ارزیابی سیستم های خاک ورزی حفاظتی و مدیریت علف های هرز بر عملکرد و برخی خصوصیات کدوی آجیلی Cucurbita pepo L
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
سیدمرتضی شکارلو
1
*
,
ساسان رضادوست
2
,
فرزاد جلیلی
3
1 - دانشجوي دکتراي زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزي، واحد خوي، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، خوي، ايران
2 - عضو هيات علمي گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزي، واحد خوي، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، خوي، ايران
3 - عضو هيات علمي گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزي، واحد خوي، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، خوي، ايران
کلید واژه: خاک¬ورزی حفاظتی, عملکرد بیولوژیکی, عملکرد روغن, عملکرد پروتئین, عملکرد دانه,
چکیده مقاله :
این تحقیق به منظور ارزیابی سیستم های خاک ورزی حفاظتی و روش های مدیریت علف های هرز در قالب طرح کرت های خرد شده بر پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در شهرستان هاي خوي و ماكو در سال زراعي 99-1398 اجرا شد. کرت اصلی شامل خاک ورزی حفاظتی در چهار سطح شامل (شخم متداول، شخم صفر، چیزل، دیسک) و کرت فرعی مدیریت علف های هرز در چهار سطح شامل (مصرف علف کش، عاری از علف هرز، بدون کنترل و شاهد) بودند. بیشترین تعداد دانه (۲۱۱)، عملکرد بیولوژیکی (7/62 تن در هکتار)، عملکرد روغن (83/33 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و عملکرد پروتئین (34/6 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در منطقه خوی مشاهده شد و کمترین تعداد دانه (114)، عملکرد بیولوژیکی (1/10 تن در هکتار)، عملکرد روغن (19/7 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و عملکرد پروتئین (1/66 کیلوگرم در هکتار) تحت تأثیر دیسک و تیمار بدون کنترل علف‌های هرز در منطقه ماکو بود. همچنین، بیشترین عملکرد دانه (828 کیلوگرم در هکتار) تحت تأثیر تیمارهای چیزل و عاری از علف هرز و کمترین آن (756 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار دیسک و بدون کنترل علف هرز مشاهده گردید. به طورکلی، مقایسه میانگین تیمارهای آزمایشی حاکی از برتری تیمار خاک ورزی با چیزل و مدیریت علف های هرز (عاری از علف هرز) در منطقه خوي بوده و به نظر مي رسد در سيستم هاي زراعي جهت حفظ پتانسيل عملكرد محصول و بهبود مديريت تلفيقي علف هاي هرز، انجام عمليات خاك ورزي حداقل و کنترل علف هاي هرز قابل توصيه است.
This study was conducted to evaluate conservation tillage systems and weed management methods in the form of split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with 3 replications in Khoy and Maku counties in 2019-2020 crop year. The main plot included conservation tillage at Four levels including (conventional tillage, zero tillage, chisel, disc) and the sub-plot of weed management at Four levels included (herbicide use, weed-free, uncontrolled and control). The highest number of seeds (211), biological yield (7.62 t.ha-1), oil yield (83.33 kg.ha-1) and protein yield (34.6kg.ha-1) were observed in Khoy region and the lowest number of seeds (114), biological yield (1.01 t.ha-1), oil yield (19.7 kg.ha-1) and protein yield (1.66 kg.ha-1) under the influence of disc and weed-free treatment in Maku region Was. Also, the highest grain yield (828 kg.ha-1) was observed under the influence of chisel and weed-free treatments and the lowest (756 kg.ha-1) was observed in disc treatment without weed control. In general, the comparison of the average experimental treatments indicates the superiority of tillage treatment with chisel and weed management (weed-free) in Khoy region and it seems that in crop systems to maintain crop yield potential and improve integrated weed management Weeding, minimal tillage operations and weed control are recommended.
• Ahmadi, A., and M. Rushdie. 2011. Reaction yield and yield components of sunflower cultivar Aeroflor cultivar to plant density and weed control methods. Journal of Research in Crop Sciences. 11: 39-52. (In Persian).
