اثر برهمکنش بقایای گیاهان پوششی و وجین دستی علف های هرز بر عملکرد واریته آیسبرگ کاهو (Lactuca sativa var. Iceberg)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
فاطمه احمدنیا
1
(دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران)
علی عبادی
2
(استاد، فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران)
محمد گودرزی
3
(دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، شناسایی و مبارزه با علف های هرز،گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران)
کلید واژه: عملکرد, کشت مخلوط, وجین, بقایا, سرکوب,
چکیده مقاله :
استاندارهای بالای کیفیت در محصولات سبزی یکی از مهم ترین تقاضاهای مصرف کنندگان است و علف های هرز نیز از عوامل کاهش دهنده عملکرد و کیفیت اغلب محصولات کشاورزی می باشند. استفاده از گیاهان پوششی برای کنترل علف های هرز یک جایگزین سازگار با محیط زیست برای روش های متداول شیمیایی و مکانیکی است. بدین منظور، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سال 1396 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل فاکتور اول، تک کشتی و کشت مخلوط دوگانه گیاهان پوششی چاودار (.Secale cereal L)، ماشک گل خوشه ای (Vicia villosa Roth) و تیمار کنترل یا بدون گیاه پوششی و فاکتور دوم شامل وجین دستی علف های هرز به صورت یک و دو بار (با فواصل زمانی 15 روز) و بدون وجین دستی بودند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین زیست توده خشک گیاهان پوششی از تیمار تک کشتی چاودار ( 530/59 گرم در مترمربع) و کمترین زیست توده خشک از تیمارهای تک کشتی ماشک گل خوشه ای (47/85 گرم در متر مربع) به دست آمدند. بیشترین درصد کاهش زیست توده کل علف های هرز در تلفیق بقایای گیاهان پوششی و سطوح وجین مربوط به تیمار چاودار با ماشک گل خوشه ای بدون وجین دستی (83/24 درصد) بودند. بیشترین عملکرد کاهو آیسبرگ بدون اختلاف معنی داری از تیمار تک کشتی ماشک گل خوشه ای با یک بار و بـدون وجین دستی علف های هرز (به ترتیب 5025 و 4965 گرم در مترمربع) به دست آمد. همچنین، بیشترین ارتفاع بوته، تعداد برگ و قطر طوقه کاهو فاقد اختلاف آماری معنی داری در تک کشتی و کشت مخلوط گیاهان پوششی بود. نتایج حاصل بیانگر آن است که تلفیق وجین دستی با بقایای گیاهان پوششی ضمن اینکه تأثیر زیادی در کاهش و کنترل زیست توده علف های هرز گردید حضور بقایای گیاهان پوششی در کوتاه مدت موجب افزایش عملکرد کاهو آیسبرگ از طریق کنترل علف های هرز نیز شد.
High quality standards in vegetables is one of the most important expectation of consumers presence of weeds would also reduce the quantity and quality of crops produced. Use of cover crops could be an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical and mechanical methods. To this end for controlling weeds, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block was conducted at the Research Farm of Mohaghegh Ardabili University with three replications in 2017. Experimental treatments were the first factor, consisting of mono culture and intercropping of rye (Secale cereal L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) and control treatment (no cover crop) and the second factor consisting of one time hand weeding and two times weeding, with 15 days intervals, and without hand weeding, as control. The results showed that the highest dry biomass of cover crops obtained from rye mono culture (530.59 g.m-2) and the lowest biomass (47.85 g.m-2) from hairy vetch mono culture. The highest reduction of total weed biomass (83.24%) obtained from rye with hairy vetch without hand weeding. The highest yield of iceberg lettuce was obtained from hairy vetch mono culture with one-time hand weeding or from without hand weeding treatment (5025 and 4965 g.m-2, respectively). Also, the highest plant height, number of leaves and diameter of lettuce stem was not statistically significant difference from mono culture and intercropping of cover crops. The results showed that the combination of hand weeding and cover crop residues were more effective in controlling and reducing weed biomass, but the presence of cover crop residues in the shortron also increased the yield of iceberg lettuce through weed control.
2003. [PMSP-Lettuce] Pest Management Strategic Plans–Lettuce. Pest Management Strategic Plans for California and Arizona Lettuce Production 2003. National Information System for the Regional IPM Centers: Web page: http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmp/ pmsp. Accessed: September 25, 2006.
