بررسی اثر ورمیکمپوست و تنش شوری بر میزان رنگیزه‌ها و برخی صفات بیوشیمیایی گیاه گاوزبان اروپایی (Borago officinalis L.)
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکاحمد افکاری 1 , پروین فرج پور 2
1 - استادیار فیزیولوژی گیاهی، واحد کلیبر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی کلیبر، ایران
2 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد زراعت، واحد کلیبر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کلیبر، ایران
کلید واژه: کلریدسدیم, کلروفیل, آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان, ورمیکمپوست, کاروتنوئید, گاوزبان اروپایی (Borago officinalis L.),
چکیده مقاله :
به‌منظور بررسی اثرات شوری و ورمیکمپوست بر میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌کسیدان و رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی گیاه گاوزبان اروپایی (Borago officinalis L.) آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با چهار تکرار در سال 1394 اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل چهار سطح ورمیکمپوست (صفر، 5، 10 و 15 درصد وزنی-وزنی) و چهار سطح شوری (صفر (شاهد)، 4، 8 و 12 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر کلریدسدیم) بود. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که اثر متقابل تنش شوری و ورمیکمپوست بر میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های سوپراکسید دیسموتاز، آسکوربات پراکسیداز، گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز، کاتالاز و کلروفیل کل معنی‌د‌ار بود. سایر نتایج مشخص ساخت که با افزایش شوری میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان افزایش و مقادیر رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی کاهش یافت. همچنین استفاده از کود ورمیکمپوست نسبت به شاهد به‌طور معنی‌داری میزان کلروفیل a، کلروفیل bو کاروتنوئیدها را افزایش داد. نتایج مقایسه میانگین برهمکنش تنش شوری و ورمیکمپوست نشان داد که حداکثر میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان توسط تیمار 15% وزنی ورمیکمپوست در سطح شوری 12 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر کلریدسدیم حاصل شد. بنابراین، استفاده از ورمیکمپوست به‌عنوان یک کود آلی، علاوه بر افزایش میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان و مقادیر رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی، می‌تواند راهکار مناسبی برای کاهش اثرهای منفی ناشی از غلظت زیاد یون‌های سدیم و کلر در خاک‌ها بر رشد گاوزبان اروپایی باشد.
In order to investigate the effects of salinity and vermicompost on the antioxidant enzymes activity and photosynthetic pigments of Borage officinalis L., a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications in 2015. The study treatments consist of four vermicompost levels (0, 5, 10, and 15% wt potted soil in dry weight) and four salinity levels 0 (control), 4, 8, and 12 ds/m sodium chloride. The results of analysis of variance showed a considerable influence of salinity stress and vermicompost on the activity level of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and total chlorophyll enzymes. Other results indicated that with increasing salinity, the activity level of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic pigments increased and decreased, respectively. Also, use of vermicompost fertilizer raised the levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids significantly compared to the control. Comparison of means of the interactions between salinity stress and vermicompost showed that the maximum antioxidant enzymes activity was obtained in 15 wt % vermicompost treatment at the salinity level of 12 ds/m NaCl. Therefore, the use of vermicompost as an organic fertilizer, in addition to increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic pigments, can be a good way to reduce the negative effects of high levels of sodium and chloride ions in soils on the growth of borage.
Abbaszadeh, B. and Zakerian, F. (2016). Elements uptake in Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) under the effect of mycorrhiza and Piriformospora indica and vermicompost. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 32 (1): 47-59. (In Persian with English abstract).
Aebi, H. (1984). Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology. 105: 121-126.
Ahmad Abadi., Z. Ghajar Sepanlou, M. and Bahmanyar, M.A. (2011). Effect of vermicompost application on amount of micro elements in soil and the content in the medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis). Journal of Crops Improvement. 13 (2): 1-12. (In Persian with English abstract).
Alinia, M. and Kazemeini, S.A. (2017). Effect of salinity stress on growth, yield and some physiological traits of forage sorghum cultivars. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 7 (2): 19-31. (In Persian with English abstract).