• Ajayi, A.E., D. Tassinari, C.F. Araujo-Junior, O.T. Faloye, F. Abayomi, and N. Curi. 2021. Long-term no tillage management impact on soil hydro-physical properties in coffee cultivation. Geoderma. 404: 115-306.
• Amossé, C., M.H. Jeuffroy, F. Celette, and C. David. 2013. Relay-intercropped forage legumes help to control weeds in organic grain production. European Journal of Agronomy. 49: 158–167.
• Anderson, R.L. 2007. Residue management tactics for corn following spring wheat. Weed Technology. 22(1): 177-181.
• Bakhtiari, M.M., S. Vazn, F.M. Esfini, S. Azizkhani, and K. Rezaei. 2012. Study of time and location management of weed control on yield and some agronomical Traits of chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.). Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding. 8(2): 57-96. (In Persian).
• Bannayan-Aval, M., K. Hajmohammadnia-Ghalibaf, F. Yaghoubi, Z. Rashidi, and N. Valaie. 2020. Effect of tillage systems and residue management on soil water conservation, yield and yield components of wheat. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 18(1): 71-83. (In Persian).
• Barraco, M., M. DÍaz-Zorita, and G. Duarte. 2007. Corn and soybean residue covers effects on wheat productivityunder no-tillage practices. In Wheat production in stressed environment. (Buck, H.T., J.E. Nisi, and N. Salomón, ed.). Springer Publisher, Netherlands. p. 209-216.
• Barzali, M., A. Javanshir, M. Shakiba, M. Moghadam, and A. Nouri Nia. 2002. Effect of different tillage methods on yield and yield components of soybean in Gorgan region. Journal of Seedlings and Seeds. 19(2): 173-189. (In Persian).
• Blanco, R., a. Aguilar, and F. Lima. 2021. Impact of weed control by hand tools on soil erosion under a no-tillage system cultivation. Agronomy. 11(5): 974- 994.
• Blanco-Canqui, H., T.M. Shaver, J.L. Lindquist, A. Charles, R.W. Shapiro, C. Elmore, A. Francis, and G.W. Hergert. 2015. Cover crops and ecosystem services: insights from studies in temperate soils. Agronomy Journal. 107 (6): 2449-2474.
• Correia, M.V., L.C.R. Pereira, L. De Almeida, R.L. Williams, J. Freach, H. Nesbitt, and W. Erskine. 2014. Maize-mucuna (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC) relay intercropping in the lowland tropics of Timor-Leste. Field Crop Research. 156: 272–280.
• Courtney, R.G., and G.J. Mullen. 2008. Soil quality and barley growth as influenced by the laud application of two compost types. Bioresource Technology. 99: 2913-2918.
• Fakhari, R., A. Tobeh, M. Taghi Alebrahim, M.A. Baghestani, and E. Zand. 2016. The effect of covercrops and time of sowing on weed population and corn yield in two minimum and conventional tillage systems. Iranian Journal Weed Science. 12: 211-220. (In Persian).
• Farooq, M., A. Nawaz, Y.S. Saharawat, T. Reeves, and K. Siddique. 2020. Crop and cropping systems management practices and benefits in conservation Agriculture systems. In Advances in Conservation Agriculture. 2(2): 1-37.
• Fasinmirin, J.T., and J.M. Reichert. 2011. Conservation tillage for cassava (Manihotesculenta crantz) production in the tropics. Journal of Soil and Tillage Research. 113 (1): 1-10.
• Florence, A.M., L.G. Higley, R.A. Drijber, C.A. Francis, and J.L. Lindquist. 2019. Cover crop mixture diversity, biomass productivity, weed suppression, and stability. Journal Pone Plos One. 14(3): 1-18.
• Forouzandeh, S.A., E. Elahifard, N. Heidarpour, and A.A.R. Siyahpoush. 2017. Effect of tillage systems and herbicide application in weed control of canola (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 11(41): 163-178. (In Persian).
