ارزیابی تحمل به تنش یخ زدگی گیاه پوششی فیلا (Phyla lanceolata) تحت تاثیر برخی مالچ‌های آلی در شرایط کنترل شده
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکمریم کمالی 1 , یحیی سلاح ورزی 2 , جعفر نباتی 3
1 - گروه باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
2 - گروه باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
3 - پژوهشکده علوم گیاهی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
کلید واژه: پرولین, کلروفیل, وزن خشک, نشت الکترولیت, کربوهیدارت, گیاه فیلا,
چکیده مقاله :
به منظور بررسی اثر تنش یخ زدگی در گیاه پوششی فیلا، تحت تاثیر برخی مالچ‌های آلی، این آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار در دانشکده ی کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد اجرا گردید. پنج سطح دمای یخ زدگی (0، 5-، 10-، 15- و 20- درجه سانتیگراد) و سه نوع مالچ (دامی، سوزنی برگ و سبوس) تیمارهای این آزمایش بودند. جهت ارزیابی تحمل به دماهای یخ زدگی صفاتی چون درصد نشت الکترولیت‌ها، مقدار کربوهیدرات محلول و پرولین برگی، تعداد برگ، سطح برگ و وزن خشک بوته در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد اثرات ساده و متقابل مالچ و دما صفات مورفولوژیکی اندازه گیری شده، میزان نشت الکترولیت، محتوای نسبی آب برگ گیاه فیلا، عدد اسپد و مقدار رنگدانه‌های فتوسنتزی (کلروفیل a، b و کل) معنی دار شد. تمام مالچ‌های آلی به کار رفته در این پژوهش منجر به افزایش وزن خشک بخش هوایی و ریشه گیاه فیلا در دوره رشد پس از تنش یخبندان شد. به‌طوری‌که با کاربرد سه مالچ سبوس، سوزنی برگ و دامی وزن خشک هوایی از 15/2 گرم در شرایط عدم استفاده از مالچ به 72/2، 13/3 و 19/3 گرم در هر بوته و وزن خشک ریشه از 50/1 گرم به 90/1، 23/2 و 19/2 گرم در هر بوته رسید. بیشترین نشت الکترولیت سلول‌های برگی (80%) در دمای 20- درجه و گیاهان تحت تیمار مالچ سبوس و بیشترین محتوای نسبی آب برگ (55%) در دمای 0 درجه و گیاهان تحت تیمار مالچ سوزنی برگ بود. همچنین مقدار کلروفیل کل در شرایط استفاده از مالچ کود دامی 11/0 میلی گرم بیشتر از شاهد بود. به طور کلی در بین مالچ‌های استفاده شده مالچ کود دامی تاثیر بیشتری بر بهبود اثرات ناشی از یخبندان بر صفات مورفولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی گیاه داشت.
In order to investigate the effect of frost stress on Phyla lanceolata as a cover plant under the influence of some organic mulches, this experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Five levels of freezing temperature (0, -5, -10, -15, and -20 °C) and three types of mulch (manure, leaf needle, and bran) were treated in the experiment. For evaluation of frost tolerance temperatures, some traits such as electrolyte leakage percentage, soluble carbohydrate content, leaf proline content, leaf number, leaf area, and plant dry weight were considered. Results showed that the simple and interaction effects of mulch and temperature on the measured morphological traits, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, spade and photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, b and total) were significant. All of the organic mulches used in the study increased shoot and root dry weight so that by applying three mulch of bran, leaf needle, and animal manure, shoot dry weight from 2.15 g under non-mulch conditions reached to 2.72, 3.13, and 3.19 g/plant, respectively and root dry weight from 1.50 g reached 1.90, 2.23, and 2.29 g /plant, respectively. The highest electrolyte leakage (80%) was at -20 °C and in plants treated with bran mulch and the highest relative water content (55%) was at 0 °C and in plants treated with needle mulch treatment. Also, total chlorophyll content was 0.11 mg higher than that in control treatment. In general, among the mulches used, animal manure mulch had the greatest effect on mitigating the effects of frost on morphological and biochemical traits of the plant.