Amiri, M.B., Rezvani Moghaddam, P. and Jahan, M. (2016). Study the morphological characteristics affecting yield of Echium amoenum under different organic and chemical fertilizers and plant densities. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 47(1): 55-69 (in Persian)
Anwar, M.D., Patra, D., Chand, S., Alpesh, K., Naqvi, A. and Khanuja, S. (2005). Effect of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb, oil yield, nutrient accumulation and oil quality of French basil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 36: 1737-1746.
Appel, K. and Hirt, H. (2004). Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress and signal transduction. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 55: 373-399.
Asghari, M., Yusefirad, M. and Masoumi Zavarian, A. (2016). Effects of organic fertilizers of compost and vermicompost on qualitative and quantitative triats of lemon verbena. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2(58): 63-71. (In Persian with English abstract).
Ashrafi, E., Razmjoo, J. and Zahedi, M. (2015). The effect of salt stress on biochemical traits and relation with salt tolerant of alfalfa cultivars in field. Agronomy Journal. 109: 43-56.
Atiyeh, R.M., Arancon, N.C., Edwards, A. and Metzger, J.D. (2002). Incorporation of earth worm processed organic wastes into greenhouse container media for production of marigolds. Bioresource Technology. 81(2): 103-108.
Babakhanzade Sajirani, E., Shakouri, M.J. and Mafakheri, S. (2011). Borage (Borago officinalis L.) germination under saline condition. Annals of Biological Research. 2(6): 414-416.
Bagheri, A.A. and Khosravinejad, F. (2016). Study of biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzymes activities on Oryza sativa under salt stress. Devlopmemt Biology. 8(4): 1-10. (In Persian with English abstract).
Bahrampour, M., Dehestani-Ardakani, M., Shirmardi, M. and Gholamnezhad, J. (2019). The effect of different media cultures on some growth characteristics of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) plants under drought stress. Plant Environmental Physiology. 14(53): 104-116. (In Persian with English abstract).
Baily, C. (2004). Active oxygen species and antioxidants in seed biology. SeedScienceResearch. 14: 93–107.
Bernstein, N., Kravchik, M. and Dudai, N. (2010). Salinity‐induced changes in essential oil, pigments and salts accumulation in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) in relation to alterations of morphological development. Annals of Applied Biology. 156: 167-77.
Beyk Khurmizi, A., Ganjeali, A., Abrishamchi, P. and Parsa, M. (2010). The effect of vermicompost on salt tolerance of bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Agroecology. 2(3): 474-485. (In Persian with English abstract).
Bor, M., Özdemir, F. and Türkan, I. (2003). The effect of salt stress on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in leaves of sugar beet Beta vulgaris L. and wild beet Beta maritima L. Plant Science. 164: 77–84.
Chandlee, J.M. and Scandalios, J.G. (1984). Analysis of variants affecting the plants. Plant Nutrition Soil Science. 168: 541-549.
Dat, J., Vandenabeele, S., Vranová, E., Van Montagu, M., Inzé D. and Van Breusegem, F. (2000). Dual action of active oxygen species during plant stress responses. Cellular and Molecular Life Science. 57: 779-795.
Dere, S., Gunes T. and Sivaci, R. (1998). Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll- a, b and total carotenoids contents of some algae species using different solvents. Botany. 22: 13-17.
Dufault R. J., Rushing, J., Hassal, R., Shepard, B.M. and Ward, B. (2003). Infloence of fertilizer on growth and marker compound of field grown Echinacea species and feverfew. Scientia Horticulture. 98: 61-69.
Farhoudi, R. (2014). Investigation the salinity tension effect on growth and physiological characteristics of nine wheat cultivars at vegetative growth stage. Crop Physiology of Journal. 20 (5): 71-86. (In Persian with English abstract).
Garratt L.C., Janagoudar, B.S., Lowe, K.C., Anthony, P., Bower, J.B. and Devey, M.R. (2002). Salinity tolerance and antioxidant status in cotton cultures. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 33: 502-511.
Gholinejad, R., Sirousmehr, A. and Fakheri, B. (2014). Effect of drought stress and organic fertilizer on activity of some antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic pigments, proline and yield of Borage (Borago officinalis). Journal of horticulture science 3 (28): 338-346.
Goldani, M. (2012). Effect of irrigation intervals on some growth indices ecotypes basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Iranian agricultural research. 10 (2): 412-420.
Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpaslan, M., Eraslan, F., Bagci, E.G. and Cicek, N. (2007). Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity. Journal of Plant Physiology.164: 728-736.
Haj Seyyed Hadi, M.R., Darzi, M.T., Riazi, Gh.H. and Ghandarhari, Z. (2013). Evaluation of effect of vermicompost and aminoacids on yield and yield components of Matricaria chemmomilla. Iranian Journal of Plant and Ecosystem, 33, 67-80. (In Persian with English abstract).
Heidari, M. and Mesri, F. (2008). Salinity effects on corn patible solutes, antioxidants enzymes and ion content in three wheat cultivars. Journal Biology Science. 11(10): 1385-1389.
Hernandez, J.A., Jimenez, A., Mullineaux, P. and Sevilla, F. (2000). Tolerance of pea (Pisum sativum) to long-term salt stress is associated with induction of antioxidant defenses. Plant Cell and Environment. 23: 853-862.
Holy, M.C. (1972). Indole acetic acid oxidase: a dual catalytic enzyme. Plant Physiology. 50: 15-18.
Hosseini, H., Mousavi-Fard, S., Fatehi, F. and Qaderi, A. (2016). Changes in phytochemical and morpho-physilogical traits of thyme (Thymus vulgaris CV Varico 3) under different salinity levels. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 1(10): 1–13. (In Persian with English abstract).
Jiang, M. and Zhang, J. (2001). Effect of abscisic acid on active oxygen species, antioxidative offence system and oxidative damage in leaves of maize seedlings. Plant Cell Physiology. 42: 1265-1273.
Kaboosi, k. and Nodehi, A. (2016). The effects of salinity stress levels on quantity and quality traits of different cultivars of canola under application of vermicompost. Crop production. 3(9): 133–151. (In Persian with English abstract).
Kaya, M.D., Ipek, A. and Ozturk, A. (2003). Efects of different soil salinity levels on germination and seedling growth of safflower. Turkish Journal of Agriculture for. 27: 221-227.
Koozehgar Kaleji, M. and Ardakani, M.R. (2017). Effects of vermicomposting and compost tea on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium yield and uptake of Mentha aquatic L. inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi Glomus moseae. Plant Environmental Physiology. 13(51): 95-107. (In Persian with English abstract).
Lotfollahi, L., Torabi, H. and Omidi, H. (2015). Determination of quantitative changes, phytochemical and tolerance threshold in german chamomile medicinal plant (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under salinity and pH condition. Journal Medicinal Plants. 4(56): 168-178. (In Persian with English abstract).
Lowry, O., Rosebrough, A. and Randall, R. (1951). Protein measurment with folin phenol reagent. Journal, Biological Chemistry. 193: 680-685.
Mahmoodi, P., Yarnia, M., Rashidi, V., Amirnia, R. and Tarinezhad, A.R. (2018). Effect of type and method of application of nano- and chemical fertilizers on seed yield and essential oils of borage (Borago officinalis L.). Plant Environmental Physiology. 13(51): 95-107. (In Persian with English abstract).
Meloni, D.A., Gulotta, M.R. and Martinez, C.A. (2008). Salinity tolerance in Schinopsisquebracho Colorado: Seed germination, growth, ionrelations and metabolic responses. Journal of Arid Environments. 72(10): 1785-1792.
Misra, H.P. and Fridovich, I. (1972). The generation of superoxide radical during auto oxidation. Journal of Biology Chemistry. 247: 6960-6966.
Mittler, R. (2002). Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in Plant Science. 7: 405-410.
Oliva, M.A. Rincón, R., Zenteno, E., Pinto, A., Dendooven, L. and Gutierrez, F. (2008). Vermicompost role against sodium chloride stress in the growth and photosynthesis in tamarind plantlets (Tamarindus indica L.). Gayana Botanica. 65(1): 10-17.
Niakan, M. and Habibi, M. (2016). The effect of cytokinin on growth indicators and photosynthesis of Cucurbita maxima L. under different levels of drought. Plant Environmental Physiology. 11(42): 56-65. (In Persian with English abstract).
Parida, A.K., Das, A.B., Mittra, B. and Mohanty, P. (2004). Salt-stress induced alterations in protein profile and protease activity in the mangrove Bruguiera parviflora. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung.59: 408-14.
