تنوع فیتوشیمیایی، بیوشیمایی و مولکولی انجیر (Ficus carica L.) در استان آذربایجان شرقی
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکاکبر قربانی 1 , حمید حسن پور 2 , سزایی ارجیشلی 3
1 - گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
2 - گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
3 - گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آتاترک، ارزروم، ترکیه
کلید واژه: تجزیه خوشه‌ای, آنتوسیانین, ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی, نشانگر ISSR, ویتامین CC,
چکیده مقاله :
انجیر (Ficus carica) درخت بومی مناطق غرب و شرق مدیترانه از جمله ایران می باشد. ایران یکی از کشورهای مهم تولید کننده انجیر در جهان می باشد. در این پژوهش تنوع صفات بیوشیمایی و فیتوشیمیایی میوه و تنوع مولکولی 38 ژنوتیپ انجیر منطقه ارسباران استان آذربایجان شرقی در سال 1396 و در آزمایشگاه علوم باغبانی دانشگاه ارومیه مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. با توجه به نتایج تجزیه واریانس صفات اندازه گیری شده از قبیل مواد جامد محلول، pH، شاخص طعم، ویتامین ث، ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی، آنتوسیانین، فلاونوئید و فنل کل میوه در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی دار بودند. بطوریکه در بیشتر صفات بیوشیمیایی مورد بررسی تنوع بسیار بالایی مشاهده گردید. همچنین نتایج داده های مولکولی نیز نشان داد در مجموع 131 باند تکثیر شده بود که از این میزان 121 باند (92 درصد) چند شکل بودند. میزان PIC برای آغازگرهای مورد استفاده در تجزیه ISSR بین 22/0 در آغازگر ISSR7 تا 47/0 در آغازگر ISSR20 متغیر بود. همچنین شاخص نشانگری از 51/0 تا 50/2 برای نشانگرهای ISSR7 و ISSR20 متفاوت بود. بر اساس نتایج تجزیه خوشه ای، ژنوتیپ های مورد بررسی انجیر در دو گروه اصلی قرار گرفتند که اکثر ژنوتیپ های جمع آوری شده از کلیبر در گروه دوم قرار داشتند که نشان دهنده این است که موقعیت جغرافیایی ژنوتیپ های مورد بررسی انجیر عامل اصلی تفکیک آنها به وسیله این نشانگر می باشد. با توجه به نتایج حاصله می توان ژنوتیپ های Kh9 و H17 را برای برنامه های اصلاحی آینده پیشنهاد نمود.
Abstract. Fig (Ficus cariaca) is native to western and eastern mediterranean regions such as western and northwestern of Iran. Iran is one of the important fig producers in the world. In this study, biochemical, phycochemistry characteristics and genetic diversity of 38 fig genotypes from Arsbaran in East Azerbaijan province in the Horticulture Laboratory of Urmia University in 2015 were investigated. Biochemical results showed that, TSS, pH, TSS/TA, vitamin c, antioxidant capacity, total anthocyanin, total flavonoid and total phenol were significant (p ≤ 0.01). Most of the studied biochemical traits indicated high variation. The results of the molecular data showed that a total of 131 bands were scored, of which 121 bands (92%) were polymorphic. The amount of polymorphic (PIC) information for the primers used varied from 0.22 to 0.47 in ISSR7 and ISSR20 respectively. Also, marker index were between 0.15 to 2.5 in ISSR7 and ISSR20 respectively. Based on the results of cluster analysis, the studied fig genotypes were classified into two main groups, so that the most of collected genotypes from Kalibar belonged to second group. So it could be concluded that geographic location of the studied fig genotypes is the main reason for their separation by this marker. Based on obtained results, the genotypes Kh9 and H17 were suggested for breeding programs.
Almajali, D., Abdel-Ghanib, B. and Hussein, A. (2012). Evaluation of genetic diversity among Jordanian fig germplasm accessions by morphological traits and ISSR markers. Scientia Horticulturae. 147: 8–19.
