بررسی اثر زیادی روی بر رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی، پرولین، قندهای محلول و نشاسته در گیاه کلزا (Brassica napus L.)
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
مه لقا قربانلی
1
(Islamic Azad University, biology department, Gorgan Branch)
رضا حاجی حسینی
2
(گروه زیست شناسی دانشگاه پیام نور مرکز تهران)
فاطمه خوش اقبال
3
(گروه زیست شناسی دانشگاه پیام نور مرکز تهران)
کلید واژه: روی, پرولین, کلزا, کلروفیل, نشاسته, کاروتنویید, قند محلول,
چکیده مقاله :
روی یکی از عناصر کم مصرف ضروری برای رشد و نمو طبیعی گیاهان محسوب می‌شود. همچنین یکی از فلزات سنگین بوده و در اکثر گیاهان مقدار زیاد آن ایجاد مسمومیت می‌کند. امروزه آلودگی‌های محیطی به ویژه آلودگی ناشی از فلزات سنگین بر اثر فعالیت‌های صنعتی و استفاده بی رویه از کود‌های آلی و شیمیایی خسارات جبران نا پذیری را بر گیاهان کشاورزی وارد می‌کند. از این رو بررسی و مطالعه میزان تحمل گیاهان در برابر فلزات سنگین از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. در این پژوهش اثر غلظتهای زیاد روی بر میزان کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b، کاروتنویید ها، قندهای محلول، نشاسته و پرولین در گیاه کلزا رقم هیولا بررسی شده است. گیاهان به مدت 14 روز تحت تیمار با غلضتهای متفاوت روی (50، 100، 250، 500، 700 میکرو مولار) در محیط غذایی هوگلند قرار گرفتند و پس از این مدت آزمایشهای لازم بر روی آنها انجام گرفت. این کار در قالب یک طرح کاملا تصادفی و با سه تکرار انجام شد و داده‌های حاصل با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS V.13، روش آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه (ANOVA) و آزمون دانکن مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. براساس نتایج به دست آمده با افزایش غلضت روی میزا ن کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b نسبت به شاهد به طور معنی داری کاهش یافت البته روند کاهش کلروفیل b نسبت به a کم و تنها در دو تیمار 500 و 700 میکرومولار معنی دار بود. همچنین مقدار کاروتنوییدها هم درغلظتهای 500 و 700 میکرومولار روی به طورمعنی دار کاهش پیدا نمود. میزان قندهای محلول و پرولین در ریشه و اندام هوایی با زیاد شدن روی افزایش یافت. ولی مقدار نشاسته در هر دو به طور چشمگیری کاهش یافت.
Zinc is one of the essential micronutrients for the normal growth and development of plants. It is also known as heavy metal which at higher level causes toxicity in most of the plants. Nowadays environmental pollutions especially which caused by heavy metals result from industrial activity.Also the useage of chemical and inorganic fertilizer have non-compensated damage on the agricultural plants. Hence study of plants, tolerance to heavy metals is significant. The effect of high concentration of zinc on chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid, soluble sugars, starch and prolin in Brassica napus has been studied in this survey. Plants were treated with various Zn concentration (50, 100, 250, 500, 700 µ M) in nutrient solution for two weeks. All determinations were carried out in triplicate and data were statistically analyzed by using full randomize plots, SPSS v,13, MSTAC (one-way ANOVA) and Duncan test. According to the result chlorophyll a and b significantly decreased in comparison to control by increasing Zn concentration, but content of chlorophyll b was significantly decreased in treatments of 500 and 700 µM Zn. Also carotenoid,s content significantly decreased in concentration of 500 and 700 µM Zn. Soluble sugar increased in shoots and roots by increase of Zn as well as proline, but starch level were decreased in both.
References
Auld DS. (2001). Zinc coordination sphere in biochemical zinc sites. Biometals 14: 271-313.
Badr- Alaoui, Patricia Genet, Florence V init Dunand, Marie-laure Toussaint, Daniel Epron and Pierre- Marie Badot, (2003). Effect of copper on growth in cucumber plants and it's relationships with carbohydrate accumulation and change in ion contents, plant science Vol, 166: 1213 - 1218
Barak P, Helmke PA. (1993). The chemistry of zinc, In: Robson AD, ed. Zinc in soil and plant. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1-13.
Bates LS. Waldren SPand Teare ID.1973. Rapid determination of free prolin for water- stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205-207.
