مقایسه فیزیکوشیمیایی میوههای تمشک بومی (Rubus persicus Boiss.) در مناطق شرقی و غربی استان گلستان
محورهای موضوعی : فیزیولوژی محیطی
اسماعیل سیفی
1
(
گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
)
صادق آتشی
2
(
گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
)
مریم قزلسفلو
3
(
گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
)
ام‌البنین بابایی
4
(
گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
)
کلید واژه: آنتوسیانین, فنول, فلاونوئید, تمشک سیاه, فصل برداشت,
چکیده مقاله :
تمشکهای سیاه چندین نوع ماده فیتوشیمیایی مفید برای انسان تولید می‌کنند و تمشکهای وحشی از این نظر غنی‌تر هستند. شرایط آب‌وهوایی تاثیر زیادی بر گیا‌‌‌هان، از جمله تمشک‌ها، دارند. در این آزمایش، تمشکهای بومی از دو منطقه در غرب و شرق استان گلستان (حومه بندرگز و حومه مینودشت)، در هر منطقه از دو مکان (دشت و کوهپایه) و در هر مکان از دو فصل مختلف رسیدن میوه ها (اواخر بهار و اواخر تابستان) تهیه شدند و از نظر صفات ریخت‌شناختی و فیتوشیمیایی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که منطقه و مکان رویش و فصل برداشت تاثیر زیادی بر صفات ریخت‌شناختی و فیتوشیمیایی میوه تمشک سیاه وحشی دارند. تمشکهای بندرگز طول و عرض خوشه بیشتری نسبت به تمشکهای مینودشت داشتند. از نظر تعداد میوه در خوشه و تعداد شفتچه در میوه، بین تمشکهای بهاره و تابستانه اختلاف معنی‌دار وجود داشت. همچنین از نظر تمام صفات میوه، از جمله طول، قطر و وزن میوه، بین تمشکهای بهاره و تابستانه اختلاف معنی‌دار دیده شد. میوههای تمشکهای بندرگز گردتر (نسبت طول به قطر 97/0) و با وزن تر بیشتر (23/1 گرم) بودند. نتایج همچنین نشان داد که از نظر اسیدیته کل، اسید آسکوربیک و pH بین تمشکهای دو منطقه و همچنین بین دو فصل برداشت اختلاف معنی‌دار وجود داشت. میوههای بهاره مینودشت بیشترین مقادیر اسیدیته (52/5 میلی‌گرم بر 100 میلی‌گرم) و مواد جامد محلول (23/11 درجه بریکس) و کمترین مقدار pH (28/2) را نشان دادند. تمشکهای مینودشت دارای آنتوسیانین کل بیشتر (245/1 میلی‌گرم بر 100 میلی‌لیتر) و در مقابل فلاونوئید (471/0 میلی‌گرم بر 100 میلی‌لیتر) و فنول کل (36/0 میلی‌گرم بر 100 میلی‌لیتر) کمتری نسبت به تمشکهای بندرگز بودند. بین میوههای بهاره و تابستانه هر دو منطقه از نظر صفات فوق و همچنین فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی اختلاف معنی‌دار دیده شد و میوههای بهاره از نظر اغلب صفات مقادیر بیشتری را نشان دادند. به نظر می‌رسد که شرایط اقلیمی منطقه برای پرورش ارقام بهاره تمشک مناسب‌تر است و میوههای حاصل از این نوع ارقام و ژنوتیپ‌ها دارای خواص تغذیه‌ای و دارویی بالاتری هستند.
