تأثیر ورمی‌کمپوست و کودهای نیتروژن و فسفر بر صفات مورفولوژیکی و فیتوشیمیایی نعناع فلفلی (Mentha piperita L.)
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکاکرم محمودی 1 , مهراب یادگاری 2 , بهزاد حامدی 3
1 - گروه زراعت و گیاهان دارویی، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران
2 - گروه زراعت و گیاهان دارویی، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران
3 - گروه زراعت و گیاهان دارویی، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران
کلید واژه: منتول, کود شیمیایی, گیاه دارویی, کود زیستی, منتون,
چکیده مقاله :
کودهای زیستی نقش بارزی در افزایش عملکرد کمی و کیفی گیاهان دارویی دارند. در این تحقیق اثرات کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست و نیز کودهای پرمصرف نیتروژن و فسفر بر صفات مورفولوژیکی مانند ارتفاع گیاه و تعداد گره و نیز عملکرد کمی و کیفی اسانس گیاه نعناع فلفلی بررسی گردید. این پژوهش به صورت گلدانی در شرایط مزرعه‌ای بر اساس آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار در سال 1396 اجرا شد. سطوح تیماری ورمی‌کمپوست (مصرف و عدم مصرف طبق توصیه کارخانه سازنده)، کودهای نیتروژن و فسفر (0، 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در مرحله تهیه بستر به خاک گلدان‌ها اضافه گردیدند. نتایج بدست آمده، نشان‌دهنده اثرگذاری معنی‌دار تیمارهای مورد استفاده بر صفات مورد ارزیابی بود. بیشترین اجزای موجود در اسانس (بیش از 70 درصد) شامل ترکیبات آلفاپینن، لیمونن، ایزومنتون، منتول، 1و8 سینئول، و منتون بود. در مقایسات میانگین‌ها، تیمار کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست و کاربرد کود نیتروژن و فسفر (هرکدام یکصد کیلوگرم در هکتار)، بالاترین مقادیر صفات مورفولوژیکی از جمله ارتفاع گیاه و تعداد گره و همچنین بالاترین کمیت و کیفیت اسانس را ایجاد نمود. به نظر می‌رسد که کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست موجب افزایش صفات مورفولوژیکی و به تبع آن میزان و اجزای سازنده اسانس گیاه شد.
Biological fertilizers play a significant role in increasing the quantitative and qualitative yield of medicinal plants. In this research, the effects of vermicompost as well as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers were investigated on morphological traits such as height of plant and number of nod and quantitative and qualitative functions of peppermint essential oil. A factorial study was conducted as a pot experiment under the field conditions in a completely randomized design with 4 replications in 2017. Vermicompost treatment levels (consumption and non-consumption according to the manufacturer's recommendation) and nitrogen fertilizers and phosphorus (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1) were added to the pot soils early at planting stage. The most essential components in the essential oil (more than 70%) were Alphapinene, Limonene, Izomenton, Menthol, 1, 8 Cineol, and Menton. Analysis of variations showed significant effectiveness of the treatments. Comparison of means suggested that the best treatments were application of vermicompost and nitrogen and phosphorus (100 kg. ha-1) that improved the morphological traits such as plant heights and number of nod and also the quality and quantity of essential oils. It seems that vermicompost increased morphological traits and consequently the amount and components of essential oil of the plant.
Adams, R. (2001). Indentification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. 456-461. Carol Stream, Ilinois, USA: Allured Publishing Corporation.
Arrudaa, L., Beneduzi, A., Martins, A. and Lisboa, B. (2013). Screening of Rhizobacteria isolated from maize (Zea mays L.) in Rio Grande do Sul State (South Brazil) and analysis of their potential to improve plant growth. Applied Soil Ecology. 63: 15- 22.
Asgari, M., Habibi, D. and Naderi, Gh. (2011). Effect of vermi compost, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and humic acid on growth factores of Mentha piperita L., in central province. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding. 7(4): 41.54. (In Persian with English abstract).
Campiglia, E., Mancinelli, R. and Radicetti, E. (2010). Effect of cover crops and mulches on weed control and nitrogen fertilization in tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum Mill.). Crop Protection. 29: 354-363.
Darzi, M.T. and Haj Seyed Hadi, M.R. (2012). Effects of the application of organic manure and biofertilizer on the fruit yield and yield components in Dill (Anethum graveolens). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 6: 3266-3271. (In Persian with English abstract).