Anonymous, (2016). Annual Agricultural Statistics. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture of Iran. From http://www.maj.ir.
Aytekin, A. and Caliskan O. (2008). Fruit characteristics of table fig (Ficus carica) cultivars in subtropical climate conditions of the Mediterranean region. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 36: 107-115.
Baali-Cherif, D. and Besnard, G. (2005). High genetic diversity and clonal growth in relict populations of Olea europaea subsp. Laperrinei (Oleaceae) from Hoggar, Algeria. Annals of Botany. 96: 823-830.
Babazadeh Darjazi, B. (2011). Morphological and pomological characteristics of fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars from Varamin, Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10 (82): 19096-19105.
Bagheri, N., Babaeian-Jelodar, N. and Hasan-Nataj, E. (2008). Genetic diversity of Iranian rice germplasm based on morphological traits. Iranin Journal if Field Crops Research. 6(2): 235-243.
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E. and Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 28: 25–30.
Breton, C., Tersac, M. and Bervillé, A. (2006). Genetic diversity and gene flow between the wild olive (oleaster, Olea europaea L.) and the olive: several Plio-Pleistocene refuge zones in the Mediterranean basin suggested by simple sequence repeats analysis. Journal of Biogeography. 33: 1916–1928.
Caliskan O. and Polat A.A. (2008). Fruit characteristics of fig cultivars and genotypes grown in Turkey. Scientia Horticulturae.115: 360–7.
Chen, X., Min, D., Ahmad Yasir, T. and Hu, Y.G. (2012). Genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium in elite chinese winter wheat investigated with SSR markers. Plos One. 23: 145-153.
Cipriani, G., Marrazzo, M.T., Marconi, R., Cimato A. and Testolin, R. (2002). Microsatellite markers isolated in olive (Olea europaea L.) are suitable for individual fingerprinting and reveal polymorphism within ancient cultivars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 104: 223-228.
Condit, I.J. (1955). Fig varieties: a monograph. Hilgardia Berkele. 23: 323–538.
Fattahi, S. (2016). Evaluation of genetic diversity of wild figs in east of Iran using morphological characteristics and molecular markers. Msc. Thesis, Razi University, Iran.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2014). Biodiversity: Agricultural biodiversity in FAO. From http://faostat.fao.org/site/408/default.
Faqih, H. W. and Sarvestani, J. (2001). Fig breeding and cultivation. Publications Rahgosha.
Gaaliche, B., Saddoud O. and Mars, M. (2012). Morphological and Pomological Diversity of Fig (Ficus carica L.) Cultivars in Northwest of Tunisia. International Scholarly Research Network. 14: 1-9.
Halverson, L.B., Holte, K., Myhrstad, C.M., Barikmo, I. and Blomhof, R.A. (2002). Systematic screening of total antioxidant in dietary plants. The Journal of Nutrition. 132, 461-471.
Janick, J. and Paul, R.E. (2008). TheEncyclopedia of Fruits and Nuts. Cambridge, MA.
Karacali, I. (2002). Storage and marketing of horticultural products. Ege University Agriculture Faculty Publication.
Kaykhah, Z., Saifi, A. and Ghasem Nejad, A. (2015). Comparison of morphological and phytochemical traits of spring and summer products of three genotypes of figs in Golestan province. Plant Physiology. 4(10): 62-72.
Keshavarz-Khoob, M.Gh., Gharanjik, Sh., Masoumiasl, A. and Abdollahi-Mandoalkani, B. (2016). Evaluation of diversity and genetic relationships among some grapevine cultivars using ISSR markers. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology. 7(4): 129-142.
Khadivi, A. (2010). Pomology. Sarva Publication.
Krizek, D.T., Antonjuk, V.P. and Mirecki, R.M. (1988). Inhibitory effects of ambient levels of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation on growth of cv. new red fire lettuce. Physiologia Plantarum. 103: 1-7.