Blackberries produce several types of phytochemicals beneficial to human health and wild blackberries are richer than cultivated ones. Climatic conditions have a great impact on plants in various ways. In this experiment, wild blackberries from two regions in the west and east of Golestan province (Bandar-e-Gaz and Minoodasht regions), in each region from two places (plain and foothills) and two different seasons of fruit ripening (late spring and late summer) were sampled and studied for morphological and phytochemical traits. The results showed that the region and place of growth and harvest season had a great impact on the morphological and phytochemical traits of wild blackberry fruit. Blackberries harvested from Bandar-e-Gaz had higher inflorescence length and width than blackberries of Minoodasht. There was a significant difference between spring and summer blackberries respecting the number of fruits per inflorescence and the number of drupelets per fruit. There was also a significant difference between spring and summer blackberries in all fruit traits, including fruit length, diameter, and weight. The fruits of Bandar-e-Gaz blackberries were more spherical (L/D 0.97) and had a higher fresh weight (1.23 g). The results also showed a significant difference between the blackberries of the two regions and between the two harvest seasons in total acidity, ascorbic acid, and pH. Spring fruits harvested in Minoodasht showed the highest amounts of acidity (5.52 mg/100mg) and total soluble solids (°Brix) and the lowest amount of pH (2.28). Blackberries harvested in Minoodasht region had more total anthocyanin (1.245 mg/100ml) but less total flavonoids (0.471 mg/100ml) and total phenols (0.36 mg/100ml) than blackberries harvested in Bandar-e-Gaz region. There was a significant difference between spring and summer fruits of both regions respecting the above-mentioned traits as well as antioxidant activity; spring fruits showed higher values in most of them. It seems that the climatic conditions of the region are more suitable for the cultivation of spring blackberry cultivars and the fruits obtained from these cultivars and genotypes have higher nutritional and medicinal properties.
Abdi, N., Moradi, H. and Haddadinejad, M. (2018). Evaluation of morphological diversity in thornless blackberry in Mazandaran. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 49(1): 279-290.
Acosta-Montoya, Ó., Vaillant, F., Cozzano, S., Mertz, C., Pérez, A.M. and Castro, M.V. (2010). Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of tropical highland blackberry (Rubus adenotrichus Schltdl.) during three edible maturity stages. Food Chemistry. 119(4): 1497-1501.
Aerts, R., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Dorrepaal, E., Van Logtestijn, R.S.P. and Callaghan, T.V. (2004). Effects of experimentally imposed climate scenarios on flowering phenology and flower production of subarctic bog species. Global Change Biology. 10(9): 1599-1609.
Amao, I. (2018). Health benefits of fruits and vegetables: Review from Sub-Saharan Africa. Vegetables: Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health, 33-53.
Aune, D., Giovannucci, E., Boffetta, P., Fadnes, L. T., Keum, N., Norat, T. Tonstad, S. (2017). Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality, a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(3):1029-1056.
Cho, M.J., Howard, L.R., Prior, R.L. and Clark, J.R. (2005). Flavonoid glycosides and antioxidant capacity of various blackberry, blueberry and red grape genotypes determined by high-performance liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometry. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 84: 1771–1782.
Dujmović Purgar, D., Duralija, B., Voća, S., Vokurka, A. and Ercisli, S. (2012). A comparison of fruit chemical characteristics of two wild grown Rubus species from different locations of Croatia. Molecules. 17(9): 10390-10398.
Effati, A. and Hadadinejad, M. (2018). Effect of diameter and length of root cuttings on propagation of thorny and thornless blackberries cultivars. Journal of Crops Improvement, 20(1): 403-412.
Esmaeili, S.Z., Dianati, M., Cherati, A. and Moradi, H. (2012). Evaluation of some morphologic and biochemical characters of wild black berry in mountain foot and plain. In: Proceedings of National congress of medicinal plants, 20-21 Nov., Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran, 1-5. (In Persian)
Fawole, O.A. and Opara, U.L. (2013). Changes in physical properties, chemical and elemental composition and antioxidant capacity of pomegranate (cv. Ruby) fruit at five maturity stages. Scientia Horticulturae. 150: 37-46.
Feyzi, F., Seifi, E., Varasteh, F., Hemmati, K. and Fereydooni, H. (2018). The study of climatic conditions effect on physicochemical properties of pomegranate fruits cultivars Malas-e-Saveh and Malas-e-Yousef-Khani. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 48(4).
Finn, C.E. and Clark, J.R. (2012). Blackberries. In: M.L. Badenes and D.H. Byrne (Ed), Fruit breeding, Handbook of Plant Breeding. (151-190). Springer Science.
Freeman, B.L., Stocks, J.C., Eggett, D.L. and Parker, T.L. (2011). Antioxidant and phenolic changes across one harvest season and two storage conditions in primocane raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) grown in a hot, dry climate. HortScience. 46(2): 236-239.
