اثر باکتری های حل کننده فسفات و قارچ میکوریزا بر ویژگی های فنولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک گندم در شرایط دیم

محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی

رحیم ناصری ¹ , مهرشاد براری ² , محمدجواد زارع ³ , کاظم خاوازی ⁴ , زهرا طهماسبی ⁵ , آنیتا یاقوتی پور ⁶

1 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران.
2 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران.
3 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران.
4 - استاد موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، کرج، ایران.
5 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران.
6 - دکترای اصلاح نباتات، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1394/12/14 تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/06/07 تاریخ انتشار : 1397/06/01

کلید واژه: عملکرد دانه, شاخص های رشد, کود زیستی, کود شیمیایی فسفر,

چکیده مقاله :

این آزمایش مزرعه ای به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در ایستگاه مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی سرابله (ایلام) در سال زراعی 93-1392 اجرا شد. تیمار های آزمایشی شامل دو رقم گندم (کراس سبلان و ساجی) و منابع کودی در هشت سطح شامل: 1- عدم مصرف کود شیمیایی فسفر، 2- 100% کود شیمیایی فسفر، 3- باکتری سودوموناس پوتیدا (Pseudomonas putida)، 4- قارچ فانیلی فورمیس موسه (Funeliformis mosseae)، 5- باکتری سودوموناس پوتیدا + قارچ فانیلی فورمیس موسه، 6- باکتری سودوموناس پوتیدا + قارچ فانیلی فورمیس موسه +50% کود شیمیایی فسفر، 7- باکتری سودوموناس پوتیدا +50% کود شیمیایی فسفر و 8- قارچ فانیلی فورمیس موسه + 50% کود شیمیایی فسفر بودند. دراین پژوهش تعداد روز تا سبز شدن، ساقه دهی، گلدهی، گرده افشانی، رسیدگی وزنی و رسیدگی فیزیولوژیکی تحت تاثیر رقم و مخلوط کود شیمیایی و زیستی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج حاصل از آزمایش نشان داد که استفاده از کود زیستی در شرایط دیم موجب کاهش اثرات تنش خشکی از طریق بهبود ویژگی های فنولوژیک گردید. بیشترین شاخص سطح برگ، سرعت رشد محصول، تجمع ماده خشک، سرعت رشد نسبی و سرعت جذب خالص در رقم ساجی و قارچ میکوریزا +50% کود شیمیایی فسفر حاصل گردید. در اواخر فصل رشد، شاخص سرعت رشد محصول، سرعت جذب خالص و ســرعت رشـد نسبی به دلیل سـایه اندازی و ریزش برگ ها منفی شـدند. رقم سـاجی با کاربـرد قــارچ فانیلی فورمیس موسه به دلیل دارا بودن شاخص سطح برگ، سرعت رشد محصول و تجمع ماده خشک بالا از عملکرد دانه بیشتری در شرایط دیم برخوردار بود. با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده، ترکیب تیماری رقم ساجی × قارچ فانیلی فورمیس موسه می تواند سبب بهبود شاخص های رشد و در نهایت افزایش عملکرد دانه گندم در شرایط کشت دیم گردد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

To study the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and mycorrhizal fungi on phonological and physiological traits of wheat, an experiment was carried out in factriol arrangement using randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Sarableh (Ilam), Iran, during 2013-2014 cropping season. Experiment factors consisted of two dry land wheat cultivars (Cross Sablan and Saji) and fertilizer levels were 1- without application of phosphorous (P), 2- 100% phosphorous application, 3- Pseudomonas putida, 4- Funeliformis mosseae, 5- P. putida + F. mosseae, 6- P. putida + F. mosseae + 50% of phosphorious fertilizer, 7- P. putida + 50% of phosphorious fertilizer and 8- F. mosseae + 50% of phosphorious fertilizer. Results indicated that using chemical and biofertilizer affected 50% days to emergence, stem elongation, flowering, pollination, maturity weight and maturity significantly. Results also showed that using of bio-fertilizer reduced drought stress effects by improving phonological traits of wheat under dry land conditions. The highest LAI, CGR, TDM, RGR and NAR were obtained by Saji cultivar and application of 50% of phosphorious fertilizer + Mycorrhiza fungi, but it effect at late season on CGR, RGR and NAR due to increased shading of plants and leaf falling were negative. The Saji cultivar and 50% of phosphorious fertilizer + F. mosseae because of maximum LAI, CGR and TDM produced higher grain yield under dry land conditions. It can be concluded that Saji cultivar along with F. mosseae may have higher growth indices and seed yield under dryland conditions.

منابع و مأخذ:

• · Abdul-Jaleel, C., P. Manivannan, B. Sankar, A. Kishorekumar, R. Gopi, R. Somasundaram, and R. Panneerselvam. 2007. Pseudomonas fluorescens enhances biomass yield and ajmalicine production in Catharanthus roseus under water deficit stress. Plant and Soil. 60: 7–11.


