تأثیر تنش خشکی بر عملکرد و صفات آگروفیزیولوژیکی ژنوتیپ‌های گندم نان (Triticum aestivum L) در شرایط آبی و دیم
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
حمید خوش خبر
1
,
عباس ملکی
2
,
محمد میرزایی حیدری
3
,
فرزاد بابایی
4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری زراعت، واحد ایلام، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایلام، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد ایلام، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایلام، ایران
3 - استادیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد ایلام، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایلام، ایران
4 - استادیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد ایلام، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایلام، ایران
کلید واژه: تنش خشکی, پرولین, عملکرد دانه, آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانت,
چکیده مقاله :
اﺛﺮ تنش خشکی بر عملکرد دانه و برخی صفات فیزیولوژیکی بیست ژنوتیپ گندم نان، طی آزمایشی به مدت دو سال زراعی (96-1395 و 97-1396) در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی سرابله استان ایلام، به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار بررسی گردید. عامل‌های کشت آبی و دیم در کرت اصلی و ژنوتیپ‌های گندم در کرت‌های فرعی قرار گرفتند. عملکرد دانه و اجزای آن و صفات فیزیولوژیکی شامل فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان، پرولین و محتوای آب نسبی برگ مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. محتوای آب نسبی برگ نسبت به شرایط آبیاری مطلوب در سال اول و دوم آزمایش به ترتیب 33 و 21 درصد کاهش نشان داد. محتوای پرولین در شرایط دیم به طور متوسط 81 درصد افزایش یافت. همچنین، در شرایط دیم فعالیت آنزیم‌های کاتالاز، سوپر اکسید دیسموتاز و آسکوربات پراکسیداز افزایش یافت. تنوع زیادی از نظر صفات مورد بررسی بین ژنوتیپ‌ها مشاهده شد و میزان تغییرات صفات در شرایط دیم در ژنوتیپ‌های مختلف مشابه نبود. کشت در شرایط دیم سبب کاهش تعداد دانه در سنبله (24 درصد) و وزن دانه در سنبله (16 درصد) شد. میانگین های عملکرد دانه در کشت آبی و دیم به ترتیب 2604 و 1676 کیلوگرم در هکتار برآورد شدند. کشت در شرایط دیم سبب کاهش تا 29 و 41 درصدی عملکرد دانه، به ترتیب در سال اول و دوم آزمایش شد. اما درصد کاهش عملکرد در دو سال آزمایش برای ژنوتیپ‌های مختلف یکسان نبود. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﻛﻠﻲ، کشت در شرایط دیم کلیه ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮار داد و ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ های ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎی ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آبیاری مطلوب و دیم ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﻲداری ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ داﺷﺘﻨﺪ. در مجموع در شرایط آبی ژنوتیپ‌های 15، 13، 17 و 18 و در شرایط دیم ژنوتیپ‌های 3، 17، 15 ،8 و 9 از نظر عملکرد و صفات فیزیولوژیکی بر دیگر ژنوتیپ‌ها برتری داشتند.
This study was carried out in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Sarableh Agriculture Research Station in Ilam. Irrigation and non-irrigation (rainfed cultivation) were assigned to the main plots and 20 wheat genotypes to the sub plots. The amount of total SOD, CAT, and APX activities, RWC, prolin and yield were measured. Irrigated condition showed a significant difference effect on grain yield, yield, 1000 grain weight, grain number per spike, relative leaf water content, prolin content and anti-oxidant enzymes activities. Relative water content of leaves decreased by 33% and 21% compared to optimal irrigation conditions in the first and second years of experiment, respectively. Prolin content increased by 81% in rainfed conditions. Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase and Ascorbate peroxidase activities were also increased under rainfed condition. Significant variation was observed among genotypes for traits under study and the rate of variation of traits under dryland conditions was not similar for different genotypes. Cultivation under rainfed conditions decreased grain number per spike (24%) and grain weight per spike (16%). Cultivation under rainfed conditions reduced grain yield by 29 and 41% in the first and second year, respectively. But, the percentage of yield losses in both two years of experiment were not similar for different genotypes. The results showed that the rainfed condition affected the crop yield, and all of traits under experiment. Thus, the means of traits of genotypes under irrigated and rainfed conditions were significantly different. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase), relative water content of leaf and proline percentages in rainfed conditions were significantly increased as compared to irrigated condition.
Anjum, S.A., X.Y. Xie, L.C. Wang, M.F. Saleem, C. Man, and W. Lei. 2011. Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6(9): 2026-2032.