Giusti, M.M. and Wrolstad, R.E. (2001). Characterization and measurement of anthocyanins by UV‐visible spectroscopy. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry. 1: F1.2.1-F1.2.13.
Guedes, M.N.S., Abreu, C.M.P.D., Maro, L.A.C., Pio, R., Abreu, J.R.D. and Oliveira, J.O.D. (2013). Chemical characterization and mineral levels in the fruits of blackberry cultivars grown in a tropical climate at an elevation. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy. 35(2): 191-196.
Hadadinejad, M. and Moradi, H. (2016). Evaluation of genetic diversity of some Iranian black berries based on morphological traits. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 47(2): 371-382. [In Persian]
Hadadinejad, M., Qasemi, S. and Azimi, F. (2015). Morphological diversity of black berries in some regions in Mazandaran province. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 46(2): 333-343. [In Persian]
Jafari, Z. (2012). Study of growth and yield of some blackberries species from throughout Iran in Bajgah. Msc. Thesis. Department of horticulture, University of Shiraz. [In Persian]
Kasalkheh, R., Jorjani, E., Sabouri, H., Habibi, M. and Sattarian, A. (2016). Anatomical Study of Rubus Subgenus Rubus in Iran. Taxonomy and Biosystematics. 27: 19-38
Kashyap, G. and Gautam, M. (2012). Analysis of vitamin C in commercial and naturals substances by iodometric titration found in Nimar and Malwa regeion. Journal of Scientific Research in Pharmacy. 1 (2): 77-78.
Meskin, M. S. (2004). Phytochemicals: Mechanisms of Action; CRC Press: Boca Raton.; p 203.
Milošević, T., Milošević, N., Glišić, I. and Mladenović, J. (2012). Fruit quality attributes of blackberry grown under limited environmental conditions. Plant, Soil and Environment. 58(7): 322-327.
Momeni, S.H.A. (2012). Study the growth characteristics and fruit quantitative and qualitative traits of some blackberries from north and south of Iran. M.Sc. thesis. Department of horticulture, University of Shiraz. [In Persian]
Nikdel, K., Seifi, E., Babaie, H., Sharifani, M. and Hemmati, K. (2016). Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of five Iranian pomegranate cultivars (Punica granatum L.) in maturation stage. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 107(2):277-286.
Pantelidis, G.E., Vasilakakis, M., Manganaris, G.A. and Diamantidis, G. (2007). Antioxidant capacity, phenol, anthocyanin and ascorbic acid contents in raspberries, blackberries, red currants, gooseberries and cornelian cherries. Food Chemistry. 102: 777–783.
Qin, L., Xie, H., Xiang, N., Wang, M., Han, S., Pan, M. and Zhang, W. (2022). Dynamic changes in anthocyanin accumulation and cellular antioxidant activities in two varieties of grape berries during fruit maturation under different climates. Molecules, 27(2):384.
Reverberi, M., Picardo, M., Ricelli, A., Camera, E., Fanelli, C. and Fabbri, A.A. (2001). Oxidative stress, growth factor production and budding in potato tubers during cold storage. Free Radical Research. 35(6): 833-841.
Reyes‐Carmona, J., Yousef, G.G., Martínez-Peniche, R.A. and Lila, M.A. (2005). Antioxidant capacity of fruit extracts of blackberry (Rubus sp.) produced in different climatic regions. Journal of food science. 70(7): s497-s503.
Selcuk, N. and Erkan, M. (2014). Changes in antioxidant activity and postharvest quality of sweet pomegranates cv. Hicrannar under modified atmosphere packaging. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 92: 29-36.
Siriwoharn, T. and Wrolstad, R.E. (2004). Polyphenolic composition of Marion and Evergreen blackberries. Journal of Food Science. 69: 233–240.
Slinkard, K. and Singleton, V.L. (1997). Total phenol analysis; automation and comparison with manual methods. American Society for Enology and Viticulture. 28: 49-55.
Sun, T. and Ho, C.T. (2005). Antioxidant activity of buck wheat extracts. Food Chemistry. 90: 743-749.