Azad Shahraki, F., H. Naghavi, and H. Najafi Nejad. 2010. Effects of tillage systems and wheat residue management on soil characteristics and yield of maize in Kerman. Journal of Modern Agriculture. 8(19): 2-9. (In Persian)
Buchanan, A.L., L.N. Kolb, and C.R. Hooks. 2016. Can winter cover crops influence weed density and diversity in a reduced tillage vegetable system? Crop Protection. 90: 9–16.
Dane, J.H., and G.C. Topp. 2002. Methods of soil analysis, Part 4, Physical Method. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Davison, J., and J. Newton. 2012. non-chemical weed control for small acreage farmers in Nevada. University of Nevada Cooperative Extension.
Doane, T.A., W.R. Horwath, J.P. Mitchell, J. Jackson, G. Miyao, and K. Brittan. 2009. Nitrogen supply from fertilizer and legume cover crop in the transition to no-tillage for irrigated row crops. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 85: 253-262.
Ferreira, M.I., and C.F. Reinhard. 2010. Field assessment of crop residues for allopathic effects on both crops and weeds. Agronomy Journal. 102(6):1593-1600.
Ghahremani, S., A. Ebadi, A. Tobeh, M. Hashemi, M. Sedghi, A. Gholipoouri, and V. Barker. 2021. Short-term impact of monocultured and mixed cover crops on soil properties, weed suppression, and lettuce yield. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 52(4): 406-415.
Ghahremani, S., A. Ebadi, A. Tobeh, M. Hashemi, M. Sedghi, and A. Gholipuri. 2020. The effect of cover crops on yield and weeds control of patato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Journal of Crop Ecophsiology. 14(1): 119-134. (In Persian)
Ghanbari, A., H. Ghadiri, M. Ghafari-Moghadam, and M. Safari. 2010. Study of maize (Zea mays L.) and pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.) intercropping and its effect on weed control. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 41(1): 43-55. (In Persian).
Gupta, PK. 2004. Soil, plant, water and fertilizer analysis. Agro bios. India. 438p.
Hamzei, J., M. Seyedi, G. Ahmadvand, and M.A. Abutalebian. 2012. The effect of additive intercropping on weed suppression, yield and yield component of chickpea and barley. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 2: 43-55. (In Persian).
Hartwig, N.L., and H.U. Ammon. 2002. Cover crops and living mulches. Weed Science. 50(6): 688-699.
Hutchinson, C.M., and M.E. McGiffen. 2000. Cowpea cover crop mulch for weed control in desert pepper production. Journal of the American Society Horticultural Science. 35: 196–198.
Ito, D., R. Keshavarz Afshar, C. Chen, P. Miller, K. Kephart, K. McVay, P. Lamb, J. Miller, B. Bohannon, and M. Knox. 2016. Multi-environmental evaluation of dry pea and lentil cultivars in Montana using the AMMI model. Crop Science. 56(2):520–529.
Jabran, K., G. Mahajan, V. Sardana, and B.S. Chauhan. 2015. Allopathy for weed control in agricultural systems. Journal of Crop Production. 72: 57-65.
Jahanzad, E., A.V. Barker, M. Hashemi, T. Eaton, A. Sadeghpour, and S.A. Weis. 2016. Nitrogen release dynamics and decomposition of buried and surface cover crop residues. Agronomy Journal. 108 (4): 1-7.
Karbalaei Khiavi, H., R. Fakhari, M.T. Alebrahim, and P. Sharifi Ziveh. 2016. The effect of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) as a cover crop on weed biomass, density and yield of forage maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agroecology. 7(1):140-154. (In Persian).
Khoramdel, S., A. Siahmargooi, and GH. Mahmoodi. 2016. Effect of replacement and additive intercropping series of ajowan with bean on yield and yield components. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 1(9):1- 24. (In Persian).
Latify, S., A. Yousefi, and KH. Jamshidi. 2015. Effect of living mulch application on yield and yield components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars and weed control. Journal of Agroecology. 25(2): 33-45. (In Persian).
Lawson, A., C. Cogger, A. Bary, and A.M. Fortuna. 2015. Influence of seeding ratio, planting date and termination date on rye-hairy vetch cover crop mixture performance under organic management. Journal Plos One. 10: 129-597.
Lemessa, F., and M. Wakjira. 2015. Cover crops as a means of ecological weed management in agroecosystems. Journal of crop Science and Technology. 18(2): 123-135.