• · Akbari, P., A. Ghalavand, and S.A.M. Modarres Sanavy. 2010. Effects of different nutrition systems and biofertilizer (PGPR) on phenology period yield and yield components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 2 (3):119-134. (In Persian).


• · Alinaghizadeh, M., M. Movahhedi Dehnavi, H. Faraji, and M. Azimi Gandomani. 2011. Study of the yield and growth indices of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as double cropping in Yasouj region. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 3(2): 15-32. (In Persian).


• · Amiri, M.B., P. Rezvani Moghaddam, R. Ghorbani, J. Fallahi, R. Deyhim fard, and F. Fallahpour. 2013. Effects of seed inoculation by biofertilizers on growth characteristics and cultivars in the green in greenhouse. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 11(1): 64-72. (In Persian).


• · Asrar, A.W.A., and K.M. Elhindi. 2011. Alleviation of drought stress of marigold (Tagetes erecta) plants by using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 18: 93–98.


• · Azadi S., A. Siadat, R. Naseri, A. Soleymanifard, and A. Mirzaei. 2013. Effect of integrated application of Azotobacter chroococcum andAzospirillium brasilense and nitrogen chemical fertilizers on qualitative and quantitative of durum wheat.Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 5(26): 129-146. (In Persian).


• · Berzy, T., T. Szundy, J. Pinter, and C. Feher. 1996. Effect of tassel damage at the beginning of female flowering on the yield and quality of maize (Zea mayes L.) seed. Seed Science and Technology. 25: 35-44.


• · Cakir, R. 2004. Effect of water Stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Research. 89: 1-16.


• · Choudhary, R.R., H.L. Yadav, S.L. Choudhary, A.L. Prajapat., and Ritu Choudhary. 2017. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 6(8): 2369-2374.


• · Eidi Zadeh, Kh., A.M. Mahdavi Damghani, H. Sabahi, and S. Soofizadeh. 2010. EffectS of biofertilizers in combination with chemical fertilizer on corn growth in Shushtar (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agroecology. 2(2): 292-301. (In Persian).


• · Farzaneh, M., S. Wichmann, H. Vierheilig, and H.P. Kaul. 2009. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and nitrogen nutrition on growth of chickpea and barley. Pflanzenbauwissenschaft-en. 13(1): 15-22.


• · Ghazi, A.K., and B.M. John Zak. 2003. Field response of wheat to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and drought stress. Mycorrhiza. 14: 263-269.


• · Gholami, A., S. Shahsavani, and S. Nezarat. 2009. The Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on germination, seedling growth and yield of maize. Proceedings of Word Academy of Science. Engineering and Technology. 37: 2070-3740.


• · Hafeez, F.Y., M.E. Safdar, A.U. Chaudry, and K.A. Malik. 2004. Rhizobial inoculation improves seedling emergence, nutrient uptake and growth of cotton. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 44: 617-622.


• · Hamidi, A.1., R. Chaokan, A. Asgharzadeh, M. Dehghanshoar, A. Ghalavand, and M.J. Malakouti. 2009. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on phenology of late maturity maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 11(3): 249-270. (In Persian).


• · Heidari, M., and A. Golpayegani. 2011. Effects of water stress and inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on antioxidant status and photosynthetic pigments in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 23: 1-5.


• · Keating, J.D.H., I.E. Summerfield-Kusmenoglu, and M.H. Hall. 2000. Autumn sowing of lentil in the Mediterranean highlands: lesson for chickpea. In R. Knight (eds.) Linking Research and Marketing Opporunities for Pulses in the 21 Century. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. 279-288.


• · Khalvati. M.A., A. Mozafar, and V. Schmidhalter. 2005. Quantification of water uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae and its significance for leaf growth water relations and gas exchange of barley subjected to drought stress. Plant Biology Stuttgart. 7(6): 706-712.


• · Khandan Mirkohi, A., M. Sheikh Asadi, M.R. Taheri, and M. Babalar. 2015. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and different phosphorus levels on some growth aspects of Lisianthus.Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 6 (2): 57-68. (In Persian).


• · Lucy, M., E. Reed, and B.R. Glick. 2004. Applications of free living plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Antonie van Leewenhoek. 86: 1-25.


• · Mohammadi, E., H.R. Asghari, and A. Ghulami. 2013. Effects of Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer on plant growth indices Hashem. Agroecology. 5(3): 263-271. (In Persian).


• · Moradi, M., S.A. Siadat, K. Khavazi, R. Naseri, A. Maleki, and A. Mirzae. 2011. Effect of application of biofertilizers and phosphorus fertilizers on qualitative and quantitative traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 5(3): 51-66. (In Persian).


• · Naseri, R. 2017. Effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi on morpho-physiological traits and yield of two wheat cultivars under dryland farming. Ph.D. Thesis. Ilam University, Faculty of Agriculture. 336 Pp. (In Persian).


• · Rahimi, A., M. Jamialahmadi, K. Khavazi, M. Sayyari-Zahan, and R. Yazdani. 2013. Effects of different pseudomonas flluoresence bacterium strains on yield, yield components and some traits of safflower. Plant Ecophysiology. 5(14): 1-16. (In Persian).