Boawn LC, Rasmussen PE.(1971). Crop response to excessive zinc fertilization of alkaline soil. Agronomy Journal 63: 874 – 876.
Broadley,M R.White, PJ. Hammond, JP. Zlko, IV. (2007). Zinc in plants. Journal of new phytologist 173: 677 - 702
Carroll MD, Loneragan JF.(1968).Response of plant species to concentration of zinc in solution. I. Growth and zinc content of plants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 19: 859 - 868
Chaney, RL. (1993). Zinc phytotoxity. In: Robson AD (ed) Zinc in Soils and Plants. Proc Lnt Symp' Zinc in Soils and Plants' Univ W Australia, 27-28 Sept, 1993, pp 135-150. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. ISB N O-7923-2631-8.
Chaoui A, Mazhoudi S, Ghorbal MH, Elferjani E. (1997). Cadmium and zinc induction of lipid peroxidation and effect on antioxidant enzyme activities in bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Plnat Sci. 127:139-147.
Costa G, & Morel J- L. (1994). Water relations gas exchange and amino acid content in cd-treated Lettuce. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 32: 561 - 570
Dicango, R., Guid, R.L, De Gara, L. and Soldatini, G.F. (2001). Combined cadmium and ozone treatment effect photosynthesis and ascorbate-dependent defences in sunflower. Newphyto l.151: 622-636.
Downey, R.K. and Robbelen, G. (1989) Brassica species. In:Robbelen, G., Downey, R.K. and Ashri, A. (eds) Oil Crops of the World. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp.339-362.
Dubey, R.S., (1997). Photosynthesis in plants under stressful conditions. In: Pessarakli, M.(ed) Handbook of photosynthesis. Dekker,New york pp 859-876
Dubey, R.s., Singh, A.K. 1999. Salinity induces accumulation of soluble sugars and alters the activity of sugar metabolihing enzyme in rice plants. Biol, plant.42:233-239.
Foy CD, Chaney RL, White MC. (1978). The physiology of metal toxicity in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 29: 511 – 566.
Foyer, C.H, Valadier, M.H., Migge, A. and Becker, T. W.1998. Drought induced effects on nitrat reductase activity and mRNA and one the coordinate of nitrogen and carbon metabolism in maize leaves. Plant Physiol. 117:283-292.
Kochert G,( 1978). Carbohydrate determination by the phenol sulfuric acid method. In: Helebust, J.A., craig J.S (ed): Hand book of Physiological Methods.pp. 96-97 cambridge unir. press, Cambridge.
Kuznetsov VV, and Shevyakova N I. (1997). Stress responses of tobacco cells to high temperature and salinity. proline accumulation and phosphorylation of polypeptides. Physiologia Plantarum 100: 320–326.
Larson,H.E., Bornman, J.F., ASP, H. (1988). Influence of UV-B radiation and Cd2+ on chlorophyll fluorescence, growth and nutrient content in Brassica napus. Exp.Bot. 49: 1031-1039.
Lichtenthaler,H.K. and Welburn, W.R.(1994). Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. biochem.soc. Tran. 11:591-592.
Marschner H. (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 2nd edn. London,UK: Academic Press.
Schat H, Sharma SS, and Vooijs R. (1997). Heavy metal-induced accumulation of free proline in a metal-tolerant and non-tolerant ecotype of silene vulgaris Physiogia Plantarum 101: 477-482.
Sinnah, V.R. Ellis, R.H. and John.P. (1998). Irrigation and seed quality development in rapid recycling Brassica, soluble carbohydrate and heat stable proteins. Ann.Bot. 82:647-655.
Van Assche F, Clijsters H (1999). Effects of metals on enzyme activity in plants. Plant Cell Env 13: 195-206.
Van Huylenbroeck, J.M. and P.C. Debergh (1996) Impact of sugar concentration in vitro on photosynthesis. and carbon metabolism daring in vitro acclimatization of spathiphyllum plants physiol. Plant.96:289-304.
Weiss DJ, Mason TFD,Zhao FJ,Kirk GJD, Coles BJ, Horswood MSA. (2005). Isotopic discrimination of zinc in higher plants. New Phytologist 165:703-710
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References
Auld DS. (2001). Zinc coordination sphere in biochemical zinc sites. Biometals 14: 271-313.
Badr- Alaoui, Patricia Genet, Florence V init Dunand, Marie-laure Toussaint, Daniel Epron and Pierre- Marie Badot, (2003). Effect of copper on growth in cucumber plants and it's relationships with carbohydrate accumulation and change in ion contents, plant science Vol, 166: 1213 - 1218
Barak P, Helmke PA. (1993). The chemistry of zinc, In: Robson AD, ed. Zinc in soil and plant. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1-13.