• Friedrich, T., R. Derpsch, and A.H. Kassam. 2012. Global overview of the spread of conservation agriculture. Field Actions Science Reports. 6: 1-7.
• Fruhwirth, G.O., and A. Hermetter. 2008. Production technology and characteristics of styrian pumpkin seed oil. European Journal of Lipid Science Technology. 110: 637-644.
• Fujiyoshi, P.T., S.R. Gliessman, and J.H. Langenheim. 2007. Factors in the suppression of weeds by squash interplanted in corn. Weed Biology and Management. 7: 105–114.
• Ghaderi-Far, F., A. Soltani, and H.R. Sadeghipour. 2011. Changes in seed quality during seed development and maturation in medicinal pumpkin. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants. 17: 249-257.
• Hobbs, P., K. Sayre, and R. Gupta. 2008. The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 363 (1491): 543-555.
• Jahan, M., M.B. Amiri, M. Aghhavari-Shajari, and M.K. Tahami. 2013. Investigation of the pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) production quantity and quality influence by Lathyrus sativus and Trifolium resopinatum cover crops, inoculation with plant growth stimulating rhizobacteria and application of organic fertilizers. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 11 (2): 337-356. (In Persian).
• Jarecki, M.K., and R. Lal. 2003. Crop management for soil carbon sequestration. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 22 (6): 471-502.
• Juroszek, P., and R. Gerhards. 2004. Photocontrol of weeds. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 190 (6): 402-415.
• Kassam, A., T. Friedrich, and R. Derpsch. 2019. Global spread of conservation agriculture. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 76(1): 29-51.
• Kaur, N., M.S. Bhullara, and G. Gill. 2016. Weed management in sugarcane-canola intercropping systems innorthern India. Field Crop Research. 188: 1–9.
• Kumar, V., G. Mahajan, S. Dahiya, and B.S. Chauhan. 2020. Challenges and opportunities for weed management in no-till farming systems. In: No-till Farming Systems for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer, 107–125.
• Lal, R. 1995. Tillage systems in the tropics: Management options and sustainability implications. FAO Soils Bulletin 71.
• Latifi, N., A. Siahmargouei, G.F. Akram, and M. Younesabadi. 2009. Effects of tillage systems onweeds population dynamics in otton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) fllowed by rapeseed (Brassica Napus). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 7 (1): 195-203.
• Maltas, A., R. Charles, B. Jeangros, and S. Sinaj. 2013. Effect of organic fertilizers and reduced-tillage on soil properties, crop nitrogen response and crop yield: Results of a 12-year experiment in Changins, Switzerland. Soil Tillage. 126: 11–18.
• Midega, C.A.O., D. Salifu, T.J. Bruce, J. Pittchar, J.A. Pickett, and Z.R. Khan .2014. Cumulative effects and economic benefits of intercropping maize with food legumes on Striga hermonthica infestation. Field Crop Research. 155: 144–152.
• Moradi-Talebbeigi, R., H. Pirste-Anooshe, M.J. Ahmadi-Lahijani, and Y. Emam. 2013. Evaluation the effects of wheat residues and day or night tillage on weed community and yield of SC 704 corn cultivar (Zea mays L.). Agroecology. 5: 255-262. (In Persian).
• Mousavi-Boogar, A., K. Azizi, M. Feizian, and H.R. Eisvand. 2021. Effects of different tillage systems on soil properties, and yield and yield components of barley. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 68(13): 1-12.
• Naeem, M., M. Farooq, S. Farooq, S. Ul-Allah, S. Alfarraj, and M. Hussain. 2021. The impact of different crop sequences on weed infestation and productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under different tillage systems. Crop Protection. 149: 105-759.
• Nasirinejad, M., A. Bageri, and A. Jafari. 2012. Evaluation the effect of C3 and C4 weeds and different levels of nitrogen on growth and biomass production of sunflower (Heliantheus annus L.). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. (2): 14-24. (In Persian).