• · Rouzbeh, R., J. Daneshian, and H.A. Farahani. 2009. Super nitro plus influence on yield and yield components of two wheat cultivars under NPK fertilizer application. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science. 1: 293-297.


• · Saghafi, K., J. Ahmadi, A. Asgharzadeh, and S. Bakhtiari. 2013. The effect of microbial inoculants on physiological responses of two wheat cultivars under salt stress. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. 1(4): 421-431.


• · Sepahri, M., N. Saleh Rastin, G. Hossieni Salkedeh, and M. Khayam Nekouie. 2009. Effect of endophytic fungus, Piriformospora indica, on growth and resistance of Hordeum vulgare L. to salinity stress. Rangeland. 3(3): 508 -518. (In Persian).


• · Sepehri, A., and H. Shahbazi. 2017. Effect of planting date and biological and chemical fertilizers on phenology and physiological indices of peanuts. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 15(1): 216-230. (In Persian).


• · Seyed Sharifi, R., and M.S. Haydari Siahkhalaki. 2015. Effects of biofertilizers on growth indices and contribution of dry matter remobilization in wheat grain yield. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 2(28): 326-342. (In Persian).


• · Shahhosini, Z., A. Gholami, and H.R. Asghari.2013.The Effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis on yield and some growth characteristics of maize under water deficit condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 44(2): 249-260. (In Persian).


• · Shahhosseini, Z., A. Gholami, and H. Asghari.2012. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae and humic acid on water use efficiency and physiological growth indices of maize under water deficit condition. Arid Biome Scientific and Research Journal. 2(1): 39-57. (In Persian).


• · Sharma, S.D., and V.P. Bhutani. 1998. Response of apple seedlings to VAM, Azotobacter and inorganic fertilizers. Horticulture Journal. 11 (1): 1-8.


• · Shaukat, K., S. Affrasayab, and S. Hasnain. 2006. Growth responses of Helianthus annus to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria used as a biofertilizer. Journal of Agriculture Research. 1 (6): 573-581


• · Shenoy, V.V., and G.M. Kalagudi. 2005. Enhancing plant phosphorus use efficiency for sustainable cropping. Biotechnology Advances. 23: 501-513.


• · Soleymanifard, A., S.S. Pourdad, R. Naseri, and A. Mirzaei. 2012. Effect of planting pattern on phonological characteristics and growth indices of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in rainfed conditions. Iranian Journal of CropSciences. 13(2): 282-298. (In Persian).


• · Subramanian, K.S., C. Charest, L. Dwyer, and R.L. Hamilton. 1997. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae on leaf water potential sugur content and phosphorus content during drought and recovery of maize. Canadian Journal of Botany. 75: 1582-1591


• · Talukder, A.S.M.H.M., G.K. McDonald, and G.S. Gill. 2014. Effect of short-term heat stress prior to flowering and early grain seton the grain yield of wheat. Field Crops Research. 160: 54–63.


• · Thakur, A.K., and D.S. Panwar. 1997. Response of rhizobium vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts on photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and sucrose translocation in green gram (Phaseolus radiatus). Indian Journal Agriculture Sciences. 67(6): 245-248.


• · Wahid, A., S. Gelani, M. Ashraf, and M.R. Foolad. 2007. Heat tolerance in plants: anoverview. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 61: 199–223.


• · Wang, X., J. Cai, D. Jiang, F. Liu, T. Dai, and W. Cao. 2011. Pre-anthesis high-temperature acclimation alleviates damage to the flag leaf caused by post-anthesis heat stressin wheat. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168: 585–593.


• · Winarso, S., D. Sulistyanto, and E. Handayanto. 2011. Effects of humic compounds and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on phosphorus availability in an acid soil. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment. 3 (7): 232-240.


• · Wu, S.C., H. Cao, and K.C. Cheung. 2008. Effect of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: agreen house trial. Geoderma. 125: 155-166.


• · Xu, Q.A., A.Q. Paulsen, J.A. Guikema, and G.M. Paulsen.  1995. Functional and ultrastruc-tural injury to photosynthesis in wheat by high-temperature during maturation. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 35: 43–54.


• · Yasari, E., and A.M. Patwardhan. 2007. Effects of Azotobacter and Azospirillum inoculation and chemical fertilizers on growth and productivity of canola. Asian Journal of Plant Science. 6:77-82.


• · Zahid, A.,  A.A. Muhammad, A. Shaukat, A. Zaheer,  W. Abdul, A. Bahadur, H. Tahir, I. Arshad, W. Izhar,  A. Muhammad Zulfiqar, and S. Tariq. 2013. Integrated effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and chemical fertilizers on growth of maize. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 6 (13): 913-921.


• · Zaied, K., A.H. Abd-EI-Hady, A.H. Afify, and M.A. Nassef. 2003. Yield and nitrogen assimilation of winter wheat inoculated with new recombinant inoculant of rhizobacteria. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 6: 344-358.