ارزیابی تحمل به خشکی در ژنوتیپ‌های کنجد (Sesamum indicum L.) با استفاده از صفات و شاخص‌های جوانه‌زنی تحت شرایط خشکی
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
محمدامین باقری
1
(گروه بیوتکنولوژی و اصلاح‌نباتات، دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران.)
سید کمال کاظمی تبار
2
(گروه بیوتکنولوژی و اصلاح‌نباتات، دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران.)
علی دهستانی
3
(پژوهشکده ژﻧﺘﯿﮏ و زﯾﺴﺖ ﻓﻨﺎوری ﮐﺸﺎورزی ﻃﺒﺮﺳﺘﺎن، دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران.)
پویان مهربان جوبنی
4
(گروه علوم پایه، دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران.)
حمید نجفی زرینی
5
(گروه بیوتکنولوژی و اصلاح‌نباتات، دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران.)
کلید واژه: تنش خشکی, کنجد, تجزیه به مولفه‌های اصلی, پلی‌اتیلن‌گلیکول, ریشه‌چه, ساقه‌چه, بی‌پلات,
چکیده مقاله :
کنجد به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین گیاهان زراعی دانه روغنی از ظرفیت های صنعتی، غذایی و دارویی بالایی برخوردار است. تنش خشکی به ویژه در مرحله جوانه زنی و گیاهچه ای تولید کنجد را با چالش رو برو می کند. به منظور غربال ژنوتیپ های کنجد برای تحمل به خشکی در مرحله جوانه زنی آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 3 تکرار اجرا گردید. عوامل مورد بررسی شامل 4 سطح خشکی القا شده به وسیله پلی‌اتیلن‌گلیکول (غلظت های 0، 20، 25 و 30 درصد) و 15 ژنوتیپ کنجد بودند. بر اساس نتایج تجزیه واریانس اثر ژنوتیپ، خشکی و بر هم کنش آن ها بر روی تمامی صفات جوانه زنی مورد بررسی شامل درصد جوانه زنی، سرعت جوانه زنی، شاخص بنیه 1 و 2، طول ریشه چه، طول ساقه چه، وزن تر و خشک گیاهچه در سطح یک درصد معنی دار بود. کاهش معنی دار (در سطح 5 درصد) در تمامی سطوح تنش نسبت به شاهد در صفات مطالعه شده مشاهده گشت. صفات درصد جوانه زنی، طول ریشه چه و طول ساقه چه (به ترتیب با 10، 17 و 18 درصد کاهش) حساسیت کمتری به تنش خشکی در سطح ضعیف (غلظت 20 درصد) نشان دادند، در حالی که بیشترین تاثیر منفی برای صفات شاخص بنیه 2، وزن خشک گیاهچه و وزن تر گیاهچه (به ترتیب با 5/52، 3/47 و 4/34 درصد کاهش) بدست آمد. از سوی دیگر تحت خشکی شدید (غلظت 30 درصد) بیشترین کاهش در طول ساقه چه، شاخص بنیه 1 و 2 (به ترتیب 98، 97 و 96 درصد) حاصل گشت. از شاخص های تحمل به خشکی محاسبه شده برای هر یک از صفات در تجزیه به مولفه های اصلی و رسم بای پلات استفاده شد. بدین ترتیب ژنوتیپ ها بر اساس تحمل به 5 دسته تقسیم شدند. ژنوتیپ های دشتسان 2 و داراب 1 به عنوان متحمل ترین و ژنوتیپ های قائم، یکتا، سودان و کرمان به عنوان حساس ترین ژنوتیپ ها انتخاب شدند. یافته های این پژوهش می تواند در مطالعات و برنامه های اصلاحی آینده کنجد برای تحمل خشکی مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد.