• Norwood, C.A. 2000. Dryland winter wheat as affected by previous crops. Journal of Agronomy. 92: 21-127.
• Poggio, B.S. 2005. Structure of weed communities occurring in monoculture and intercropping of field pea and barley. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment. 109: 48–58.
• Putnam, D.H., E.S. Oplinger, and D.R. Hicks. 2003. Alternative field crops manual sunflower cultural, seedbed preparation. University of Wisconsin. Madison.
• Radicetti, E., R. Mancinelli, R. Moscetti, and E. Campiglia. 2016. Management of winter cover crop residues under different tillage conditions affects nitrogen utilization efficiency and yield of eggplant (Solanum melanogena L.) in Mediterranean environment. Soil Tillage. 155: 329–338.
• Ramroudi, M., N. Majnoun-Hosseini, A.H. Hosseinzadeh, D. Mazaheri, and M.B. Hosseini. 2011. Evaluating the effects cover crops, tillage systems and nitrogen rates on soil properties and sorghum forage yields. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi). 92: 18-23. (In Persian).
• Rashid, A., D. Harris, P.A. Hollington, and M. Rafiq. 2004. Improving the yield of mungbean (vigna adiata) in the north west frontier province of Pakistan using on-farm seed priming. Experimental Agriculture. 40 (2): 233-244.
• Rockström, J., P. Kaumbutho, J. Mwalley, A.W. Nzabi, M. Temesgen, L. Mawenya, J. Barron, J. Mutua, and S. Damgaard-Larsen. 2008. Conservation farming strategies in east and southern Africa: Yields and rain water productivity from on-farm action research. Soil and Tillage Research. 103 (1): 23-32.
• Romero-Perezgrovas, R., N. Verhulst, D. Delarosa, V. Hernandez, M. Maertens, J. Deckers, and B. Govaerts. 2014. Effects of tillage and crop residue management on maize yields and net returns in the central Mexican highlands under drought conditions. Soil Science Society of China. 24: 476–486.
• Ronald, M., and K. Charles. 2012. Weed suppression and component crops response in maize/pumpkin intercropping systems in Zimbabwe. Journal of Agricultural Science. 4(7): 231-236.
• Salem, H.M., C. Valero, M.A. Muñoz, M. Rodríguez, and L.L. Silva. 2015. Shortterm effects of four tillage practices on soil physical properties, soil water potential, and maize yield. Geoderma. 237: 60–70.
• Virginia, N., V. Nele, C. Rachael, and G. Bram. 2015. Weed dynamics and conservation agriculture principles: A review. Field Crops Research. 183: 56-68.
• Wang, Q., C. Lu, H. Li, J. He, K.K. Sarker, R.G. Rasaily, and A.D.J. Mchugh. 2014. The effects of no-tillage with subsoiling on soil properties and maize yield: 12-year experiment on alkaline soils of Northeast China. Soil and Tillage Research. 137: 43-49.
• Xiong, M., R. Sun, and L. Chen. 2019. A global comparison of soil erosion associated with land use and climate type. Geoderma. 343: 31–39.
• Yaqubi, S.R., and M. Agha Alikhani. 2011. The effect of duration of control and interference of natural weed population on yield and yield components of autumn rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 9(4): 659-669. (In Persian).
• Zand, E., S.K. Mousavi, and A. Heidari. 2008. Herbicides and their application. Jahade Daneshgahi Mashhad Press. 567 pp. (In Persian).
• Zarin Kaviani, B., E. Zeidali, R. Moradi, and K. Zarin Kaviani. 2018. Evaluation of the effect of integrated weed management on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of corn, weed density and biomass under Dehloran climatic condition. Applied Field Crops Research. 31(4): 129-150.
• Zeidali, E., R. Naseri, A. Mirzaei, and A.A. Chit-Band. 2017. Ecophysiologic indices of wheat as influenced by plant density and application of herbicide. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 10(4): 839-856. (In Persian).