with dispersive liquidââ‚‌“liquid microextraction for simultaneous preconcentration and determination of palladium and cobalt. Anal Chim Acta. 597, 349-356.
19. Rezaee M., Yamini Y., Shariati S., Esrafili A., Shamsipur M., 2009. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection as a very simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of bisphenol A in water samples. J Chromatogr A.1216, 1511-1514.
20. Rezaee M., Yamini Y., Faraji M., 2010. Evolution of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A.1217, 2342-2357.
21. Yamini Y., Rezaee M., Khanchi A., Faraji M., Saleh A., 2010. Dispersive liquidââ‚‌“liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop followed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry as a fast technique for the simultaneous determination of heavy metals. J Chromatogr A. 1217, 2358-2364.
22. Luque de Castro M.D., Priego-Capote F., 2007. Ultrasound-assisted preparation of liquid samples.Talanta.72, 321-334.
23. Regueiro J., Llompart M., Garcia-Jares C., Garcia-Monteagudo J.C., Cela R., 2008.Ultrasound-assisted emulsificationââ‚‌“microextraction of emergent contaminants and pesticides in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A.1190, 27-38.
24. Saleh A., Yamini Y., Faraji M., Rezaee M., Ghambarian M., 2009. Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction method based on applying low density organic solvents followed by gas chromatography analysis for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. J Chromatogr A.1216, 6673-6679.
25. Rezaee M., Mashayekhi H.A., SadeghiGarmaroudi S., 2012. Simultaneous determination of amphetamine and related compounds in human urine using ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction and gas chromatography. Anal Methods.4, 3212-3218.
26. Rezaee M., Yamini Y., Mashayekhi H.A., Naeeni H.A., BashiriJubari M., 2011. Trace analysis of methyl tert-butyl ether in water samples using new ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid micro extraction and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. J Chin Chem Soc. 58, 332-339.
27. Rezaee M., Mashayekhi H.A., Mohammad Hosseini M., Haddadi H., 2014. Homogeneous liquid-liquid microextration via flotation assistance followed by high-performance liquid chromatography as an efficient and sensitive technique for the determination of abamectin in aquatic samples. J Liq Chromatogr R T. 37, 2559-2570.
28. Bugamelli F., Sabbioni C., Mandrioli R., Kenndler E., Albani F., Raggi M.A., 2002. Simultaneous analysis of six anti-epileptic drugs and two selected metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography after solid-phase extraction. Anal Chim Acta.472, 1-10.
29. Queiroz R.H.C., Bertucci C., Malfara W.R., Dreossi S.A.C., Chaves A.R., Valerio D.A. R., Queiroz M.E.C., 2008. Quantification of carbamazepine, carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide, phenytoin and phenobarbital in plasma samples by stir bar-sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 48, 428-434.
30. Queiroz M.E.C., Silva S.M.., Carvalho D., Lancas F.M., 2002. Solid-phase microextractionââ‚‌“liquid chromatography (SPMEââ‚‌“LC) determination of lamotrigine simultaneously with carbamazepine and carbamazepine 10, 11-epoxide in human plasma. J Sepsci.25, 91-