Ashraf, M., and M.R. Foolad. 2007. Riles of glycine betaine and proline in improvming plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 59: 206-216.
Aslam, M., M.S.I. Zamir, I. Afzal, M. Yaseen, M. Mubeen, and A. Shoaib. 2013. Drought stress, its effect on maize production and development of drought tolerance through potassium application. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova. 46(2): 99-114.
Bagheripour, M., H. Heydari sharif abad, A. Mehraban, and H. Ganjali. 2021. Investigation of the limiting factors of wheat seed yield in the Eastern region of Kerman. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(59): 435-450. (In Persian).
Bahamin, S., A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahallati, and S. Behashti. 2019. Effect of biological and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on quantitative and qualitative productivity of maize under drought stress conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 12(1): 123-139. (In Persian).
Bahamin, S., A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahallati, and S. Behashti. 2021. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on yield and nutrient efficiency indices in maize under drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 14(3): 675-690. (In Persian).
Barnabás, B., K. Jäger, and A. Fehér. 2008. The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive processes in cereals. Plant, Cell and Environment. 31(1): 11-38.
Bates, L.S., R.P. Waldern, and I.D. Teave. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Bayoumi, T.Y., M.H. Eid, and E.M. Metwali. 2008. Application of physiological and biochemical indices as a screening technique for drought tolerance in wheat varieties. African Journal of Biotechnology. 7: 2341-2352.
Beyer, W.F., and I. Fridovich. 1987. Assaying for superoxide dismutase activity: some large consequences of minor changes in conditions. Annals of Biochemistry. 161: 559-566.
Blum, A. 2011. Plant breeding for water-limited environments. Springer Verlag.
Dawoudian, J., S. Bahamin, and H.B. Tantoh. 2021. Environmental impact assessment of cement industries using mathematical matrix method: case of Ghayen cement, South Khorasan, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28(18): 22348-22358.
Fathi, A., and S. Bahamin. 2018. The effect of irrigation levels and foliar application (zinc, humic acid and salicylic acid) on growth characteristics, yield and yield components of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa ). Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 11(3): 661-674. (In Persian).
Foladvand, F., H. Khoshkhabar, N. Naghdi, M. Hosseinabadi, S. Bahamin, and A. Fathi. 2017. The effect of sowing date and nitrogen on yield, and essential oil of German chamomile. Scientia Agriculturae. 19(3): 85-92.
Ghazvineh, S., A. Valadabadi, A. Abdolahi, S. Seyfzadeh, and H. Zakerin. 2020. Response of durum wheat genotypes to different planting dates and plant densities under dryland conditions. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 14(55): 401-422. (In Persian).
Gill, S.S., and N. Tuteja. 2010. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 48(12): 909-930.
Huang, J., S. Sun, D. Xu, H. Lan, H. Sun, Z. Wang, Y. Bao, J. Wang, H. Tang, and H. Zhang. 2012. A TFIIIA-type zinc finger protein confers multiple abiotic stress tolerances in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa). Plant Molecular Biology. 80(3): 337-350.
Isendahl, N., and G. Schmidt. 2006. Drought in the Mediterranean-WWF policy proposals. WWF Report, Madrid.
Jin, J., N. Shan, N. Ma, J. Bai, and J. Gao. 2006. Regulation of ascorbate peroxidase at the transcript level is involved in tolerance to postharvest water deficit stress in the cut rose (Rosa hybrida) cv. Samantha. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 40(3): 236-243.
Kardoni, F., S. Bahamin, B. Khalil Tahmasebi, S. Ghavim-Sadati, and S. Vahdani. 2019. Yield comparisons of mung-bean as affected by its different nutritions (chemical, biological and integration) under tillage systems. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 13(49): 87-102. (In Persian).
Khoshkhabar, H., M. Jafari, A. Feilinezhad, and S. Bahamin. 2015. Effect of Sodium Silicate on the Yield and Yield Components of Pea under Salinity Stress. Biological Forum – An International Journal. 7(1):1045-1049.
Koc, E., C. İslek, and A.S. Üstun. 2010. Effect of cold on protein, proline, phenolic compounds and chlorophyll content of two pepper (Capsicum annuum) varieties. Gazi University Journal of Science. 23: 1-6.
Lascano‚ H.R.‚ G.E. Antoniceln‚ C.M. Luna‚ M.N. Melchlone‚ L.D. Gomez and M. Caseno. 2005. Antioxidant system response of different wheat cultivars under drought: field and in vitro studies. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. 28: 1095-1102
Majer P., L. Sass, T. Lelley, L. Cseuz, I. Vass, D. Dudits, and J. Pauk. 2008. Testing drought tolerance of wheat by a complex stress diagnostic system installed in greenhouse. Acta Biologica Szegediensis. 52: 97-100.