Darzi, M.T., Haj Seyed Hadi, M. and Rajaee, F. (2010). Effect of vermicompost and biological fertilizers on yield and yield components of Pimpinella anisum. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 26(4): 452-465. (In Persian with English abstract).
Darzi, M.T., Ghalavand, A. and Rejali, F. (2009). The effects of biofertilizers application on N, P, K assimilation and seed yield in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 25(1): 1-19. (In Persian with English abstract).
Figurera, P., Marely, G., Rocha, N.E. and Reynosa, R. (2014). Effect of chemical elicitors on peppermint (Mentha piperita) plants and their impact on the metabolite profil and antioxidant capacity of resulting infusion. Food Chemistry. 156: 273-278.
Franz, Ch. (1993). Nutrient and water management for medicinal and aromatic plants. Acta Horticulturae. 132: 203-216.
Gharib, F.A., Moussa, L.A. and Massoud, O.N. (2008). Effect of compost and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and essential oil of sweet marjoram (Marjorana hortensis) plant. International Journal of Agricultural and Biology. 10(4): 381-387.
Gorgini Shabankareh, H., M.R. Asgharipour1, B.A. fakheri. (2015). The effect of bio fertilizers on some growth parameters and essential oil of Moldavian dragonhead under drought condition. Plant Eco-Physiology. 7(23): 185-194. (In Persian with English abstract).
Guandi, B., Edwards, C.A. and Arancon, N.Q. (2002). Changes in trophic structure of soil arthropods after the application of vermicomposts. Europuian Journal of Soil Biology. 38: 161-165.
Gustafson, A.F. (2010). Handbook of Fertilizers- Their Sources, Make-up, Effects and Use. Read Books. 180p.
Hasanuzzaman, M., Ahamed, K.U. and Rahman, M.L. (2010). Plant growth characters and productivity of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) as affected by application of different manures. Emirate Journal of Food Agriculture. 22: 46-58.
Hashemabadi, D., Zaredost, F., Barari Ziyabari, M. and Zarchini, S. (2012). Influence of phosphate bio-fertilizer on quantity and quality features of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Australian Journal of Crop Science. 6(6): 1101-1109.
Hendawy, S.F., Azza, A., El-Din, E. and Omer, E.A. (2010). Productivity and oil quality of Thymus vulgaris L. under organic fertilization conditions. Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences. 3: 203-216.
Hosseinpur, A.R. and Motaghian, H.R. (2017). The effect of cow manure and vermicompost application on fractionation and availability of zinc and copper in wheat planting. Journal of Water and Soil. 30(6): 2005-2018. (In Persian with English abstract).
Izadi, Z., Ahmadvand, G., Asna Ashri, M. and Piri, J. (2010). Effect of nitrogen and plant density on some growth characteristic, yield and essence in peppermint. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 5: 824-836.
Karmaka, S., Lague, C. and Agnew, J. (2007). Integrated decision support system for manure management. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 57: 190-201.
Lee, J. (2010). Effect of application methods of organic fertilizer on growth, soil chemical properties and microbial densities in organic bulb onion production. Scientia Horticulturae. 124: 299–305.
Leung, A.Y. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetic. 369-370. John Wiley & Sons.
Liu, M., Hu, F., Chen, X. and Huang, Q. (2009). Organic amendments with reduced chemical fertilizer promote soil microbial development and nutrient availability in a subtropical paddy field: The influence of quantity, type and application time of organic amendments. Applied Soil Ecology. 42: 166-175.
Mafakheri, S., Omidbaigi, R., Sefidkon, F. and Rejali, F. (2012). Effect of vermicompost, biophosphate and azotobacter on quantity and quality of essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(4): 596-605. (In Persian with English abstract).
Minaxi Nain, L., Yadav, R.C. and Saxena, J. (2012). Characterization of multifaceted Bacillus sp. RM-2 for its use as plant growth promoting bioinoculant for crops grown in semi arid deserts. Applied Soil Ecology. 59: 124-135.
Movaghatian, A., Fateh, E., Aynehband, A. and Siahpoosh, A. (2015). Effect of different soil fertilizing methods on soil properties, nutrient uptake and quanitative and qualitative yield of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31(3): 511-526. (In Persian with English abstract).
Niknejad, M., Lebaschy, M.H., Jaimand, K. and Hatami, F. (2013). Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(2): 373-386. (In Persian with English abstract).