Mohammadi, KH., K. Nabiolahi, M. Alikhani, and F. Kharmali. 2009. Effects of tillage systems on soil physical properties and yield and yield components of wheat. Journal of Plant Production. 16(4):77-91. (In Persian).
Nabati Souha, L., M.T. Alebrahim, F. Ahmadnia, and M. Rostami Yangjeh. 2021. Investigating of the ability of some cover crops to weeds control. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(2): 281-289. (In Persian)
Nagouajio, M., M.E. McGiffen, and C.M. Hutchinson. 2003. Effect of cover crop and management system on weed populations in lettuce. Crop Protection. 22: 57–64.
Olsen, S.R., and L.E. Sommers. 1982. Phosphorus. In: Page AL. (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis, Agronomy. No. 9, Part 2: Chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd ed., American Society Agronomy, Madison, 403- 430p.
Page, A.L., R.H. Miller, and D.R. Keeney. 1982. Method of soil analysis (part 2: chemical and microbiological properties). American society of Agronomy, Madison, 1121p.
Samadani, B., and M. Montazeri. 2009. The use of cover crops in sustainable agriculture. Plant Protection Institute Publications, Iran. 196p.
Shem-Tov, S.H., S.A. Fennimore, and W. Thomas Lanini. 2006. Weed management in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) with preplan irrigation. Journal of Weed Technology. 20(4): 1058-1065.
Sturm, D.J., G. Peteinatos, and R. Gerhards. 2018. Contribution of allopathic effects to the overall weed suppression by different cover crops. Weed Research. 58(5): 331-337.
Tourte, L., and R. Smith. 2001. Sample of production costs for romaine lettuce in Monterey and Santa Cruz Counties. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis: Web page: http://www.agecon. ucdavis.edu/ uploads/cost_ return_articles/letrom2001.pdf. Accessed: January 20, 2006.
Turun, N., D. Işık, Z. Demir, and K. Jabran. 2018. Use of living, mowed, and soil-incorporated cover crops for weed control in apricot orchards. Agronomy. 8: 150.
Walkley, A., and I.A. Black. 1934. Estimation of soil organic carbon by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science. 37: 29-38.
_||_2003. [PMSP-Lettuce] Pest Management Strategic Plans–Lettuce. Pest Management Strategic Plans for California and Arizona Lettuce Production 2003. National Information System for the Regional IPM Centers: Web page: http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmp/ pmsp. Accessed: September 25, 2006.
Azad Shahraki, F., H. Naghavi, and H. Najafi Nejad. 2010. Effects of tillage systems and wheat residue management on soil characteristics and yield of maize in Kerman. Journal of Modern Agriculture. 8(19): 2-9. (In Persian)
Buchanan, A.L., L.N. Kolb, and C.R. Hooks. 2016. Can winter cover crops influence weed density and diversity in a reduced tillage vegetable system? Crop Protection. 90: 9–16.
Dane, J.H., and G.C. Topp. 2002. Methods of soil analysis, Part 4, Physical Method. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Davison, J., and J. Newton. 2012. non-chemical weed control for small acreage farmers in Nevada. University of Nevada Cooperative Extension.
Doane, T.A., W.R. Horwath, J.P. Mitchell, J. Jackson, G. Miyao, and K. Brittan. 2009. Nitrogen supply from fertilizer and legume cover crop in the transition to no-tillage for irrigated row crops. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 85: 253-262.
Ferreira, M.I., and C.F. Reinhard. 2010. Field assessment of crop residues for allopathic effects on both crops and weeds. Agronomy Journal. 102(6):1593-1600.
Ghahremani, S., A. Ebadi, A. Tobeh, M. Hashemi, M. Sedghi, A. Gholipoouri, and V. Barker. 2021. Short-term impact of monocultured and mixed cover crops on soil properties, weed suppression, and lettuce yield. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 52(4): 406-415.
Ghahremani, S., A. Ebadi, A. Tobeh, M. Hashemi, M. Sedghi, and A. Gholipuri. 2020. The effect of cover crops on yield and weeds control of patato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Journal of Crop Ecophsiology. 14(1): 119-134. (In Persian)
Ghanbari, A., H. Ghadiri, M. Ghafari-Moghadam, and M. Safari. 2010. Study of maize (Zea mays L.) and pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.) intercropping and its effect on weed control. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 41(1): 43-55. (In Persian).
Gupta, PK. 2004. Soil, plant, water and fertilizer analysis. Agro bios. India. 438p.