Rafiq, A. and Nusrat, J. (2009). Demonstration of growth improvement in sunflower (Hellanthus Annuus L.) by the use of organic fertilizers under saline conditions. Pakistan Journal Botany.41 (3): 1373-1384.
Rashtbari, M. and Alikhani, H.A. (2012). Effect and efficiency of municipal solid waste compost and vermicompost on morpho-physiological properties and yield of canola under drought stress conditions. Journal Agriculture Science. 22 (2): 113-127. (In Persian with English abstract).
Sairam R.K. and Srivastava, G.C. (2001). Water stress tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variation in hydrogen peroxide accumulation and antioxidant activiy in tolerant and susceptible genotype. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 186: 63-70.
Shirazi, M.U., Ashraf, M.Y., Khan, M.A. and Nagvi, M.H. (2005). Potassium induced salinity tolerance in wheat. International Journal of Environment Science Technology. 2 (3): 233-236.
Taarit, M.B., Msaada, K. and Marzouk, B. (2009). Plant growth, essential oil yield and composition of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) fruits cultivated under salt stress conditions. Industrial Crops and Products. 30: 333-7.
Weisany, V., Rahimzadeh, S. and Sohrabi, Y. (2012). Effect of bio-fertilizers on morphological, physiological characteristic and essential oil content in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 28: 73-87. (In Persian with English abstract).
Xu, Y.C., Zhang, J.B., Jiang, Q.A., Zhou, L.Y. and Miao, H.B. (2006). Effects of water stress on the growth of Lonicera japonica and quality of honeysuckle. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials. 29 (5): 420-423.
Yildiz, M. and Terzi, H. (2013). Effect of NaCl stress on chlorophyll biosynthesis, proline, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes in leaves of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive barley cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science. 19: 79-88.
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Abbaszadeh, B. and Zakerian, F. (2016). Elements uptake in Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) under the effect of mycorrhiza and Piriformospora indica and vermicompost. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 32 (1): 47-59. (In Persian with English abstract).
Aebi, H. (1984). Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology. 105: 121-126.
Ahmad Abadi., Z. Ghajar Sepanlou, M. and Bahmanyar, M.A. (2011). Effect of vermicompost application on amount of micro elements in soil and the content in the medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis). Journal of Crops Improvement. 13 (2): 1-12. (In Persian with English abstract).
Alinia, M. and Kazemeini, S.A. (2017). Effect of salinity stress on growth, yield and some physiological traits of forage sorghum cultivars. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 7 (2): 19-31. (In Persian with English abstract).
Amiri, M.B., Rezvani Moghaddam, P. and Jahan, M. (2016). Study the morphological characteristics affecting yield of Echium amoenum under different organic and chemical fertilizers and plant densities. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 47(1): 55-69 (in Persian)
Anwar, M.D., Patra, D., Chand, S., Alpesh, K., Naqvi, A. and Khanuja, S. (2005). Effect of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb, oil yield, nutrient accumulation and oil quality of French basil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 36: 1737-1746.
Appel, K. and Hirt, H. (2004). Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress and signal transduction. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 55: 373-399.
Asghari, M., Yusefirad, M. and Masoumi Zavarian, A. (2016). Effects of organic fertilizers of compost and vermicompost on qualitative and quantitative triats of lemon verbena. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2(58): 63-71. (In Persian with English abstract).
Ashrafi, E., Razmjoo, J. and Zahedi, M. (2015). The effect of salt stress on biochemical traits and relation with salt tolerant of alfalfa cultivars in field. Agronomy Journal. 109: 43-56.
Atiyeh, R.M., Arancon, N.C., Edwards, A. and Metzger, J.D. (2002). Incorporation of earth worm processed organic wastes into greenhouse container media for production of marigolds. Bioresource Technology. 81(2): 103-108.
Babakhanzade Sajirani, E., Shakouri, M.J. and Mafakheri, S. (2011). Borage (Borago officinalis L.) germination under saline condition. Annals of Biological Research. 2(6): 414-416.
Bagheri, A.A. and Khosravinejad, F. (2016). Study of biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzymes activities on Oryza sativa under salt stress. Devlopmemt Biology. 8(4): 1-10. (In Persian with English abstract).