Wang, Y., Finn, C. and Qian, M.C. (2005). Impact of growing environment on Chickasaw blackberry (Rubus L.) aroma evaluated by gas chromatography olfactometry dilution analysis. Journal of agricultural and food Chemistry. 53(9): 3563-3571.
Zamora-Ros, R., Béraud, V., Franceschi, S., Cayssials, V., Tsilidis, K. K., Boutron‐Ruault, M. C. Rinaldi, S. (2018). Consumption of fruits, vegetables and fruit juices and differentiated thyroid carcinoma risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. International Journal of Cancer, 142(3):449-459.
_||_Abdi, N., Moradi, H. and Haddadinejad, M. (2018). Evaluation of morphological diversity in thornless blackberry in Mazandaran. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 49(1): 279-290.
Acosta-Montoya, Ó., Vaillant, F., Cozzano, S., Mertz, C., Pérez, A.M. and Castro, M.V. (2010). Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of tropical highland blackberry (Rubus adenotrichus Schltdl.) during three edible maturity stages. Food Chemistry. 119(4): 1497-1501.
Aerts, R., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Dorrepaal, E., Van Logtestijn, R.S.P. and Callaghan, T.V. (2004). Effects of experimentally imposed climate scenarios on flowering phenology and flower production of subarctic bog species. Global Change Biology. 10(9): 1599-1609.
Amao, I. (2018). Health benefits of fruits and vegetables: Review from Sub-Saharan Africa. Vegetables: Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health, 33-53.
Aune, D., Giovannucci, E., Boffetta, P., Fadnes, L. T., Keum, N., Norat, T. Tonstad, S. (2017). Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality, a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(3):1029-1056.
Cho, M.J., Howard, L.R., Prior, R.L. and Clark, J.R. (2005). Flavonoid glycosides and antioxidant capacity of various blackberry, blueberry and red grape genotypes determined by high-performance liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometry. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 84: 1771–1782.
Dujmović Purgar, D., Duralija, B., Voća, S., Vokurka, A. and Ercisli, S. (2012). A comparison of fruit chemical characteristics of two wild grown Rubus species from different locations of Croatia. Molecules. 17(9): 10390-10398.
Effati, A. and Hadadinejad, M. (2018). Effect of diameter and length of root cuttings on propagation of thorny and thornless blackberries cultivars. Journal of Crops Improvement, 20(1): 403-412.
Esmaeili, S.Z., Dianati, M., Cherati, A. and Moradi, H. (2012). Evaluation of some morphologic and biochemical characters of wild black berry in mountain foot and plain. In: Proceedings of National congress of medicinal plants, 20-21 Nov., Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran, 1-5. (In Persian)
Fawole, O.A. and Opara, U.L. (2013). Changes in physical properties, chemical and elemental composition and antioxidant capacity of pomegranate (cv. Ruby) fruit at five maturity stages. Scientia Horticulturae. 150: 37-46.
Feyzi, F., Seifi, E., Varasteh, F., Hemmati, K. and Fereydooni, H. (2018). The study of climatic conditions effect on physicochemical properties of pomegranate fruits cultivars Malas-e-Saveh and Malas-e-Yousef-Khani. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 48(4).
Finn, C.E. and Clark, J.R. (2012). Blackberries. In: M.L. Badenes and D.H. Byrne (Ed), Fruit breeding, Handbook of Plant Breeding. (151-190). Springer Science.
Freeman, B.L., Stocks, J.C., Eggett, D.L. and Parker, T.L. (2011). Antioxidant and phenolic changes across one harvest season and two storage conditions in primocane raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) grown in a hot, dry climate. HortScience. 46(2): 236-239.
Giusti, M.M. and Wrolstad, R.E. (2001). Characterization and measurement of anthocyanins by UV‐visible spectroscopy. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry. 1: F1.2.1-F1.2.13.
Guedes, M.N.S., Abreu, C.M.P.D., Maro, L.A.C., Pio, R., Abreu, J.R.D. and Oliveira, J.O.D. (2013). Chemical characterization and mineral levels in the fruits of blackberry cultivars grown in a tropical climate at an elevation. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy. 35(2): 191-196.