Maleki, A., A. Fathi, and S. Bahamin. 2020. The effect of gibberellin hormone on yield, growth indices, and biochemical traits of corn (Zea Mays) under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 15(59):1-16. (In Persian with English Summary).
Movludi, A., A. Ebadi, S. Jahanbakhsh, M. Davari, and G.H. Parmoon. 2014. The effect of water deficit and nitrogen on the antioxidant enzymes activity and quantum yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 42: 398-404.
Naveed, M., M. Prabhakaran, and C.A. Gunter. 2014. Dynamic searchable encryption via blind storage. In Security and Privacy (SP), 2014 IEEE Symposium (pp. 639-654). IEEE.
Nouri, A., A. Etminan, J.A.T.D. Silva, and R. Mohammadi. 2011. Assessment of yield, yield-related trai ts and drought tolerance of durum wheat varieties (Triticum turjidum durum Desf.). Australian Journal of Crop Science. 5: 8-16.
Ohe, M., M. Rapolu, T. Mieda, Y. Miyagawa, Y. Yabuta, K. Yoshimura, and S. Shigeoka. 2005. Decline in leaf photooxidative-stress tolerance with age in tobacco. Plant Science. 168(6): 1487-1493.
Rampino, P., S. Pataleo, C. Gerardi, G. Mita, and C. Perrotta. 2006. Drought stress response in wheat: physiological and molecular analysis of resistant and sensitive genotypes. Plant, Cell and Environment. 29: 2143–2152.
Ranieri, A., A. Castagna, J. Pacini, B. Baldan, A. Mensuali Sodi, and G.F. Soldatini. 2003. Early production and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide in the apoplast of sunflower plants exposed to ozone. Jornal of Experimental Botany. 54: 2529-2540.
Rao, S.C., and J. Ryan. 2004. Challenges and strategies of dryland agriculture. CSSA Spec. Publication 32. CSSA and ASA, Madison, WI.
Rebetzke, G.J., R.A. Richards, A.G. Condon, and G.D. Farquhar. 2006. Inheritance of carbon isotope discrimination in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Euphytica. 150: 97-106
Rezaei, A., B. Lotfi, M. Jafari, and S. Bahamin. 2015. Survey of effects of PGPR and salinity on the characteristics of Nigella leaves. In Biological Forum-An International Journal. 7: 1085-1092.
Saeidi, M., and M. Abdoli. 2018. Effect of drought stress during grain filling on yield and its components, gas exchange variables, and some physiological traits of wheat cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 17(4):885-898.
Safari, K., Y. Sohrabi, A. Siosemardeh, and S. Sasani. 2021. Effect of seed priming on some morphophysiological characteristics, yield and seed protein content in three dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(59): 341-362. (In Persian).
Scebba, F., L. Sebastiani, and C. Vitagliano. 1998. Changes in activity of antioxidative enzymes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings under cold acclimation. Physiologia Plantarum. 104: 747–752
Seraj, R., and T.R. Sinclair. 2004. Inhibition of nitrogenase activity and nodule oxygen permeability by water deficit. Journal of Experimental Botany. 47: 1067-1073.
Shamsibeiranvand, Z., Z. Sadeghi, H. Khoshkhabar, M. Hosseinabadi, and S. Bahamin. 2017. Survey some physiological characteristics of medicinal plant Scrophularia striata Boiss in Ilam province. Scientia Agriculturae. 19(3): 62-68.
Yang, J., and J. Zhang. 2006. Grain filling of cereals under soil drying. New Phytologist. 169(2): 223-236.
Yordanov, I., V. Velikova, and T. Tsonev. 2003. Plant responses to drought and stress tolerance. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. (Special Issue), 187-206.
Zabet, M., S. Bahamin, S. Ghoreishi, H. Sadeghi, and S. Moosavi. 2015. Effect of deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative yield of aboveground part of forage pear millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in Birjand. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 7(2): 187-194. (In Persian).
Zhao, C.X., M.R. He, Z.L. Wang, Y.F. Wang, and Q. Lin. 2009. Effects of different water availability at post-anthesis stage on grain nutrition and quality in strong-gluten winter wheat. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 332(8): 759-764.
Zlatev, Z.S., and I.T. Yordanov. 2004. Effects of soil drought on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in bean plants. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. 30(3-4): 3-18.
_||_Anjum, S.A., X.Y. Xie, L.C. Wang, M.F. Saleem, C. Man, and W. Lei. 2011. Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6(9): 2026-2032.
