Simultaneous Pre-Concentration of Cadmium and Lead in Environmental Water Samples with Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Subject Areas : Journal of Chemical Health Risks

M. Salahinejad ¹ , F. Aflaki ²

1 - Environmental Laboratory, NSTRI, Tehran, Iran
2 - Environmental Laboratory, NSTRI, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2013-08-19 Accepted : 2018-10-29 Published : 2013-03-01

Keywords: Cd, Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, Pb, ICP-AES, environmental water,

Abstract :

The dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method for determination of Pb+2 and Cd+2 ions in the environmental water samples was combined with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC), chloroform and ethanol were used as chelating agent, extraction solvent and disperser solvent, respectively. Some effective parameters on the microextraction and the complex formation were selected and optimized. These parameters included extraction and disperser solvent type as well as their volume, extraction time, salt effect, pH, sample volume and amount of the chelating agent.   Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factor of 75 and 105 for Cd+2 and Pb+2 ions respectively was obtained from only 5.00mL of water sample. The detection limit (S/N=3) was 12 and 0.8ngmL−1 for Pb and Cd respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSDs) for five replicate measurements of 0.50 mgL−1 of lead and cadmium was 6.5 and 4.4 % respectively. Mineral, tap, river, sea, dam and spiked water samples were analyzed for Cd and Pb amount.

References:

1. Fassett D.W., in Metals in the Environment,
2. Academic Press, New York, 1980. pp 61-110.
3. Patriarca M., A. Menditto, B. Rossi, T. D. B.
4. Lyon, G. S. Fell, Environmental exposure to
5. metals of newborns, infants and young children,
6. Microchemical Journal, Volume 67, 2000. Pages
7. -361.
8. Hayes R.B., the carcinogenicity of metals in
9. humans, Cancer Causes Control. 1997 May;
10. (3):371-85.
11. Bergbäck B., Carlsson M., Heritage of cadmium
12. and lead, A case study of a Swedish accumulator
13. factory. Sci Total Environ 166:35ââ‚‌“42,1995.
14. Bellinger D. C., Lead neurotoxicity and
15. socioeconomic status: Conceptual and analytical
16. issues. Neurotoxicology, 2008. 29: 828-32.
17. Patocka J., K. Cerny, Inorganic Lead
18. Toxicology, Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove), V. 46,
19. No 2, 65-72, 2003.
20. Waalkes M.P., Cadmium Carcinogenesis,
21. Mutat.Res, 2003. 10:553,107-120
22. Tellez-Plaza M., Navas-Acien A., Crainiceanu
23. C. M., Cadmium exposure and hypertension in the
24. - 2004 National Health and Nutrition
25. Examination Survey (NHANES). Environmental
26. Health Perspectives, 2008. 116: 51-6.
27. International Agency for Research on Cancer
28. (IARC) Monographs on the Evaluation of
29. Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 58:
30. Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury, and Exposures in
31. the Glass Manufacturing Industry. Summary of
32. Data Reported and Evaluation. 1997. Available at
33. http://
34. www.monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol58
35. /volume58.pdf.Accessed May 1, 2008.
36. Yang R.S.H., Goehl T. J. Brown R. D.,
37. Chatham A. T., Arneson D. W., Buchanan R. C.,
38. Harris R. K., 1989. Toxicological studies of a
39. chemical mixture of 25 ground water
40. contaminants. I. Chemistry development. Fundam.
41. Appl. Toxicol. 13:366ââ‚‌“376.
42. Batterham G. J., N.C. Munksgaard , D. L.
43. Parry, Determination of Trace Metals in Sea-water
44. by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
45. Spectrometry After Off-line Dithiocarbamate
46. Solvent Extraction, J. Anal. At. Spectrom.,
47. , 12, 1277 - 1280
48. Li X., Schramel P., Wang Z., Grill P., Yedile
49. A., Kettrup A., Determination of trace amounts of
50. Sb, Pb, Tl in water samples by inductively coupled
51. plasma atomic emission spectrometry after a
52. diantipyrylmethane-iodide third phase
53. preconcentration, Microchim. Acta, 124:171-178,
55. Chen J., Xiao S., Wu X., Fang K., Liu W.,
56. Determination of lead in water samples by
57. graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
58. after cloud point extraction, Talanta, 67:992-996,
60. Batterham G. J., Munksgaard N.C., Parry D.L.,
61. Determination of Trace Metals in Sea-water by
62. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
63. After Off-line Dithiocarbamate Solvent Extraction,
64. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1997. 12, 1277 ââ‚‌“ 1280.
65. Mesquita R. B., Fernandes S. M. V., Rangel A.
66. O. S., A flow system for the spectrophotometric
67. determination of lead in different types of waters
68. using ion-exchange for pre-concentration and
69. elimination of interferences, Talanta 62:395-401,
71. Dogan C. E., Akcin G., Solid Phase Extraction
72. and Determination of Lead in Water Samples
73. Using Silica Gel Homogeneously Modified by
74. Thiosalicylic Acid, Anal Lett , 40: 2524-2543,
76. Rezaee M., Assadi Y., Milani Hosseini M. R.,
77. Aghaee E., Ahmadi F., Berijani S., Determination
78. of organic compounds in water using dispersive
79. liquid-liquid microextraction ,J chromatogr A
80. :1-9, 2006.
81. Fatahi N., Assadi Y., Milani Hosseini M. R.,
82. Zeini Jahromi E., 2007. Determination of
83. chlorophenols in water samples using
84. simultaneous dispersive liquidââ‚‌“liquid
85. microextraction and derivatization followed by gas
86. chromatography-electron-capture detection. J
87. Chromatogr A 1157:23ââ‚‌“29
88. Berijani S., Assadi Y., Anbia M., Milani
89. Hosseini M. R., Aghaee E., Dispersive liquidââ‚‌“
90. liquid microextraction combined with gas
91. chromatography-flame photometric detection:
92. Very simple, rapid and sensitive method for the
93. determination of organophosphorus pesticides in
94. water, J Chromatogr A, 1123:1-9, 2006.
95. Salahinejad M., Aflaki F., Optimization and
96. determination of Cd (II) in different environmental
97. water samples with dispersive liquidââ‚‌“liquid
98. microextraction preconcentration combined with
99. inductively coupled plasma optical emission
100. spectrometry, Environ. Monit. Assess. 177, 2011.
101. -125
102. Liang P., Sang H., Determination of trace lead
103. in biological and water samples with dispersive
104. liquidââ‚‌“liquid microextraction preconcentration,
105. Anal. Biochem. 380, 2008. 21ââ‚‌“25
106. Jiang H., Qin Y., Hu B., Dispersive liquid
107. phase microextraction (DLPME) combined with
108. graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
109. (GFAAS) for determination of trace Co and Ni in
110. environmental water and rice samples, Talanta 74,
111. 1160ââ‚‌“1165.