Sesame as one of the most important oilseed crops has high industrial, food, and medicinal potentials. Drought stress challenges sesame production, especially at the germination and seedling stages. To screen sesame genotypes for drought tolerance at the germination stage, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The studied factors included 4 drought levels induced by polyethylene glycol (concentrations of 0%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) and 15 sesame genotypes. Based on the results of ANOVA, the effect of genotype, drought, and their interaction on all studied traits including germination rate, germination speed, vigor index 1 and 2, radicle length, plumule length, and seedling fresh and dry weight was significant (P<0.01). Significant reduction (P<0.05) was observed in all levels of stress compared to the control in the studied traits. Germination rate, radicle length, and plumule length (with 10%, 17%, and 18% reduction, respectively) showed less sensitivity to drought stress at weak level (20% concentration), while the most negative effect was obtained for vigor index 2, seedling dry weight and seedling fresh weight (with 52.5%, 47.3%, and 34.4% reduction, respectively). On the other hand, the highest decrease was observed in plumule length, vigor index 1 and 2 (98%, 97%, and 96%, respectively), under severe drought (30% concentration). The calculated drought tolerance indices of each trait were used for principal component analysis and biplot visualization. Thus, genotypes were divided into 5 categories based on tolerance. Dashtestan 2 and Darab 1 genotypes were selected as the most tolerant and Qaem, Yekta, Sudan, and Kerman genotypes were selected as the most sensitive genotypes. The findings of this study can be used in future studies and breeding programs of sesame for drought tolerance.
AbdulBaki, A.A., and Anderson, J.D. (1973). Vigor determination in soybean seed by multiple criteria. Crop science. 13(6): 630-633.
Alexandratos, N., and Bruinsma, J. (2012). World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. 153 pages.
Arisandy, P., Suwarno, W.B., and Azrai, M. (2017). Evaluation of drought tolerance in maize hybrids using stress tolerance indices. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research. 11(4): 46-54.
Badr, A., El-Shazly, H.H., Tarawneh, R.A., and Borner, A. (2020). Screening for Drought Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.) Germplasm Using Germination and Seedling Traits under Simulated Drought Conditions. Plants. 9(5): 565.
Boureima, S., Eyletters, M., Diouf, M., Diop, T., and Van Damme, P. (2011). Sensitivity of Seed Germination and Seedling Radicle Growth to Drought Stress in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Research Journal of Environmental Sciences. 5(6): 557-564.
Canak, P., Jeromela, A.M., Vujosevic, B., Kiprovski, B., Mitrovic, B., Alberghini, B., Facciolla, E., Monti, A., and Zanetti, F. (2020). Is Drought Stress Tolerance Affected by Biotypes and Seed Size in the Emerging Oilseed Crop Camelina? Agronomy. 10(12): 1856.
Cooper, H., Spillane, C., and Hodgkin, T. (2001). Broadening the genetic base of crops: an overview. In: Broadening the genetic base of crop production, pp. 1-23. eds. Cooper, H., Spillane, C., and Hodgkin, T. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
El Harfi, M., Hanine, H., Rizki, H., Latrache, H., and Nabloussi, A. (2016). Effect of Drought and Salt Stresses on Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Different Color-seeds of Sesame (Sesamum indicum). International Journal of Agriculture & Biology. 18(6): 1088-1094.
FAO. (1997). The state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. 511 pages.
Feng, X., Porporato, A., and Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. (2013). Changes in rainfall seasonality in the tropics. Nature Climate Change. 3(9): 811-815.
Foolad, M.R., Zhang, L., and Subbiah, P. (2003). Genetics of drought tolerance during seed germination in tomato: inheritance and QTL mapping. Genome. 46(4): 536-545.
Ghosh, S., Shahed, M.A., and Robin, A.H.K. (2020). Polyethylene Glycol Induced Osmotic Stress Affects Germination and Seedling Establishment of Wheat Genotypes. Plant Breeding and Biotechnology. 8(2): 174-185.
Gill, P.K., Sharma, A.D., Singh, P., and Bhullar, S.S. (2002). Osmotic stress-induced changes in germination, growth and soluble sugar content of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench seeds. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. 28(3-4): 12-25.
Gopal, J., and Iwama, K. (2007). In vitro screening of potato against water-stress mediated through sorbitol and polyethylene glycol. Plant Cell Reports. 26(5): 693-700.
Halewood, M., Noriega, I.L., and Louafi, S. (2013). The Global Crop Commons and Access and Benefit-Sharing Laws. In: Crop Genetic Resources as a Global Commons, pp. 1-34. eds. Halewood, M., Noriega, I.L., and Louafi, S. Abingdon: Routledge.
Islam, F., Gill, R.A., Ali, B., Farooq, M.A., Xu, L., Najeeb, U., and Zhou, W. (2016). Sesame. In: Breeding Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Production, pp. 135-147. ed. Gupta, S.K. Cambridge: Academic Press.
Li, D., Dossa, K., Zhang, Y., Wei, X., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Liu, A., Zhou, R., and Zhang, X. (2018). GWAS Uncovers Differential Genetic Bases for Drought and Salt Tolerances in Sesame at the Germination Stage. Genes. 9(2): 87.