Omidi, H., Badi, H.N., Golzad, A. and Torabi, H. (2009). Effect of chemical and biological fertilizers on quantitative and qualitive yield of Crocus sativus L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal Plants. 30(2): 98-109. . (In Persian with English abstract).
Padmavathiamma, P.K., Li, L.Y. and Kumari, U.R. (2008). An experimental study of vermi-biowaste composting for agricultural soil improvement. Bioresource Technology. 99:1672-81.
Povh, J.A. and Ono, E.O. (2007). Rendimentodo ole essential do Salvia officinalis L. Sob a cao de reguladores vegetias. Acta Science. 28: 189-193.
Rai, M.K. (2006). Handbook of Microbial Biofertilizers. Haworth Press Inc., NY, USA. ISBN: 978-1-56022-269-9.
Rasooli, F., Peyvast, Gh.A, Olfati, G.A. and Ehteshami, S.M. (2013). Use of vermicompost in cover soil for mushroom production. Horticultural Science. 45(4): 377-3852.
Roesty, D., Gaur, R. and Johri, B.N. (2006). Plant growth stage, fertilizer management and bio-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria affect the rhizobacterial. Community structure in rain-fed wheat fields. Journal of Plant Science. 38: 1111-1120.
Sangwan, P., Kaushik, C.P. and Garg, V.K. (2008). Vermiconversion of industrial sludge for recycling the nutrients. Bioresource Technology. 99: 8699–8704.
Sharafzadeh, Sh., Khoshkhoi, M. and Javidnia, K. (2008). Effects of nutrients on growth and active substances of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Iranian Journal of Horticultural and Technology. 9(4): 261.274.
Shata, S.M., Mahmoud, A. and Siam, S. (2007). Improving calcareous soil productivity by integrated effect of intercropping and fertilizer. Reacerch Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 3(6): 733-739.
Tahami Zarandi, S.M., Rezvani Moghadam, K. and Jahan, M. (2010). Study of the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. Iranian Journal of Agro-Ecology. 2(1): 70-82. (In Persian with English abstract).
Vesna, K. and Bauer, B. (2015). Antifungal activity of the essential oil of wild-growing Mentha piperita L. and Mentha spicata L. from the Mariovo region, republic mecedonia. Second Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: 22-25.
Yadegari, M. (2018). Foliar application effects of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on the essential oil composition of Salvia officinalis. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry. 43(4): 417-424.
Yadegari, M. and Saeedi, M.R. (2017). Response of potato (Solanum tuberosum cv. Kaiser) to different sources of fertillizers. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 11(1): 31-50. (In Persian with English abstract).
Yadegari, M. (2016). Effect of micronutrients foliar application and biofertilizeres on essential oils of lemon balm. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 16 (3): 702-715.
Yadegari, M., Farahani, G.H.N. and Mosadeghzad, Z. (2012). Biofertilizers effects on quantitative and qualitative yield of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris). African Journal of Agricultural Research. 7(34): 4716- 4723.
Yadegari, M., Asadi Rahmani, H., Noormohammadi, G. and Ayneband, A. (2010). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria increase growth, yield and nitrogen fixation in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 33: 1733-1743.
Yousefzadeh, S., Modarres-Sanavy.S.A.M., Sefidkon, F. (2016). Effect of biofertilizer, azocompost and nitrogen on oil yield and essential oil content of Dracocephalum moldavica L. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 46(4): 601-614. (In Persian with English abstract).
Wibowo, S.T. (2007). Kandungan hormone IAA, serpan hara, dan pertumbuhan beberapa tanaman budidaya sebagia respon terhadap aplikasi pupuk biologi Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Zeinali, H., Hosseini, H. and Shirzadi, M.H. (2014). Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and harvest time on agronomy, essential oil and menthol of Mentha piperita L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 30(3): 486-495. (In Persian with English abstract).
_||_Adams, R. (2001). Indentification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. 456-461. Carol Stream, Ilinois, USA: Allured Publishing Corporation.
Arrudaa, L., Beneduzi, A., Martins, A. and Lisboa, B. (2013). Screening of Rhizobacteria isolated from maize (Zea mays L.) in Rio Grande do Sul State (South Brazil) and analysis of their potential to improve plant growth. Applied Soil Ecology. 63: 15- 22.