Adeniyi, O.T., Akparobi, S.O. and Ekanayake, J. (2004). Field studies on chlorophyll a fluorescence for low temperature tolerance testing of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Food, Agriculture and Environment, 2(1): 166-170.
Badaruddin, M., Reynolds, M.P. and Ageeb, O.A.A. (1999). Wheat management in warm environments: Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers, irrigation frequency and mulching. Agronomy Journal, 91:975-983.
Bates, L. S., Waldran, R.P. and Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water studies. Plant Soil, 39:205-208.
Bizhani, Sh., Salehi, H., Jokar, A. and Daneshmand, B. (2013). Cold tolerance and antioxidant response of Chaman Poa and Papalom. Journal of Production and Processing of Agricultural and Horticultural Products, 5(17): 229-237.
Bonachela, S.; Granados, M.R., López, J.C., Hernández, J., Magán, J.J., Baeza, E.J. and Baille, A. (2012). How plastic mulches affect the thermal and radiative microclimate in an unheated low-cost greenhouse. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 152:65-72.
Bowker, M. (1989). "Lawn and Grand Covers". Sunset publishing.
Cardona, C.A., Duncan, R.R. and Lindstorm, O. (1997). Low temperature tolerance assessment in Paspalum. Crop Science, 37:1283-1291.
Dashti, M., Kafi, M., Tavakoli, H., Mirza, M. and Nezami, A. (2013). Effects of freezing stress on Morpho-physiological indices and chlorophyll fluorescence of Salvia leriifolia Benth. Seedlings. Journal of Plant Researches, 28(5): 962-973.
Dere, S., Gunes, T. and Sivaci, R. (1998). Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoid contents of some algae species using different solvents. American Journal of Botany, 22: 13-17.
Dunn, J.H., Bughrara, S.S., Warmund, M. R. and Fresenburg, B.F. (1999). Low temperature tolerance of zoysia grasses. Horticulture Science, 34: 96-99.
Duryea Marry, L. (1999). "A Comparison of Landscape Mulches: Chemical, Allelopathic, And Decomposition Properties". Journal of Arboriculture, 2:88-97.
Eugenia, M., Nunes, S. and Ray Smith, G. (2003). Electrolyte leakage assay capable of quantifying freezing resistance in rose clover. Crop Science, 43: 1349-1357.
Farahmand, H., Sarcheshme pour, M., Safari, R. and Nazari, F. (2011). Reduction of evaporation using mulch in green space. Eleventh General Irrigation Seminar and Evaporation Reduction.
Farzane, M., Ghanbari, M., Eftekharian Jahromi, A. and Javanmardi, Sh. (2013). Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid on the amount of photosynthetic pigments in eggplant. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 32(4):75-83.
Fry, J. D., Lang, N. S. and Clifton, R. G. P. (1991). Freezing resistance and carbohydrate composition of 'Floratam' St. Augustinegrass. Horticulture Science, 26: 1537-1539.
. Ghasemi Ghahsare, M. and Kafi, M. (2015). Floriculture. Volume 1. 335p.
Ghosh P.K; Dayal, Devi, Bandyopadhyay, K.K. and Mohanty M. (2006). Evaluation of straw and polythene mulch for enhancing productivity of irrigated summer groundnut. Field Crops Research, 99:76–86.
Griesbach, R.J., and Berberich, S.M. (1995). The early history of research on ornamental plants at the U S. Department of Agriculture from 1862 to 1940. Horticultural Science, 30: 421–425.
Griffith, M. and Yaish, M. W. F. (2004). Antifreeze proteins in overwintering plants: a tale of two activities. Trends in Plant Science, 9: 399-405.
