بررسی خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی گیاه استبرق (Calotropts procera L) در مناطق خشک و شور استان گلستان
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
مصطفی حمیدی
1
(گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گرگان، ایران)
سعید نواب پور
2
(گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گرگان، ایران)
ابوالفضل مازندرانی
3
(گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گرگان، ایران)
احد یامچی
4
(گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گرگان، ایران)
علی اصغر نصرالله نژاد
5
(گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گرگان، ایران)
کلید واژه: تنش خشکی, استان گلستان, تنش شوری, استبرق, پایداری و سازگاری,
چکیده مقاله :
گیاه استبرق (Calotropts procera L.) متعلق به خانواده Asclepiadaceae و مقاوم به سطوح نسبتاً بالای خشکی و شوری است. اندام های این گیاه برای درمان بیماری های مختلف استفاده می شود. به منظور بررسی پایداری و سازگاری این گیاه در اقلیم‌های خشک و شور استان گلستان در دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان در سال‌های 1393 و 1394، بذرهای گیاه استبرق در سه منطقه گرگان، گنبدکاووس و آق‌قلا با درجه شوری و خشکی متفاوت در سه تاریخ (اول اسفند، اول فروردین و اول اردیبهشت) کشت شد. در طول فصل رشد، ارتفاع گیاه، تعداد، سطح و وزن خشک برگ، مقدار پرولین و کلروفیل اندازه‌گیری شد. بررسی داده‌ها از طریق تجزیه مرکب در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد اثر مکان برای ارتفاع بوته، سطح و وزن خشک برگ و میزان پرولین معنی‌دار و اثر سال، تنها برای ارتفاع بوته و تعداد برگ معنی‌دار شد. اثر تاریخ کاشت و نمونه‌برداری برای تمامی صفات معنی‌دار گردید. طبق نتایج، صفات مهمی همچون میزان پرولین، کلروفیل، وزن خشک، سطح برگ و ارتفاع گیاه به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین صفات برای بررسی سازگاری و تعیین مکان مورد نظر گیاه معرفی گردید و مناسب‌ترین مکان کشت در استان گلستان، منطقه گرگان بود. تغییر تاریخ کاشت منجر به تغییر در میزان سازگاری و پایداری گیاه شد. بدین‌ترتیب، بهترین تاریخ، کاشت در اردیبهشت ماه بود. با توجه به نتایج، گیاه توانایی تحمل شرایط خشک و شور استان را دارا بوده و بر این اساس می‌توان از استبرق به‌عنوان یک گیاه جایگزین در مناطق خشک و شور استان استفاده نمود.
Stabragh belongs to the Asclepiadaceae family and is resistant to high levels of drought and salinity. Its organs have been used for the treatment of various diseases. In order to study the adaptation and stability of this plant under drought and saline conditions in Golestan province, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, plant seeds were cultivated in Gorgan, Gonbad, and Aghghala under different degrees of salinity and drought in February, March and April during 2014 and 2015. Plant height, leaf number and area, leaf dry weight, and proline and chlorophyll contents were measured were significant on all traits. Important traits such as proline, chlorophyll, fresh weight, dry weight, and plant height were introduced as the most important traits during the growth season. Data analysis was done through combined analysis of randomized complete block design. Results showed that the effect of regions on plant height, leaf area and dry weight, and also proline content were significant. Also, the effect of year was significant only for height and number of leaves. Effects of planting date and sampling in the adaptation of stabragh to saline and drought environments. Gorgan was the most suitable area for cultivation. Variations in the cultivation dates led to changes in the plants’ level of adaptation and stability. The best planting date was April. The findings suggest that the plant can tolerate dry and saline conditions of the region and we can consider it as an alternative plant in arid and saline areas of the province.
Alcazar, R., Bitrian, M., Bartels, D., Koncz, C. and Altabella, T. (2011). Polyamine metabolic canalization in response to drought stress in Arabidopsis and the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 6: 243–250.
Al-Sobhi, O.A., Al-Zahrani, H.S. and Al-Ahmadi, S.B. (2006). Effect of salinity on chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents of calotropis procera seedlings. Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, 7:105-114.
Ameer Khan, S.A., Habib-ur-Rehman, A. Ashraf, M. (2006). Interactive effect of foliarly applied ascorbic asid and salt stress on wheat at the seedling stage. Pakestan Journal. Botany. 38 (5): 1407-1414.
Amritphale, D. and Sharma, S. (2007). Learning foodchain with Colotropis procera. Resonance, 12:67-75.