Asgari, M., Habibi, D. and Naderi, Gh. (2011). Effect of vermi compost, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and humic acid on growth factores of Mentha piperita L., in central province. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding. 7(4): 41.54. (In Persian with English abstract).
Campiglia, E., Mancinelli, R. and Radicetti, E. (2010). Effect of cover crops and mulches on weed control and nitrogen fertilization in tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum Mill.). Crop Protection. 29: 354-363.
Darzi, M.T. and Haj Seyed Hadi, M.R. (2012). Effects of the application of organic manure and biofertilizer on the fruit yield and yield components in Dill (Anethum graveolens). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 6: 3266-3271. (In Persian with English abstract).
Darzi, M.T., Haj Seyed Hadi, M. and Rajaee, F. (2010). Effect of vermicompost and biological fertilizers on yield and yield components of Pimpinella anisum. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 26(4): 452-465. (In Persian with English abstract).
Darzi, M.T., Ghalavand, A. and Rejali, F. (2009). The effects of biofertilizers application on N, P, K assimilation and seed yield in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 25(1): 1-19. (In Persian with English abstract).
Figurera, P., Marely, G., Rocha, N.E. and Reynosa, R. (2014). Effect of chemical elicitors on peppermint (Mentha piperita) plants and their impact on the metabolite profil and antioxidant capacity of resulting infusion. Food Chemistry. 156: 273-278.
Franz, Ch. (1993). Nutrient and water management for medicinal and aromatic plants. Acta Horticulturae. 132: 203-216.
Gharib, F.A., Moussa, L.A. and Massoud, O.N. (2008). Effect of compost and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and essential oil of sweet marjoram (Marjorana hortensis) plant. International Journal of Agricultural and Biology. 10(4): 381-387.
Gorgini Shabankareh, H., M.R. Asgharipour1, B.A. fakheri. (2015). The effect of bio fertilizers on some growth parameters and essential oil of Moldavian dragonhead under drought condition. Plant Eco-Physiology. 7(23): 185-194. (In Persian with English abstract).
Guandi, B., Edwards, C.A. and Arancon, N.Q. (2002). Changes in trophic structure of soil arthropods after the application of vermicomposts. Europuian Journal of Soil Biology. 38: 161-165.
Gustafson, A.F. (2010). Handbook of Fertilizers- Their Sources, Make-up, Effects and Use. Read Books. 180p.
Hasanuzzaman, M., Ahamed, K.U. and Rahman, M.L. (2010). Plant growth characters and productivity of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) as affected by application of different manures. Emirate Journal of Food Agriculture. 22: 46-58.
Hashemabadi, D., Zaredost, F., Barari Ziyabari, M. and Zarchini, S. (2012). Influence of phosphate bio-fertilizer on quantity and quality features of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Australian Journal of Crop Science. 6(6): 1101-1109.
Hendawy, S.F., Azza, A., El-Din, E. and Omer, E.A. (2010). Productivity and oil quality of Thymus vulgaris L. under organic fertilization conditions. Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences. 3: 203-216.
Hosseinpur, A.R. and Motaghian, H.R. (2017). The effect of cow manure and vermicompost application on fractionation and availability of zinc and copper in wheat planting. Journal of Water and Soil. 30(6): 2005-2018. (In Persian with English abstract).
Izadi, Z., Ahmadvand, G., Asna Ashri, M. and Piri, J. (2010). Effect of nitrogen and plant density on some growth characteristic, yield and essence in peppermint. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 5: 824-836.
Karmaka, S., Lague, C. and Agnew, J. (2007). Integrated decision support system for manure management. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 57: 190-201.
Lee, J. (2010). Effect of application methods of organic fertilizer on growth, soil chemical properties and microbial densities in organic bulb onion production. Scientia Horticulturae. 124: 299–305.
Leung, A.Y. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetic. 369-370. John Wiley & Sons.
Liu, M., Hu, F., Chen, X. and Huang, Q. (2009). Organic amendments with reduced chemical fertilizer promote soil microbial development and nutrient availability in a subtropical paddy field: The influence of quantity, type and application time of organic amendments. Applied Soil Ecology. 42: 166-175.
Mafakheri, S., Omidbaigi, R., Sefidkon, F. and Rejali, F. (2012). Effect of vermicompost, biophosphate and azotobacter on quantity and quality of essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27(4): 596-605. (In Persian with English abstract).