Gupta, A.K., Sadasivaiah, B. and Bhat, G.K. (2013). Phyla nodiflora. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 27 October 2018.
Hajo Hosseini, A., Javad Pour, Y. and Razavi, M. (2011). Frostbite in agriculture and ways to control it. Technical and Promotional Journal of Yazd Province Agricultural Organization. 3-19.
Irigoyen, J.J., Einerich, D.W. and Sanchez-Diaz, M. (1992). Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiology Plant, 84: 55-60.
Lies Jeffery, K. (1999). "Effect of organic and mineral mulches on soil properties and growth of Fairview Flame® red maple trees". Journal of Arboriculture, 3:163-167.
Mir Mohammadi, A.M. (2005). Physiological and breeding aspects of cold and frost tensions in crops. Gulben Publishing House of Isfahan.
Mirzaii asl, A., Yazdi Samadi, A. and Sadeghian Motahar, Y. (2002). Investigation of cold resistance of wheat to laboratory methods. Journal of Agricultural Science and Techniques, 6(1): 177-186.
Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell and Environment 25: 239–250.
Naidu, B. and Thusitha, G. (2005). Increasing cold tolerance in rice by selecting for high polyamine and gibberellic acid content. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 25: 793-800.
Nasiri Mahalati, M., Kuchaki, A., Rezvani Moghadam, P. and Beheshti, V. (2007). Agroecology. (Translation). Mashhad University Press.
Nezami, A., Borzuii, M., Jahani, M. Azizi, M. and Sharif, A. (2007). Electrolyte leakage as an indicator of damage. Freezing in rapeseed. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research, 5:167-175.
Qasemi Golzani, K. and Lotfi, at. (2014). Cold stress in plants. University of Tabriz Publications
Ramakrishna, A. (2006). Effect of mulch on soil temperature, moisture, weed infestation and yield of groundnut in northern Vietnam. Field Crops Research, 95:115–125.
Rashed Mohassel, M.H., Nezami, Bagheri, A., Haj Mohammadnia, K. and Bannayan, M. (2009). Evaluation of freezing tolerance of two fennel ecotypes under controlled conditions. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 15(1): 131-140.
Roe, N. E., Stofella, J., and Ggreatz, D. (1997). Compost from various municipal solid wastes feed stocks affect vegetable crops, II Growth, yield and fruit quality. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 22: 433-437.
Sasaki, H., Ichimura. K., Okada, K. and Oda, M. (1988). Freezing tolerance and soluble sugar contents affected by water stress during cold acclimation and de-acclimation in cabbage seedlings. Scientia Horticulturae,76: 161- 169.
Shaikh, A. El. and Fouda, T. (2008). Effect of different mulching types on soil temperature and cucumber production under Libyan conditions.
Shooshtarian, S., A., Salehi, H. and Tehrani far, A. (2011). Study of the growth and development characteristics of ten plant species in the Kish Island green area during the warm season. Journal of Agroecology, 4:514-524.
Snodgrass, E. and Snodgrass, L. (2006). Green Roof Plants: A Resource and Planting Guide, Timber Press, USA, 204 p.
Steward Larry, G; Davis Sydnor, T. and Bishop, B. (2003). "The ease of ignition of 13 landscape mulches". Journal of Arboriculture, 6:317-321.
Tazike, M., Niakan, M. and Ahmadi Gol sefidi, M. (2012). Effect of salicylate pretreatment on growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments of peppermint (Menta piperita L.) under different drought levels. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 28(7): 59-69.
Warmund R.M., Guinan P., and Fernandez G. 2008. Temperatures and cold damage tosmall fruit crops across the eastern united states associated with the April 2007 freeze. Horticultural Science 43: 1643-1647.
Zhang G.S., Hu, X.B, Zhang, X.X and Li, J.C. (2013). Effect of plastic mulch and winter catch crop on water availability andvegetable yield in a rain-fed vegetable cropping system at mid-Yunnan plateau, China. Scientia Horticulturae, 164:333-339.