Bahrampour, M., Dehestani-Ardakani, M., Shirmardi, M. and Gholamnezhad, J. (2019). The effect of different media cultures on some growth characteristics of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) plants under drought stress. Plant Environmental Physiology. 14(53): 104-116. (In Persian with English abstract).
Baily, C. (2004). Active oxygen species and antioxidants in seed biology. SeedScienceResearch. 14: 93–107.
Bernstein, N., Kravchik, M. and Dudai, N. (2010). Salinity‐induced changes in essential oil, pigments and salts accumulation in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) in relation to alterations of morphological development. Annals of Applied Biology. 156: 167-77.
Beyk Khurmizi, A., Ganjeali, A., Abrishamchi, P. and Parsa, M. (2010). The effect of vermicompost on salt tolerance of bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Agroecology. 2(3): 474-485. (In Persian with English abstract).
Bor, M., Özdemir, F. and Türkan, I. (2003). The effect of salt stress on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in leaves of sugar beet Beta vulgaris L. and wild beet Beta maritima L. Plant Science. 164: 77–84.
Chandlee, J.M. and Scandalios, J.G. (1984). Analysis of variants affecting the plants. Plant Nutrition Soil Science. 168: 541-549.
Dat, J., Vandenabeele, S., Vranová, E., Van Montagu, M., Inzé D. and Van Breusegem, F. (2000). Dual action of active oxygen species during plant stress responses. Cellular and Molecular Life Science. 57: 779-795.
Dere, S., Gunes T. and Sivaci, R. (1998). Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll- a, b and total carotenoids contents of some algae species using different solvents. Botany. 22: 13-17.
Dufault R. J., Rushing, J., Hassal, R., Shepard, B.M. and Ward, B. (2003). Infloence of fertilizer on growth and marker compound of field grown Echinacea species and feverfew. Scientia Horticulture. 98: 61-69.
Farhoudi, R. (2014). Investigation the salinity tension effect on growth and physiological characteristics of nine wheat cultivars at vegetative growth stage. Crop Physiology of Journal. 20 (5): 71-86. (In Persian with English abstract).
Garratt L.C., Janagoudar, B.S., Lowe, K.C., Anthony, P., Bower, J.B. and Devey, M.R. (2002). Salinity tolerance and antioxidant status in cotton cultures. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 33: 502-511.
Gholinejad, R., Sirousmehr, A. and Fakheri, B. (2014). Effect of drought stress and organic fertilizer on activity of some antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic pigments, proline and yield of Borage (Borago officinalis). Journal of horticulture science 3 (28): 338-346.
Goldani, M. (2012). Effect of irrigation intervals on some growth indices ecotypes basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Iranian agricultural research. 10 (2): 412-420.
Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpaslan, M., Eraslan, F., Bagci, E.G. and Cicek, N. (2007). Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity. Journal of Plant Physiology.164: 728-736.
Haj Seyyed Hadi, M.R., Darzi, M.T., Riazi, Gh.H. and Ghandarhari, Z. (2013). Evaluation of effect of vermicompost and aminoacids on yield and yield components of Matricaria chemmomilla. Iranian Journal of Plant and Ecosystem, 33, 67-80. (In Persian with English abstract).
Heidari, M. and Mesri, F. (2008). Salinity effects on corn patible solutes, antioxidants enzymes and ion content in three wheat cultivars. Journal Biology Science. 11(10): 1385-1389.
Hernandez, J.A., Jimenez, A., Mullineaux, P. and Sevilla, F. (2000). Tolerance of pea (Pisum sativum) to long-term salt stress is associated with induction of antioxidant defenses. Plant Cell and Environment. 23: 853-862.
Holy, M.C. (1972). Indole acetic acid oxidase: a dual catalytic enzyme. Plant Physiology. 50: 15-18.
Hosseini, H., Mousavi-Fard, S., Fatehi, F. and Qaderi, A. (2016). Changes in phytochemical and morpho-physilogical traits of thyme (Thymus vulgaris CV Varico 3) under different salinity levels. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 1(10): 1–13. (In Persian with English abstract).