Ashraf, M., and M.R. Foolad. 2007. Riles of glycine betaine and proline in improvming plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 59: 206-216.
Aslam, M., M.S.I. Zamir, I. Afzal, M. Yaseen, M. Mubeen, and A. Shoaib. 2013. Drought stress, its effect on maize production and development of drought tolerance through potassium application. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova. 46(2): 99-114.
Bagheripour, M., H. Heydari sharif abad, A. Mehraban, and H. Ganjali. 2021. Investigation of the limiting factors of wheat seed yield in the Eastern region of Kerman. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(59): 435-450. (In Persian).
Bahamin, S., A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahallati, and S. Behashti. 2019. Effect of biological and chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus on quantitative and qualitative productivity of maize under drought stress conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 12(1): 123-139. (In Persian).
Bahamin, S., A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahallati, and S. Behashti. 2021. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on yield and nutrient efficiency indices in maize under drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 14(3): 675-690. (In Persian).
Barnabás, B., K. Jäger, and A. Fehér. 2008. The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive processes in cereals. Plant, Cell and Environment. 31(1): 11-38.
Bates, L.S., R.P. Waldern, and I.D. Teave. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Bayoumi, T.Y., M.H. Eid, and E.M. Metwali. 2008. Application of physiological and biochemical indices as a screening technique for drought tolerance in wheat varieties. African Journal of Biotechnology. 7: 2341-2352.
Beyer, W.F., and I. Fridovich. 1987. Assaying for superoxide dismutase activity: some large consequences of minor changes in conditions. Annals of Biochemistry. 161: 559-566.
Blum, A. 2011. Plant breeding for water-limited environments. Springer Verlag.
Dawoudian, J., S. Bahamin, and H.B. Tantoh. 2021. Environmental impact assessment of cement industries using mathematical matrix method: case of Ghayen cement, South Khorasan, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28(18): 22348-22358.
Fathi, A., and S. Bahamin. 2018. The effect of irrigation levels and foliar application (zinc, humic acid and salicylic acid) on growth characteristics, yield and yield components of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa ). Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 11(3): 661-674. (In Persian).
Foladvand, F., H. Khoshkhabar, N. Naghdi, M. Hosseinabadi, S. Bahamin, and A. Fathi. 2017. The effect of sowing date and nitrogen on yield, and essential oil of German chamomile. Scientia Agriculturae. 19(3): 85-92.
Ghazvineh, S., A. Valadabadi, A. Abdolahi, S. Seyfzadeh, and H. Zakerin. 2020. Response of durum wheat genotypes to different planting dates and plant densities under dryland conditions. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 14(55): 401-422. (In Persian).
Gill, S.S., and N. Tuteja. 2010. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 48(12): 909-930.
Huang, J., S. Sun, D. Xu, H. Lan, H. Sun, Z. Wang, Y. Bao, J. Wang, H. Tang, and H. Zhang. 2012. A TFIIIA-type zinc finger protein confers multiple abiotic stress tolerances in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa). Plant Molecular Biology. 80(3): 337-350.
Isendahl, N., and G. Schmidt. 2006. Drought in the Mediterranean-WWF policy proposals. WWF Report, Madrid.
Jin, J., N. Shan, N. Ma, J. Bai, and J. Gao. 2006. Regulation of ascorbate peroxidase at the transcript level is involved in tolerance to postharvest water deficit stress in the cut rose (Rosa hybrida) cv. Samantha. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 40(3): 236-243.
Kardoni, F., S. Bahamin, B. Khalil Tahmasebi, S. Ghavim-Sadati, and S. Vahdani. 2019. Yield comparisons of mung-bean as affected by its different nutritions (chemical, biological and integration) under tillage systems. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 13(49): 87-102. (In Persian).
Khoshkhabar, H., M. Jafari, A. Feilinezhad, and S. Bahamin. 2015. Effect of Sodium Silicate on the Yield and Yield Components of Pea under Salinity Stress. Biological Forum – An International Journal. 7(1):1045-1049.
Koc, E., C. İslek, and A.S. Üstun. 2010. Effect of cold on protein, proline, phenolic compounds and chlorophyll content of two pepper (Capsicum annuum) varieties. Gazi University Journal of Science. 23: 1-6.
Lascano‚ H.R.‚ G.E. Antoniceln‚ C.M. Luna‚ M.N. Melchlone‚ L.D. Gomez and M. Caseno. 2005. Antioxidant system response of different wheat cultivars under drought: field and in vitro studies. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. 28: 1095-1102
Majer P., L. Sass, T. Lelley, L. Cseuz, I. Vass, D. Dudits, and J. Pauk. 2008. Testing drought tolerance of wheat by a complex stress diagnostic system installed in greenhouse. Acta Biologica Szegediensis. 52: 97-100.