Anjum, SA., Farooq, M., Wang, LC., Xue, LL.,Wang, SG., Wang, L., Zhang, S. and Chen, M. (2011). Gas exchange and chlorophyll synthesis of maize cultivars are enhanced by exogenously-applied glycinebetaine under drought conditions. Plant Soil Environment. 57:326–331.
Baret, F., Houlès, V. and Guèrif, M. (2007). Quantification of plant stress using remote sensing observations and crop models: the case of nitrogen management. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58: 869–880.
Bates, L.S. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.
Boutraa, T. (2010). Growth performance and biomass partitioning of the desert
shrub Calotropis procera under water stress conditions. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 6: 20–26.
Boutraa, T. and Akhkha, A. (2010). Photosynthesis rates and growth responses of the desert shrub Calotropis procera to NaCl Salinity. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science, 5(2): 212-222.
Chaum, S., Siringam, K., Juntawong, J. and Kirdmanee, C. (2010). Water relations, pigment stabilization, photosynthetic abilities and growth improvement in salt stressed rice plants treated with exogenous potassium nitrate application. International Journal of Plant Production 4: 187-198.
daSilva, E.C., Nogueira, R.J.M.C., deAratijo, F.P., deMeio, N.F. and deAzevedo Neto, A.D. (2008). Physiological responses to salt stress in young umbu plants. Environmental and Experimental Botatty, 63: 147-157.
Garcia-Valenzuela, X., Garcia-Moya, E., Rascón-Cruz, Q., Herrera-Estrella, L. and Aguado-Santacruz, G.A. (2005). Chlorophyll accumulation is enhanced by osmotic stress in graminaceous chlorophyllic cells. Journal of Plant Physiology, 162:650-661.
Grewal, H.S. (2010). Water uptake, water use efficiency, plant growth and ionic balance of wheat, barley, canola and chickpea plants on a sodic vertosol with variable subsoil NaCl salinity. Agricultural Hater Management, 97:148-156.
Imada, S., Yamanaka, N. and Tamai S. (2009). Effects of salinity on the growth, Na partitioning, and Nadynamics of a salt-tolerant tree, Poptiltis alba L. Journal of Arid Environments, 73:245-251.
Kaman, H., Kirda, C. and Sesveren, S. (2011). Genotypic differences of maize in grain yield response to deficit irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 98: 801-807.
Khan, R., Shahzad, S., Choudhary, M.I., Khan S.A. and Ahmad, A. (2007). Biodiversity of the endophytic fungi isolated from Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 39: 2233-2239.
Koyro, H-W. (2006). Effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis, water relations and solute composition of the potential cash crop halophyte Plantago coronopus (L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany, 56:136-146.
Kumar, V.L. and Arya, S. (2006). Medicinal uses and pharmacological properties of Calotropis procera. In: Recent rogress in Medicinal Plants, Ed., Govil, J.N. Studium Press, Houston, Texas, USA, pp: 373-388.
Maes, W.H., Achten, W.M.J., Reubens, B., Raes, D., Samson, R. and Muys, B. (2009). Plant-water relationships and growth strategies of Jatropha curcas L. seedlings under different levels of drought stress. Journal of Arid Environments, 73: 877-884.
Mafakheri, A., Siosemardeh, A., Bahramnejad, B., Struik, P., and Sohrabi, Y. (2010). Effect of drought stress on yield, proline and chlorophyll contents in three chickpea cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 4: 580-585.(Mafakheri et al., 2010)
Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell and Environment,25: 239-250.
Stirzakere, R.J., Vertessy, R.A. and Sarre, A. (2002). Trees, Water and salt; an australian guide to using trees for healthy catchments and productive farms. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation; Canberra.
Ramadan, A., Sabir, J.S., Alakilli, S.Y., Shokry, A. M., Gadalla, N.O., Edris, S., Al-Kordy, M.A., Al-Zahrani, H.S., El-Domyati, F.M. and Bahieldin, A. (2014). Metabolomic response of Calotropis procera growing in the desert to changes in water availability. PloS one, 9:e87895.
Rodriguez, P., Torrecillas, A., Morales, M.A., Ortuño, M.F. and Sánchez-Blanco, M.J. (2005). Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 53: 113-123.
Sai Kachout, S., Ben Mansoura, A., Jaffel, K., Leerere, J.C., Rejeb, M.N. and Ouerghi, Z. (2009). The effect of salinity on the growth of the halophvte Atriplex hortensis (Chenopodiaceae). Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 7: 319-332.