Naqvi, M., Ghareyazi, B. and Hosseini, GH. (2007). Molecular markers. Tehran University Publications.
Papadopoulou, K., Ehaliotis, C., Tourna, M., Kastanis, P., Karydis, I. and Zervakis, G. (2002). Genetic relatedness among dioecious Ficus carica L. cultivars by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, and evaluation of agronomic and morphological characters. Genetica, 114: 183–194.
Polat, A.A. and Ozkaya, M. (2005). Selection studies on fig in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 37 (3): 567–574.
Qi-lun, Y., Ping, F. and Ke-cheng, K. (2008). Genetic diversity based on SSR markers in maize (Zea mays L.) landraces from Wuling mountain region in China. Journal of Genetics. 87: 287 – 291.
Senior, M.L., Murphy, J.P., Goodman, M.M. and Stuber, C.W. (1998). Utility of SSRs for determining genetic similarities and relationships in maize using an agarose gel system. Crop Science. 38(4): 1088-1098.
Solomon, A., Golubowicz S., Yablowicz Z., Grossman S., Bergman, M. and Gottlieb, H. (2006). Antioxidant activities and anthocyanin content of fresh fruits of common Fig (Ficus carica L.). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 54: 7717-7723.
Soni, N., Mehta, S., Satpathy, G. and Gupta, R. (2014). Estimation of nutritional, phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of dried fig (Ficus carica). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 3(2): 158-165.
Vrohbi, I., Hraventg, L., Chandelier, A., Mergiai, G. and Du Jardin, P. (1996). Improved RAPD amplification of recal citrant plant DNA by use of activated charcoal during DNA extraction. Plant Breeding. 115: 205–206.
Wagner, G.J. (1979). Content and vacuole/extra vacuole distribution of neutral sugars, free amino acids, and anthocyanins in protoplast. Journal of Plant Physiology. 64: 88-93.
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Almajali, D., Abdel-Ghanib, B. and Hussein, A. (2012). Evaluation of genetic diversity among Jordanian fig germplasm accessions by morphological traits and ISSR markers. Scientia Horticulturae. 147: 8–19.
Anonymous, (2016). Annual Agricultural Statistics. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture of Iran. From http://www.maj.ir.
Aytekin, A. and Caliskan O. (2008). Fruit characteristics of table fig (Ficus carica) cultivars in subtropical climate conditions of the Mediterranean region. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 36: 107-115.
Baali-Cherif, D. and Besnard, G. (2005). High genetic diversity and clonal growth in relict populations of Olea europaea subsp. Laperrinei (Oleaceae) from Hoggar, Algeria. Annals of Botany. 96: 823-830.
Babazadeh Darjazi, B. (2011). Morphological and pomological characteristics of fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars from Varamin, Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10 (82): 19096-19105.
Bagheri, N., Babaeian-Jelodar, N. and Hasan-Nataj, E. (2008). Genetic diversity of Iranian rice germplasm based on morphological traits. Iranin Journal if Field Crops Research. 6(2): 235-243.
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E. and Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 28: 25–30.
Breton, C., Tersac, M. and Bervillé, A. (2006). Genetic diversity and gene flow between the wild olive (oleaster, Olea europaea L.) and the olive: several Plio-Pleistocene refuge zones in the Mediterranean basin suggested by simple sequence repeats analysis. Journal of Biogeography. 33: 1916–1928.
Caliskan O. and Polat A.A. (2008). Fruit characteristics of fig cultivars and genotypes grown in Turkey. Scientia Horticulturae.115: 360–7.
Chen, X., Min, D., Ahmad Yasir, T. and Hu, Y.G. (2012). Genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium in elite chinese winter wheat investigated with SSR markers. Plos One. 23: 145-153.
Cipriani, G., Marrazzo, M.T., Marconi, R., Cimato A. and Testolin, R. (2002). Microsatellite markers isolated in olive (Olea europaea L.) are suitable for individual fingerprinting and reveal polymorphism within ancient cultivars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 104: 223-228.