Maguire, J.D. (1962). Speed of germination—Aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop science. 2(2): 176-177.
Michel, B.E., and Kaufmann, M.R. (1973). The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000. Plant Physiology. 51(5): 914-916.
Moghanibashi Najafabadi, M., Khazaie, H.R., Nezami, A., and Eshghizadeh, H.R. (2017). Influence of Priming Treatments on Seed Germination of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Under Osmotic Conditions. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences. 10(3): 104-109.
Morris, J.B. (2002). Food, industrial, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical uses of sesame genetic resources. In: Trends in new crops and new uses, pp. 153-156. eds. Janick, J., and Whipkey, A. Alexandria: ASHS Press.
Partheeban, C., Chandrasekhar, C., Jeyakumar, P., Ravikesavan, R., and Gnanam, R. (2017). Effect of PEG induced drought stress on seed germination and seedling characters of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 6(5): 1095-1104.
Rauf, S., Al-Khayri, J.M., Zaharieva, M., Monneveux, P., and Khalil, F. (2016). Breeding Strategies to Enhance Drought Tolerance in Crops. In: Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Agronomic, Abiotic and Biotic Stress Traits, pp. 397-445. eds. Al-Khayri, J.M., Jain, M., and Johnson, D.V. Cham: Springer.
Sabokdast, M., Salehi, F., and Rezaizadeh, A. (2018). Effect of drought-induced stress by PEG6000 on physiological and morphological traits of Lentil (Lens culinaris.) seed germination in order to selection of drought tolerant genotypes. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 49(3): 39-47.
Suzuki, N., Rivero, R.M., Shulaev, V., Blumwald, E., and Mittler, R. (2014). Abiotic and biotic stress combinations. New Phytologist. 203(1): 32-43.
Taghizadeh, N., Ranjbar, G., Nematzadeh, G., and Ramzanimoghdam, M. (2018). Evaluation of Salinity Tolerance in allotetraploid Cotton (Gossypium sp.) Genotypes, Using Multivariate Statistical Methods and Stress Tolerance Indices at Germination Stage. Iranian Journal of Seed Research. 4(2): 93-110.
Vignesh, M., Prakash, M., Priyadharshini, B., and Anandan, R. (2018). Multivariate Analysis of Sesame Genotypes under Induced Drought Conditions. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 7(7): 4062-4070.
Yigit, N., Sevik, H., Cetin, M., and Kaya, N. (2016). Determination of the Effect of Drought Stress on the Seed Germination in Some Plant Species. In: Water Stress in Plants, pp. 43-62. eds. Rahman, I.M.M., Begum, Z.A., and Hasegawa, H. London: Intech Open.
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AbdulBaki, A.A., and Anderson, J.D. (1973). Vigor determination in soybean seed by multiple criteria. Crop science. 13(6): 630-633.
Alexandratos, N., and Bruinsma, J. (2012). World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. 153 pages.
Arisandy, P., Suwarno, W.B., and Azrai, M. (2017). Evaluation of drought tolerance in maize hybrids using stress tolerance indices. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research. 11(4): 46-54.
Badr, A., El-Shazly, H.H., Tarawneh, R.A., and Borner, A. (2020). Screening for Drought Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.) Germplasm Using Germination and Seedling Traits under Simulated Drought Conditions. Plants. 9(5): 565.
Boureima, S., Eyletters, M., Diouf, M., Diop, T., and Van Damme, P. (2011). Sensitivity of Seed Germination and Seedling Radicle Growth to Drought Stress in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Research Journal of Environmental Sciences. 5(6): 557-564.
Canak, P., Jeromela, A.M., Vujosevic, B., Kiprovski, B., Mitrovic, B., Alberghini, B., Facciolla, E., Monti, A., and Zanetti, F. (2020). Is Drought Stress Tolerance Affected by Biotypes and Seed Size in the Emerging Oilseed Crop Camelina? Agronomy. 10(12): 1856.
Cooper, H., Spillane, C., and Hodgkin, T. (2001). Broadening the genetic base of crops: an overview. In: Broadening the genetic base of crop production, pp. 1-23. eds. Cooper, H., Spillane, C., and Hodgkin, T. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
El Harfi, M., Hanine, H., Rizki, H., Latrache, H., and Nabloussi, A. (2016). Effect of Drought and Salt Stresses on Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Different Color-seeds of Sesame (Sesamum indicum). International Journal of Agriculture & Biology. 18(6): 1088-1094.
FAO. (1997). The state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. 511 pages.