Schmidhuber, J. and Tubiello, F.N. (2007). Global food security under climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104: 19703–19708.
Shahid, M.A., Pervez, M.A., Balal, R.M., Ahmad, R., Ayyub, C.M., Abbas, T. and Akhtar, N. (2011). Salt stress effects on some morphological and physiological characteristics of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Soil and Environment, 30(1).
Stirzaker, R.J., Vertessy, R.A. and Sarre, A. (2002). Trees, Water and Salt; an Australian guide to using trees for healthy catchments and productive farms. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation; Canberra.
Tijen, D. and Ismail, T. (2006). Exogenous glycinebetaine affects growth and proline accumulation and retards senescence in two rice cultivars under NaCl stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 56: 72-79.
Tuntawiroon, N., Samootsakorn, P. and Theeraraj, G. (1984). The environmental implications of the use of Calotropis gigantea as a textile fabric. Agriculture Ecosystems Environment, 11: 203–212.
Usmani, S. and Kushwaha, P. (2010). A study on hepatoprotective activity of Calotropis gigantea leaves extract. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2: 101–103.
Witt, S., Galicia, L., Lisec, J., Cairns, J. and Tiessen, A. (2012). Metabolic and phenotypic responses of greenhouse-grown maize hybrids to experimentally controlled drought stress. Molecular Plant, 5: 401–417.
Wu, F., Baoa, W., Li F. and Wu, N. (2008). Effects of drought stress and N supply on the growth, biomass partitioning and water-use efficiency of Sophora davidii seedlings. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 63: 248-255.
Yobi, A., Wone, B.W.M., Xu, W., Alexander, D.C. and Guo, L., (2012). Comparative metabolic profiling between desiccation-sensitive and desiccation-tolerant species of Selaginella reveals insights into the resurrection trait. Plant Journal, 72: 983–999.
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Alcazar, R., Bitrian, M., Bartels, D., Koncz, C. and Altabella, T. (2011). Polyamine metabolic canalization in response to drought stress in Arabidopsis and the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 6: 243–250.
Al-Sobhi, O.A., Al-Zahrani, H.S. and Al-Ahmadi, S.B. (2006). Effect of salinity on chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents of calotropis procera seedlings. Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, 7:105-114.
Ameer Khan, S.A., Habib-ur-Rehman, A. Ashraf, M. (2006). Interactive effect of foliarly applied ascorbic asid and salt stress on wheat at the seedling stage. Pakestan Journal. Botany. 38 (5): 1407-1414.
Amritphale, D. and Sharma, S. (2007). Learning foodchain with Colotropis procera. Resonance, 12:67-75.
Anjum, SA., Farooq, M., Wang, LC., Xue, LL.,Wang, SG., Wang, L., Zhang, S. and Chen, M. (2011). Gas exchange and chlorophyll synthesis of maize cultivars are enhanced by exogenously-applied glycinebetaine under drought conditions. Plant Soil Environment. 57:326–331.
Baret, F., Houlès, V. and Guèrif, M. (2007). Quantification of plant stress using remote sensing observations and crop models: the case of nitrogen management. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58: 869–880.
Bates, L.S. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.
Boutraa, T. (2010). Growth performance and biomass partitioning of the desert
shrub Calotropis procera under water stress conditions. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 6: 20–26.
Boutraa, T. and Akhkha, A. (2010). Photosynthesis rates and growth responses of the desert shrub Calotropis procera to NaCl Salinity. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science, 5(2): 212-222.
Chaum, S., Siringam, K., Juntawong, J. and Kirdmanee, C. (2010). Water relations, pigment stabilization, photosynthetic abilities and growth improvement in salt stressed rice plants treated with exogenous potassium nitrate application. International Journal of Plant Production 4: 187-198.
daSilva, E.C., Nogueira, R.J.M.C., deAratijo, F.P., deMeio, N.F. and deAzevedo Neto, A.D. (2008). Physiological responses to salt stress in young umbu plants. Environmental and Experimental Botatty, 63: 147-157.
Garcia-Valenzuela, X., Garcia-Moya, E., Rascón-Cruz, Q., Herrera-Estrella, L. and Aguado-Santacruz, G.A. (2005). Chlorophyll accumulation is enhanced by osmotic stress in graminaceous chlorophyllic cells. Journal of Plant Physiology, 162:650-661.