Condit, I.J. (1955). Fig varieties: a monograph. Hilgardia Berkele. 23: 323–538.
Fattahi, S. (2016). Evaluation of genetic diversity of wild figs in east of Iran using morphological characteristics and molecular markers. Msc. Thesis, Razi University, Iran.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2014). Biodiversity: Agricultural biodiversity in FAO. From http://faostat.fao.org/site/408/default.
Faqih, H. W. and Sarvestani, J. (2001). Fig breeding and cultivation. Publications Rahgosha.
Gaaliche, B., Saddoud O. and Mars, M. (2012). Morphological and Pomological Diversity of Fig (Ficus carica L.) Cultivars in Northwest of Tunisia. International Scholarly Research Network. 14: 1-9.
Halverson, L.B., Holte, K., Myhrstad, C.M., Barikmo, I. and Blomhof, R.A. (2002). Systematic screening of total antioxidant in dietary plants. The Journal of Nutrition. 132, 461-471.
Janick, J. and Paul, R.E. (2008). TheEncyclopedia of Fruits and Nuts. Cambridge, MA.
Karacali, I. (2002). Storage and marketing of horticultural products. Ege University Agriculture Faculty Publication.
Kaykhah, Z., Saifi, A. and Ghasem Nejad, A. (2015). Comparison of morphological and phytochemical traits of spring and summer products of three genotypes of figs in Golestan province. Plant Physiology. 4(10): 62-72.
Keshavarz-Khoob, M.Gh., Gharanjik, Sh., Masoumiasl, A. and Abdollahi-Mandoalkani, B. (2016). Evaluation of diversity and genetic relationships among some grapevine cultivars using ISSR markers. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology. 7(4): 129-142.
Khadivi, A. (2010). Pomology. Sarva Publication.
Krizek, D.T., Antonjuk, V.P. and Mirecki, R.M. (1988). Inhibitory effects of ambient levels of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation on growth of cv. new red fire lettuce. Physiologia Plantarum. 103: 1-7.
Naqvi, M., Ghareyazi, B. and Hosseini, GH. (2007). Molecular markers. Tehran University Publications.
Papadopoulou, K., Ehaliotis, C., Tourna, M., Kastanis, P., Karydis, I. and Zervakis, G. (2002). Genetic relatedness among dioecious Ficus carica L. cultivars by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, and evaluation of agronomic and morphological characters. Genetica, 114: 183–194.
Polat, A.A. and Ozkaya, M. (2005). Selection studies on fig in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 37 (3): 567–574.
Qi-lun, Y., Ping, F. and Ke-cheng, K. (2008). Genetic diversity based on SSR markers in maize (Zea mays L.) landraces from Wuling mountain region in China. Journal of Genetics. 87: 287 – 291.
Senior, M.L., Murphy, J.P., Goodman, M.M. and Stuber, C.W. (1998). Utility of SSRs for determining genetic similarities and relationships in maize using an agarose gel system. Crop Science. 38(4): 1088-1098.
Solomon, A., Golubowicz S., Yablowicz Z., Grossman S., Bergman, M. and Gottlieb, H. (2006). Antioxidant activities and anthocyanin content of fresh fruits of common Fig (Ficus carica L.). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 54: 7717-7723.
Soni, N., Mehta, S., Satpathy, G. and Gupta, R. (2014). Estimation of nutritional, phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of dried fig (Ficus carica). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 3(2): 158-165.
Vrohbi, I., Hraventg, L., Chandelier, A., Mergiai, G. and Du Jardin, P. (1996). Improved RAPD amplification of recal citrant plant DNA by use of activated charcoal during DNA extraction. Plant Breeding. 115: 205–206.
Wagner, G.J. (1979). Content and vacuole/extra vacuole distribution of neutral sugars, free amino acids, and anthocyanins in protoplast. Journal of Plant Physiology. 64: 88-93.