Hamzei, J., M. Seyedi, G. Ahmadvand, and M.A. Abutalebian. 2012. The effect of additive intercropping on weed suppression, yield and yield component of chickpea and barley. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 2: 43-55. (In Persian).
Hartwig, N.L., and H.U. Ammon. 2002. Cover crops and living mulches. Weed Science. 50(6): 688-699.
Hutchinson, C.M., and M.E. McGiffen. 2000. Cowpea cover crop mulch for weed control in desert pepper production. Journal of the American Society Horticultural Science. 35: 196–198.
Ito, D., R. Keshavarz Afshar, C. Chen, P. Miller, K. Kephart, K. McVay, P. Lamb, J. Miller, B. Bohannon, and M. Knox. 2016. Multi-environmental evaluation of dry pea and lentil cultivars in Montana using the AMMI model. Crop Science. 56(2):520–529.
Jabran, K., G. Mahajan, V. Sardana, and B.S. Chauhan. 2015. Allopathy for weed control in agricultural systems. Journal of Crop Production. 72: 57-65.
Jahanzad, E., A.V. Barker, M. Hashemi, T. Eaton, A. Sadeghpour, and S.A. Weis. 2016. Nitrogen release dynamics and decomposition of buried and surface cover crop residues. Agronomy Journal. 108 (4): 1-7.
Karbalaei Khiavi, H., R. Fakhari, M.T. Alebrahim, and P. Sharifi Ziveh. 2016. The effect of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) as a cover crop on weed biomass, density and yield of forage maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agroecology. 7(1):140-154. (In Persian).
Khoramdel, S., A. Siahmargooi, and GH. Mahmoodi. 2016. Effect of replacement and additive intercropping series of ajowan with bean on yield and yield components. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 1(9):1- 24. (In Persian).
Latify, S., A. Yousefi, and KH. Jamshidi. 2015. Effect of living mulch application on yield and yield components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars and weed control. Journal of Agroecology. 25(2): 33-45. (In Persian).
Lawson, A., C. Cogger, A. Bary, and A.M. Fortuna. 2015. Influence of seeding ratio, planting date and termination date on rye-hairy vetch cover crop mixture performance under organic management. Journal Plos One. 10: 129-597.
Lemessa, F., and M. Wakjira. 2015. Cover crops as a means of ecological weed management in agroecosystems. Journal of crop Science and Technology. 18(2): 123-135.
Mohammadi, KH., K. Nabiolahi, M. Alikhani, and F. Kharmali. 2009. Effects of tillage systems on soil physical properties and yield and yield components of wheat. Journal of Plant Production. 16(4):77-91. (In Persian).
Nabati Souha, L., M.T. Alebrahim, F. Ahmadnia, and M. Rostami Yangjeh. 2021. Investigating of the ability of some cover crops to weeds control. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(2): 281-289. (In Persian)
Nagouajio, M., M.E. McGiffen, and C.M. Hutchinson. 2003. Effect of cover crop and management system on weed populations in lettuce. Crop Protection. 22: 57–64.
Olsen, S.R., and L.E. Sommers. 1982. Phosphorus. In: Page AL. (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis, Agronomy. No. 9, Part 2: Chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd ed., American Society Agronomy, Madison, 403- 430p.
Page, A.L., R.H. Miller, and D.R. Keeney. 1982. Method of soil analysis (part 2: chemical and microbiological properties). American society of Agronomy, Madison, 1121p.
Samadani, B., and M. Montazeri. 2009. The use of cover crops in sustainable agriculture. Plant Protection Institute Publications, Iran. 196p.
Shem-Tov, S.H., S.A. Fennimore, and W. Thomas Lanini. 2006. Weed management in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) with preplan irrigation. Journal of Weed Technology. 20(4): 1058-1065.
Sturm, D.J., G. Peteinatos, and R. Gerhards. 2018. Contribution of allopathic effects to the overall weed suppression by different cover crops. Weed Research. 58(5): 331-337.
Tourte, L., and R. Smith. 2001. Sample of production costs for romaine lettuce in Monterey and Santa Cruz Counties. Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis: Web page: http://www.agecon. ucdavis.edu/ uploads/cost_ return_articles/letrom2001.pdf. Accessed: January 20, 2006.
Turun, N., D. Işık, Z. Demir, and K. Jabran. 2018. Use of living, mowed, and soil-incorporated cover crops for weed control in apricot orchards. Agronomy. 8: 150.
Walkley, A., and I.A. Black. 1934. Estimation of soil organic carbon by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science. 37: 29-38.