Minaxi Nain, L., Yadav, R.C. and Saxena, J. (2012). Characterization of multifaceted Bacillus sp. RM-2 for its use as plant growth promoting bioinoculant for crops grown in semi arid deserts. Applied Soil Ecology. 59: 124-135.
Movaghatian, A., Fateh, E., Aynehband, A. and Siahpoosh, A. (2015). Effect of different soil fertilizing methods on soil properties, nutrient uptake and quanitative and qualitative yield of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31(3): 511-526. (In Persian with English abstract).
Niknejad, M., Lebaschy, M.H., Jaimand, K. and Hatami, F. (2013). Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(2): 373-386. (In Persian with English abstract).
Omidi, H., Badi, H.N., Golzad, A. and Torabi, H. (2009). Effect of chemical and biological fertilizers on quantitative and qualitive yield of Crocus sativus L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal Plants. 30(2): 98-109. . (In Persian with English abstract).
Padmavathiamma, P.K., Li, L.Y. and Kumari, U.R. (2008). An experimental study of vermi-biowaste composting for agricultural soil improvement. Bioresource Technology. 99:1672-81.
Povh, J.A. and Ono, E.O. (2007). Rendimentodo ole essential do Salvia officinalis L. Sob a cao de reguladores vegetias. Acta Science. 28: 189-193.
Rai, M.K. (2006). Handbook of Microbial Biofertilizers. Haworth Press Inc., NY, USA. ISBN: 978-1-56022-269-9.
Rasooli, F., Peyvast, Gh.A, Olfati, G.A. and Ehteshami, S.M. (2013). Use of vermicompost in cover soil for mushroom production. Horticultural Science. 45(4): 377-3852.
Roesty, D., Gaur, R. and Johri, B.N. (2006). Plant growth stage, fertilizer management and bio-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria affect the rhizobacterial. Community structure in rain-fed wheat fields. Journal of Plant Science. 38: 1111-1120.
Sangwan, P., Kaushik, C.P. and Garg, V.K. (2008). Vermiconversion of industrial sludge for recycling the nutrients. Bioresource Technology. 99: 8699–8704.
Sharafzadeh, Sh., Khoshkhoi, M. and Javidnia, K. (2008). Effects of nutrients on growth and active substances of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Iranian Journal of Horticultural and Technology. 9(4): 261.274.
Shata, S.M., Mahmoud, A. and Siam, S. (2007). Improving calcareous soil productivity by integrated effect of intercropping and fertilizer. Reacerch Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 3(6): 733-739.
Tahami Zarandi, S.M., Rezvani Moghadam, K. and Jahan, M. (2010). Study of the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. Iranian Journal of Agro-Ecology. 2(1): 70-82. (In Persian with English abstract).
Vesna, K. and Bauer, B. (2015). Antifungal activity of the essential oil of wild-growing Mentha piperita L. and Mentha spicata L. from the Mariovo region, republic mecedonia. Second Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: 22-25.
Yadegari, M. (2018). Foliar application effects of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on the essential oil composition of Salvia officinalis. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry. 43(4): 417-424.
Yadegari, M. and Saeedi, M.R. (2017). Response of potato (Solanum tuberosum cv. Kaiser) to different sources of fertillizers. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 11(1): 31-50. (In Persian with English abstract).
Yadegari, M. (2016). Effect of micronutrients foliar application and biofertilizeres on essential oils of lemon balm. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 16 (3): 702-715.
Yadegari, M., Farahani, G.H.N. and Mosadeghzad, Z. (2012). Biofertilizers effects on quantitative and qualitative yield of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris). African Journal of Agricultural Research. 7(34): 4716- 4723.
Yadegari, M., Asadi Rahmani, H., Noormohammadi, G. and Ayneband, A. (2010). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria increase growth, yield and nitrogen fixation in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 33: 1733-1743.
Yousefzadeh, S., Modarres-Sanavy.S.A.M., Sefidkon, F. (2016). Effect of biofertilizer, azocompost and nitrogen on oil yield and essential oil content of Dracocephalum moldavica L. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 46(4): 601-614. (In Persian with English abstract).
Wibowo, S.T. (2007). Kandungan hormone IAA, serpan hara, dan pertumbuhan beberapa tanaman budidaya sebagia respon terhadap aplikasi pupuk biologi Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Zeinali, H., Hosseini, H. and Shirzadi, M.H. (2014). Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and harvest time on agronomy, essential oil and menthol of Mentha piperita L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 30(3): 486-495. (In Persian with English abstract).