_||_Adeniyi, O.T., Akparobi, S.O. and Ekanayake, J. (2004). Field studies on chlorophyll a fluorescence for low temperature tolerance testing of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Food, Agriculture and Environment, 2(1): 166-170.
Badaruddin, M., Reynolds, M.P. and Ageeb, O.A.A. (1999). Wheat management in warm environments: Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers, irrigation frequency and mulching. Agronomy Journal, 91:975-983.
Bates, L. S., Waldran, R.P. and Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water studies. Plant Soil, 39:205-208.
Bizhani, Sh., Salehi, H., Jokar, A. and Daneshmand, B. (2013). Cold tolerance and antioxidant response of Chaman Poa and Papalom. Journal of Production and Processing of Agricultural and Horticultural Products, 5(17): 229-237.
Bonachela, S.; Granados, M.R., López, J.C., Hernández, J., Magán, J.J., Baeza, E.J. and Baille, A. (2012). How plastic mulches affect the thermal and radiative microclimate in an unheated low-cost greenhouse. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 152:65-72.
Bowker, M. (1989). "Lawn and Grand Covers". Sunset publishing.
Cardona, C.A., Duncan, R.R. and Lindstorm, O. (1997). Low temperature tolerance assessment in Paspalum. Crop Science, 37:1283-1291.
Dashti, M., Kafi, M., Tavakoli, H., Mirza, M. and Nezami, A. (2013). Effects of freezing stress on Morpho-physiological indices and chlorophyll fluorescence of Salvia leriifolia Benth. Seedlings. Journal of Plant Researches, 28(5): 962-973.
Dere, S., Gunes, T. and Sivaci, R. (1998). Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoid contents of some algae species using different solvents. American Journal of Botany, 22: 13-17.
Dunn, J.H., Bughrara, S.S., Warmund, M. R. and Fresenburg, B.F. (1999). Low temperature tolerance of zoysia grasses. Horticulture Science, 34: 96-99.
Duryea Marry, L. (1999). "A Comparison of Landscape Mulches: Chemical, Allelopathic, And Decomposition Properties". Journal of Arboriculture, 2:88-97.
Eugenia, M., Nunes, S. and Ray Smith, G. (2003). Electrolyte leakage assay capable of quantifying freezing resistance in rose clover. Crop Science, 43: 1349-1357.
Farahmand, H., Sarcheshme pour, M., Safari, R. and Nazari, F. (2011). Reduction of evaporation using mulch in green space. Eleventh General Irrigation Seminar and Evaporation Reduction.
Farzane, M., Ghanbari, M., Eftekharian Jahromi, A. and Javanmardi, Sh. (2013). Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid on the amount of photosynthetic pigments in eggplant. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 32(4):75-83.
Fry, J. D., Lang, N. S. and Clifton, R. G. P. (1991). Freezing resistance and carbohydrate composition of 'Floratam' St. Augustinegrass. Horticulture Science, 26: 1537-1539.
. Ghasemi Ghahsare, M. and Kafi, M. (2015). Floriculture. Volume 1. 335p.
Ghosh P.K; Dayal, Devi, Bandyopadhyay, K.K. and Mohanty M. (2006). Evaluation of straw and polythene mulch for enhancing productivity of irrigated summer groundnut. Field Crops Research, 99:76–86.
Griesbach, R.J., and Berberich, S.M. (1995). The early history of research on ornamental plants at the U S. Department of Agriculture from 1862 to 1940. Horticultural Science, 30: 421–425.
Griffith, M. and Yaish, M. W. F. (2004). Antifreeze proteins in overwintering plants: a tale of two activities. Trends in Plant Science, 9: 399-405.
Gupta, A.K., Sadasivaiah, B. and Bhat, G.K. (2013). Phyla nodiflora. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 27 October 2018.