Feng, X., Porporato, A., and Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. (2013). Changes in rainfall seasonality in the tropics. Nature Climate Change. 3(9): 811-815.
Foolad, M.R., Zhang, L., and Subbiah, P. (2003). Genetics of drought tolerance during seed germination in tomato: inheritance and QTL mapping. Genome. 46(4): 536-545.
Ghosh, S., Shahed, M.A., and Robin, A.H.K. (2020). Polyethylene Glycol Induced Osmotic Stress Affects Germination and Seedling Establishment of Wheat Genotypes. Plant Breeding and Biotechnology. 8(2): 174-185.
Gill, P.K., Sharma, A.D., Singh, P., and Bhullar, S.S. (2002). Osmotic stress-induced changes in germination, growth and soluble sugar content of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench seeds. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. 28(3-4): 12-25.
Gopal, J., and Iwama, K. (2007). In vitro screening of potato against water-stress mediated through sorbitol and polyethylene glycol. Plant Cell Reports. 26(5): 693-700.
Halewood, M., Noriega, I.L., and Louafi, S. (2013). The Global Crop Commons and Access and Benefit-Sharing Laws. In: Crop Genetic Resources as a Global Commons, pp. 1-34. eds. Halewood, M., Noriega, I.L., and Louafi, S. Abingdon: Routledge.
Islam, F., Gill, R.A., Ali, B., Farooq, M.A., Xu, L., Najeeb, U., and Zhou, W. (2016). Sesame. In: Breeding Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Production, pp. 135-147. ed. Gupta, S.K. Cambridge: Academic Press.
Li, D., Dossa, K., Zhang, Y., Wei, X., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Liu, A., Zhou, R., and Zhang, X. (2018). GWAS Uncovers Differential Genetic Bases for Drought and Salt Tolerances in Sesame at the Germination Stage. Genes. 9(2): 87.
Maguire, J.D. (1962). Speed of germination—Aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop science. 2(2): 176-177.
Michel, B.E., and Kaufmann, M.R. (1973). The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol 6000. Plant Physiology. 51(5): 914-916.
Moghanibashi Najafabadi, M., Khazaie, H.R., Nezami, A., and Eshghizadeh, H.R. (2017). Influence of Priming Treatments on Seed Germination of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Under Osmotic Conditions. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences. 10(3): 104-109.
Morris, J.B. (2002). Food, industrial, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical uses of sesame genetic resources. In: Trends in new crops and new uses, pp. 153-156. eds. Janick, J., and Whipkey, A. Alexandria: ASHS Press.
Partheeban, C., Chandrasekhar, C., Jeyakumar, P., Ravikesavan, R., and Gnanam, R. (2017). Effect of PEG induced drought stress on seed germination and seedling characters of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 6(5): 1095-1104.
Rauf, S., Al-Khayri, J.M., Zaharieva, M., Monneveux, P., and Khalil, F. (2016). Breeding Strategies to Enhance Drought Tolerance in Crops. In: Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Agronomic, Abiotic and Biotic Stress Traits, pp. 397-445. eds. Al-Khayri, J.M., Jain, M., and Johnson, D.V. Cham: Springer.
Sabokdast, M., Salehi, F., and Rezaizadeh, A. (2018). Effect of drought-induced stress by PEG6000 on physiological and morphological traits of Lentil (Lens culinaris.) seed germination in order to selection of drought tolerant genotypes. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 49(3): 39-47.
Suzuki, N., Rivero, R.M., Shulaev, V., Blumwald, E., and Mittler, R. (2014). Abiotic and biotic stress combinations. New Phytologist. 203(1): 32-43.
Taghizadeh, N., Ranjbar, G., Nematzadeh, G., and Ramzanimoghdam, M. (2018). Evaluation of Salinity Tolerance in allotetraploid Cotton (Gossypium sp.) Genotypes, Using Multivariate Statistical Methods and Stress Tolerance Indices at Germination Stage. Iranian Journal of Seed Research. 4(2): 93-110.
Vignesh, M., Prakash, M., Priyadharshini, B., and Anandan, R. (2018). Multivariate Analysis of Sesame Genotypes under Induced Drought Conditions. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 7(7): 4062-4070.
Yigit, N., Sevik, H., Cetin, M., and Kaya, N. (2016). Determination of the Effect of Drought Stress on the Seed Germination in Some Plant Species. In: Water Stress in Plants, pp. 43-62. eds. Rahman, I.M.M., Begum, Z.A., and Hasegawa, H. London: Intech Open.