Maleki, A., A. Fathi, and S. Bahamin. 2020. The effect of gibberellin hormone on yield, growth indices, and biochemical traits of corn (Zea Mays) under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 15(59):1-16. (In Persian with English Summary).
Movludi, A., A. Ebadi, S. Jahanbakhsh, M. Davari, and G.H. Parmoon. 2014. The effect of water deficit and nitrogen on the antioxidant enzymes activity and quantum yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 42: 398-404.
Naveed, M., M. Prabhakaran, and C.A. Gunter. 2014. Dynamic searchable encryption via blind storage. In Security and Privacy (SP), 2014 IEEE Symposium (pp. 639-654). IEEE.
Nouri, A., A. Etminan, J.A.T.D. Silva, and R. Mohammadi. 2011. Assessment of yield, yield-related trai ts and drought tolerance of durum wheat varieties (Triticum turjidum durum Desf.). Australian Journal of Crop Science. 5: 8-16.
Ohe, M., M. Rapolu, T. Mieda, Y. Miyagawa, Y. Yabuta, K. Yoshimura, and S. Shigeoka. 2005. Decline in leaf photooxidative-stress tolerance with age in tobacco. Plant Science. 168(6): 1487-1493.
Rampino, P., S. Pataleo, C. Gerardi, G. Mita, and C. Perrotta. 2006. Drought stress response in wheat: physiological and molecular analysis of resistant and sensitive genotypes. Plant, Cell and Environment. 29: 2143–2152.
Ranieri, A., A. Castagna, J. Pacini, B. Baldan, A. Mensuali Sodi, and G.F. Soldatini. 2003. Early production and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide in the apoplast of sunflower plants exposed to ozone. Jornal of Experimental Botany. 54: 2529-2540.
Rao, S.C., and J. Ryan. 2004. Challenges and strategies of dryland agriculture. CSSA Spec. Publication 32. CSSA and ASA, Madison, WI.
Rebetzke, G.J., R.A. Richards, A.G. Condon, and G.D. Farquhar. 2006. Inheritance of carbon isotope discrimination in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Euphytica. 150: 97-106
Rezaei, A., B. Lotfi, M. Jafari, and S. Bahamin. 2015. Survey of effects of PGPR and salinity on the characteristics of Nigella leaves. In Biological Forum-An International Journal. 7: 1085-1092.
Saeidi, M., and M. Abdoli. 2018. Effect of drought stress during grain filling on yield and its components, gas exchange variables, and some physiological traits of wheat cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 17(4):885-898.
Safari, K., Y. Sohrabi, A. Siosemardeh, and S. Sasani. 2021. Effect of seed priming on some morphophysiological characteristics, yield and seed protein content in three dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(59): 341-362. (In Persian).
Scebba, F., L. Sebastiani, and C. Vitagliano. 1998. Changes in activity of antioxidative enzymes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings under cold acclimation. Physiologia Plantarum. 104: 747–752
Seraj, R., and T.R. Sinclair. 2004. Inhibition of nitrogenase activity and nodule oxygen permeability by water deficit. Journal of Experimental Botany. 47: 1067-1073.
Shamsibeiranvand, Z., Z. Sadeghi, H. Khoshkhabar, M. Hosseinabadi, and S. Bahamin. 2017. Survey some physiological characteristics of medicinal plant Scrophularia striata Boiss in Ilam province. Scientia Agriculturae. 19(3): 62-68.
Yang, J., and J. Zhang. 2006. Grain filling of cereals under soil drying. New Phytologist. 169(2): 223-236.
Yordanov, I., V. Velikova, and T. Tsonev. 2003. Plant responses to drought and stress tolerance. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. (Special Issue), 187-206.
Zabet, M., S. Bahamin, S. Ghoreishi, H. Sadeghi, and S. Moosavi. 2015. Effect of deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative yield of aboveground part of forage pear millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in Birjand. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 7(2): 187-194. (In Persian).
Zhao, C.X., M.R. He, Z.L. Wang, Y.F. Wang, and Q. Lin. 2009. Effects of different water availability at post-anthesis stage on grain nutrition and quality in strong-gluten winter wheat. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 332(8): 759-764.
Zlatev, Z.S., and I.T. Yordanov. 2004. Effects of soil drought on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in bean plants. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. 30(3-4): 3-18.