Hajo Hosseini, A., Javad Pour, Y. and Razavi, M. (2011). Frostbite in agriculture and ways to control it. Technical and Promotional Journal of Yazd Province Agricultural Organization. 3-19.
Irigoyen, J.J., Einerich, D.W. and Sanchez-Diaz, M. (1992). Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiology Plant, 84: 55-60.
Lies Jeffery, K. (1999). "Effect of organic and mineral mulches on soil properties and growth of Fairview Flame® red maple trees". Journal of Arboriculture, 3:163-167.
Mir Mohammadi, A.M. (2005). Physiological and breeding aspects of cold and frost tensions in crops. Gulben Publishing House of Isfahan.
Mirzaii asl, A., Yazdi Samadi, A. and Sadeghian Motahar, Y. (2002). Investigation of cold resistance of wheat to laboratory methods. Journal of Agricultural Science and Techniques, 6(1): 177-186.
Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell and Environment 25: 239–250.
Naidu, B. and Thusitha, G. (2005). Increasing cold tolerance in rice by selecting for high polyamine and gibberellic acid content. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 25: 793-800.
Nasiri Mahalati, M., Kuchaki, A., Rezvani Moghadam, P. and Beheshti, V. (2007). Agroecology. (Translation). Mashhad University Press.
Nezami, A., Borzuii, M., Jahani, M. Azizi, M. and Sharif, A. (2007). Electrolyte leakage as an indicator of damage. Freezing in rapeseed. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research, 5:167-175.
Qasemi Golzani, K. and Lotfi, at. (2014). Cold stress in plants. University of Tabriz Publications
Ramakrishna, A. (2006). Effect of mulch on soil temperature, moisture, weed infestation and yield of groundnut in northern Vietnam. Field Crops Research, 95:115–125.
Rashed Mohassel, M.H., Nezami, Bagheri, A., Haj Mohammadnia, K. and Bannayan, M. (2009). Evaluation of freezing tolerance of two fennel ecotypes under controlled conditions. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 15(1): 131-140.
Roe, N. E., Stofella, J., and Ggreatz, D. (1997). Compost from various municipal solid wastes feed stocks affect vegetable crops, II Growth, yield and fruit quality. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 22: 433-437.
Sasaki, H., Ichimura. K., Okada, K. and Oda, M. (1988). Freezing tolerance and soluble sugar contents affected by water stress during cold acclimation and de-acclimation in cabbage seedlings. Scientia Horticulturae,76: 161- 169.
Shaikh, A. El. and Fouda, T. (2008). Effect of different mulching types on soil temperature and cucumber production under Libyan conditions.
Shooshtarian, S., A., Salehi, H. and Tehrani far, A. (2011). Study of the growth and development characteristics of ten plant species in the Kish Island green area during the warm season. Journal of Agroecology, 4:514-524.
Snodgrass, E. and Snodgrass, L. (2006). Green Roof Plants: A Resource and Planting Guide, Timber Press, USA, 204 p.
Steward Larry, G; Davis Sydnor, T. and Bishop, B. (2003). "The ease of ignition of 13 landscape mulches". Journal of Arboriculture, 6:317-321.
Tazike, M., Niakan, M. and Ahmadi Gol sefidi, M. (2012). Effect of salicylate pretreatment on growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments of peppermint (Menta piperita L.) under different drought levels. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 28(7): 59-69.
Warmund R.M., Guinan P., and Fernandez G. 2008. Temperatures and cold damage tosmall fruit crops across the eastern united states associated with the April 2007 freeze. Horticultural Science 43: 1643-1647.
Zhang G.S., Hu, X.B, Zhang, X.X and Li, J.C. (2013). Effect of plastic mulch and winter catch crop on water availability andvegetable yield in a rain-fed vegetable cropping system at mid-Yunnan plateau, China. Scientia Horticulturae, 164:333-339.