Grewal, H.S. (2010). Water uptake, water use efficiency, plant growth and ionic balance of wheat, barley, canola and chickpea plants on a sodic vertosol with variable subsoil NaCl salinity. Agricultural Hater Management, 97:148-156.
Imada, S., Yamanaka, N. and Tamai S. (2009). Effects of salinity on the growth, Na partitioning, and Nadynamics of a salt-tolerant tree, Poptiltis alba L. Journal of Arid Environments, 73:245-251.
Kaman, H., Kirda, C. and Sesveren, S. (2011). Genotypic differences of maize in grain yield response to deficit irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 98: 801-807.
Khan, R., Shahzad, S., Choudhary, M.I., Khan S.A. and Ahmad, A. (2007). Biodiversity of the endophytic fungi isolated from Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 39: 2233-2239.
Koyro, H-W. (2006). Effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis, water relations and solute composition of the potential cash crop halophyte Plantago coronopus (L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany, 56:136-146.
Kumar, V.L. and Arya, S. (2006). Medicinal uses and pharmacological properties of Calotropis procera. In: Recent rogress in Medicinal Plants, Ed., Govil, J.N. Studium Press, Houston, Texas, USA, pp: 373-388.
Maes, W.H., Achten, W.M.J., Reubens, B., Raes, D., Samson, R. and Muys, B. (2009). Plant-water relationships and growth strategies of Jatropha curcas L. seedlings under different levels of drought stress. Journal of Arid Environments, 73: 877-884.
Mafakheri, A., Siosemardeh, A., Bahramnejad, B., Struik, P., and Sohrabi, Y. (2010). Effect of drought stress on yield, proline and chlorophyll contents in three chickpea cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 4: 580-585.(Mafakheri et al., 2010)
Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell and Environment,25: 239-250.
Stirzakere, R.J., Vertessy, R.A. and Sarre, A. (2002). Trees, Water and salt; an australian guide to using trees for healthy catchments and productive farms. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation; Canberra.
Ramadan, A., Sabir, J.S., Alakilli, S.Y., Shokry, A. M., Gadalla, N.O., Edris, S., Al-Kordy, M.A., Al-Zahrani, H.S., El-Domyati, F.M. and Bahieldin, A. (2014). Metabolomic response of Calotropis procera growing in the desert to changes in water availability. PloS one, 9:e87895.
Rodriguez, P., Torrecillas, A., Morales, M.A., Ortuño, M.F. and Sánchez-Blanco, M.J. (2005). Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 53: 113-123.
Sai Kachout, S., Ben Mansoura, A., Jaffel, K., Leerere, J.C., Rejeb, M.N. and Ouerghi, Z. (2009). The effect of salinity on the growth of the halophvte Atriplex hortensis (Chenopodiaceae). Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 7: 319-332.
Schmidhuber, J. and Tubiello, F.N. (2007). Global food security under climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104: 19703–19708.
Shahid, M.A., Pervez, M.A., Balal, R.M., Ahmad, R., Ayyub, C.M., Abbas, T. and Akhtar, N. (2011). Salt stress effects on some morphological and physiological characteristics of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Soil and Environment, 30(1).
Stirzaker, R.J., Vertessy, R.A. and Sarre, A. (2002). Trees, Water and Salt; an Australian guide to using trees for healthy catchments and productive farms. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation; Canberra.
Tijen, D. and Ismail, T. (2006). Exogenous glycinebetaine affects growth and proline accumulation and retards senescence in two rice cultivars under NaCl stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 56: 72-79.
Tuntawiroon, N., Samootsakorn, P. and Theeraraj, G. (1984). The environmental implications of the use of Calotropis gigantea as a textile fabric. Agriculture Ecosystems Environment, 11: 203–212.
Usmani, S. and Kushwaha, P. (2010). A study on hepatoprotective activity of Calotropis gigantea leaves extract. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2: 101–103.
Witt, S., Galicia, L., Lisec, J., Cairns, J. and Tiessen, A. (2012). Metabolic and phenotypic responses of greenhouse-grown maize hybrids to experimentally controlled drought stress. Molecular Plant, 5: 401–417.
Wu, F., Baoa, W., Li F. and Wu, N. (2008). Effects of drought stress and N supply on the growth, biomass partitioning and water-use efficiency of Sophora davidii seedlings. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 63: 248-255.
Yobi, A., Wone, B.W.M., Xu, W., Alexander, D.C. and Guo, L., (2012). Comparative metabolic profiling between desiccation-sensitive and desiccation-tolerant species of Selaginella reveals insights into the resurrection trait. Plant Journal, 72: 983–999.