Jiang, M. and Zhang, J. (2001). Effect of abscisic acid on active oxygen species, antioxidative offence system and oxidative damage in leaves of maize seedlings. Plant Cell Physiology. 42: 1265-1273.
Kaboosi, k. and Nodehi, A. (2016). The effects of salinity stress levels on quantity and quality traits of different cultivars of canola under application of vermicompost. Crop production. 3(9): 133–151. (In Persian with English abstract).
Kaya, M.D., Ipek, A. and Ozturk, A. (2003). Efects of different soil salinity levels on germination and seedling growth of safflower. Turkish Journal of Agriculture for. 27: 221-227.
Koozehgar Kaleji, M. and Ardakani, M.R. (2017). Effects of vermicomposting and compost tea on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium yield and uptake of Mentha aquatic L. inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi Glomus moseae. Plant Environmental Physiology. 13(51): 95-107. (In Persian with English abstract).
Lotfollahi, L., Torabi, H. and Omidi, H. (2015). Determination of quantitative changes, phytochemical and tolerance threshold in german chamomile medicinal plant (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under salinity and pH condition. Journal Medicinal Plants. 4(56): 168-178. (In Persian with English abstract).
Lowry, O., Rosebrough, A. and Randall, R. (1951). Protein measurment with folin phenol reagent. Journal, Biological Chemistry. 193: 680-685.
Mahmoodi, P., Yarnia, M., Rashidi, V., Amirnia, R. and Tarinezhad, A.R. (2018). Effect of type and method of application of nano- and chemical fertilizers on seed yield and essential oils of borage (Borago officinalis L.). Plant Environmental Physiology. 13(51): 95-107. (In Persian with English abstract).
Meloni, D.A., Gulotta, M.R. and Martinez, C.A. (2008). Salinity tolerance in Schinopsisquebracho Colorado: Seed germination, growth, ionrelations and metabolic responses. Journal of Arid Environments. 72(10): 1785-1792.
Misra, H.P. and Fridovich, I. (1972). The generation of superoxide radical during auto oxidation. Journal of Biology Chemistry. 247: 6960-6966.
Mittler, R. (2002). Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in Plant Science. 7: 405-410.
Oliva, M.A. Rincón, R., Zenteno, E., Pinto, A., Dendooven, L. and Gutierrez, F. (2008). Vermicompost role against sodium chloride stress in the growth and photosynthesis in tamarind plantlets (Tamarindus indica L.). Gayana Botanica. 65(1): 10-17.
Niakan, M. and Habibi, M. (2016). The effect of cytokinin on growth indicators and photosynthesis of Cucurbita maxima L. under different levels of drought. Plant Environmental Physiology. 11(42): 56-65. (In Persian with English abstract).
Parida, A.K., Das, A.B., Mittra, B. and Mohanty, P. (2004). Salt-stress induced alterations in protein profile and protease activity in the mangrove Bruguiera parviflora. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung.59: 408-14.
Rafiq, A. and Nusrat, J. (2009). Demonstration of growth improvement in sunflower (Hellanthus Annuus L.) by the use of organic fertilizers under saline conditions. Pakistan Journal Botany.41 (3): 1373-1384.
Rashtbari, M. and Alikhani, H.A. (2012). Effect and efficiency of municipal solid waste compost and vermicompost on morpho-physiological properties and yield of canola under drought stress conditions. Journal Agriculture Science. 22 (2): 113-127. (In Persian with English abstract).
Sairam R.K. and Srivastava, G.C. (2001). Water stress tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variation in hydrogen peroxide accumulation and antioxidant activiy in tolerant and susceptible genotype. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 186: 63-70.
Shirazi, M.U., Ashraf, M.Y., Khan, M.A. and Nagvi, M.H. (2005). Potassium induced salinity tolerance in wheat. International Journal of Environment Science Technology. 2 (3): 233-236.
Taarit, M.B., Msaada, K. and Marzouk, B. (2009). Plant growth, essential oil yield and composition of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) fruits cultivated under salt stress conditions. Industrial Crops and Products. 30: 333-7.
Weisany, V., Rahimzadeh, S. and Sohrabi, Y. (2012). Effect of bio-fertilizers on morphological, physiological characteristic and essential oil content in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 28: 73-87. (In Persian with English abstract).
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