Bates LS. Waldren SPand Teare ID.1973. Rapid determination of free prolin for water- stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205-207.
Boawn LC, Rasmussen PE.(1971). Crop response to excessive zinc fertilization of alkaline soil. Agronomy Journal 63: 874 – 876.
Broadley,M R.White, PJ. Hammond, JP. Zlko, IV. (2007). Zinc in plants. Journal of new phytologist 173: 677 - 702
Carroll MD, Loneragan JF.(1968).Response of plant species to concentration of zinc in solution. I. Growth and zinc content of plants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 19: 859 - 868
Chaney, RL. (1993). Zinc phytotoxity. In: Robson AD (ed) Zinc in Soils and Plants. Proc Lnt Symp' Zinc in Soils and Plants' Univ W Australia, 27-28 Sept, 1993, pp 135-150. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. ISB N O-7923-2631-8.
Chaoui A, Mazhoudi S, Ghorbal MH, Elferjani E. (1997). Cadmium and zinc induction of lipid peroxidation and effect on antioxidant enzyme activities in bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Plnat Sci. 127:139-147.
Costa G, & Morel J- L. (1994). Water relations gas exchange and amino acid content in cd-treated Lettuce. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 32: 561 - 570
Dicango, R., Guid, R.L, De Gara, L. and Soldatini, G.F. (2001). Combined cadmium and ozone treatment effect photosynthesis and ascorbate-dependent defences in sunflower. Newphyto l.151: 622-636.
Downey, R.K. and Robbelen, G. (1989) Brassica species. In:Robbelen, G., Downey, R.K. and Ashri, A. (eds) Oil Crops of the World. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp.339-362.
Dubey, R.S., (1997). Photosynthesis in plants under stressful conditions. In: Pessarakli, M.(ed) Handbook of photosynthesis. Dekker,New york pp 859-876
Dubey, R.s., Singh, A.K. 1999. Salinity induces accumulation of soluble sugars and alters the activity of sugar metabolihing enzyme in rice plants. Biol, plant.42:233-239.
Foy CD, Chaney RL, White MC. (1978). The physiology of metal toxicity in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 29: 511 – 566.
Foyer, C.H, Valadier, M.H., Migge, A. and Becker, T. W.1998. Drought induced effects on nitrat reductase activity and mRNA and one the coordinate of nitrogen and carbon metabolism in maize leaves. Plant Physiol. 117:283-292.
Kochert G,( 1978). Carbohydrate determination by the phenol sulfuric acid method. In: Helebust, J.A., craig J.S (ed): Hand book of Physiological Methods.pp. 96-97 cambridge unir. press, Cambridge.
Kuznetsov VV, and Shevyakova N I. (1997). Stress responses of tobacco cells to high temperature and salinity. proline accumulation and phosphorylation of polypeptides. Physiologia Plantarum 100: 320–326.
Larson,H.E., Bornman, J.F., ASP, H. (1988). Influence of UV-B radiation and Cd2+ on chlorophyll fluorescence, growth and nutrient content in Brassica napus. Exp.Bot. 49: 1031-1039.
Lichtenthaler,H.K. and Welburn, W.R.(1994). Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. biochem.soc. Tran. 11:591-592.
Marschner H. (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 2nd edn. London,UK: Academic Press.
Schat H, Sharma SS, and Vooijs R. (1997). Heavy metal-induced accumulation of free proline in a metal-tolerant and non-tolerant ecotype of silene vulgaris Physiogia Plantarum 101: 477-482.
Sinnah, V.R. Ellis, R.H. and John.P. (1998). Irrigation and seed quality development in rapid recycling Brassica, soluble carbohydrate and heat stable proteins. Ann.Bot. 82:647-655.
Van Assche F, Clijsters H (1999). Effects of metals on enzyme activity in plants. Plant Cell Env 13: 195-206.
Van Huylenbroeck, J.M. and P.C. Debergh (1996) Impact of sugar concentration in vitro on photosynthesis. and carbon metabolism daring in vitro acclimatization of spathiphyllum plants physiol. Plant.96:289-304.
Weiss DJ, Mason TFD,Zhao FJ,Kirk GJD, Coles BJ, Horswood MSA. (2005). Isotopic discrimination of zinc in higher plants. New Phytologist 165:703-710