Hadadinejad, M. and Moradi, H. (2016). Evaluation of genetic diversity of some Iranian black berries based on morphological traits. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 47(2): 371-382. [In Persian]
Hadadinejad, M., Qasemi, S. and Azimi, F. (2015). Morphological diversity of black berries in some regions in Mazandaran province. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 46(2): 333-343. [In Persian]
Jafari, Z. (2012). Study of growth and yield of some blackberries species from throughout Iran in Bajgah. Msc. Thesis. Department of horticulture, University of Shiraz. [In Persian]
Kasalkheh, R., Jorjani, E., Sabouri, H., Habibi, M. and Sattarian, A. (2016). Anatomical Study of Rubus Subgenus Rubus in Iran. Taxonomy and Biosystematics. 27: 19-38
Kashyap, G. and Gautam, M. (2012). Analysis of vitamin C in commercial and naturals substances by iodometric titration found in Nimar and Malwa regeion. Journal of Scientific Research in Pharmacy. 1 (2): 77-78.
Meskin, M. S. (2004). Phytochemicals: Mechanisms of Action; CRC Press: Boca Raton.; p 203.
Milošević, T., Milošević, N., Glišić, I. and Mladenović, J. (2012). Fruit quality attributes of blackberry grown under limited environmental conditions. Plant, Soil and Environment. 58(7): 322-327.
Momeni, S.H.A. (2012). Study the growth characteristics and fruit quantitative and qualitative traits of some blackberries from north and south of Iran. M.Sc. thesis. Department of horticulture, University of Shiraz. [In Persian]
Nikdel, K., Seifi, E., Babaie, H., Sharifani, M. and Hemmati, K. (2016). Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of five Iranian pomegranate cultivars (Punica granatum L.) in maturation stage. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 107(2):277-286.
Pantelidis, G.E., Vasilakakis, M., Manganaris, G.A. and Diamantidis, G. (2007). Antioxidant capacity, phenol, anthocyanin and ascorbic acid contents in raspberries, blackberries, red currants, gooseberries and cornelian cherries. Food Chemistry. 102: 777–783.
Qin, L., Xie, H., Xiang, N., Wang, M., Han, S., Pan, M. and Zhang, W. (2022). Dynamic changes in anthocyanin accumulation and cellular antioxidant activities in two varieties of grape berries during fruit maturation under different climates. Molecules, 27(2):384.
Reverberi, M., Picardo, M., Ricelli, A., Camera, E., Fanelli, C. and Fabbri, A.A. (2001). Oxidative stress, growth factor production and budding in potato tubers during cold storage. Free Radical Research. 35(6): 833-841.
Reyes‐Carmona, J., Yousef, G.G., Martínez-Peniche, R.A. and Lila, M.A. (2005). Antioxidant capacity of fruit extracts of blackberry (Rubus sp.) produced in different climatic regions. Journal of food science. 70(7): s497-s503.
Selcuk, N. and Erkan, M. (2014). Changes in antioxidant activity and postharvest quality of sweet pomegranates cv. Hicrannar under modified atmosphere packaging. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 92: 29-36.
Siriwoharn, T. and Wrolstad, R.E. (2004). Polyphenolic composition of Marion and Evergreen blackberries. Journal of Food Science. 69: 233–240.
Slinkard, K. and Singleton, V.L. (1997). Total phenol analysis; automation and comparison with manual methods. American Society for Enology and Viticulture. 28: 49-55.
Sun, T. and Ho, C.T. (2005). Antioxidant activity of buck wheat extracts. Food Chemistry. 90: 743-749.
Wang, Y., Finn, C. and Qian, M.C. (2005). Impact of growing environment on Chickasaw blackberry (Rubus L.) aroma evaluated by gas chromatography olfactometry dilution analysis. Journal of agricultural and food Chemistry. 53(9): 3563-3571.
Zamora-Ros, R., Béraud, V., Franceschi, S., Cayssials, V., Tsilidis, K. K., Boutron‐Ruault, M. C. Rinaldi, S. (2018). Consumption of fruits, vegetables and fruit juices and differentiated thyroid carcinoma risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. International Journal of Cancer, 142(3):449-459.