بررسی پاسخ فیزیولوژیک و دفاع آنتی‌اکسیداتیو خردل سفید (Sinapis alba) تحت تنش کادمیم و سرب
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکاحمد عبدل زاده 1 , زهرا سلیمان نژاد 2 , حمیدرضا صادقی پور 3
1 - گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ایران
2 - گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ایران
3 - گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ایران
کلید واژه: سرب, کادمیم, پاسخ بیوشیمیایی, تنش اکسیداتیو, خردل سفید,
چکیده مقاله :
فلزات سنگین از مهم‌ترین آلاینده‌های خاک و محیط زیست می‌باشند. در این تحقیق، برخی پارامترهای بیوشیمیایی گیاه Sinapis alba رشد یافتهدر خاک‌های آلوده شده با غلظت‌های مختلف کادمیم (۰، 75 و 150 mg/kg) و سرب (۰، 300 و 600 mg/kg) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. گیاهان حدود ۷ هفته پس از کشت در گلخانه، برداشت شدند. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که تیمارهای کادمیم سبب کاهش طول و وزن تر بخش هوایی و کل گیاه شد. هر چند تیمارهای سرب اثر معنی‌داری در صفات رشد گیاه نداشت. تیمارهای کادمیم سبب کاهش فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز، میزان پراکسید هیدروژن، پراکسیداسیون لیپید و افزایش میزان پروتئین محلول در بخش هوایی و افزایش فعالیت آنزیم پلیفنل اکسیداز در بخش هوایی و ریشه گیاه در مقایسه با شاهد شد. گیاهان تیمار شده با ۷۵ mg/kg کادمیم در مقایسه با گیاهان شاهد میزان کلروفیل a، کلروفیل کل و نسبت کلروفیل a به b بیشتری را نشان دادند. تیمارهای سرب منجر به کاهش، فعالیت آنزیم آسکوربات پراکسیداز در بخش هوایی و ریشه، میزان پروتئین محلول در ریشه و قندهای غیراحیاء کننده در بخش هوایی شد. تیمار 300 mg/kg سرب در بخش هوایی سبب افزایش، فعالیت آنزیم گایاکول پراکسیداز محلول و دیواره‌ای، میزان پراکسید هیدروژن، پروتئین محلول و کلروفیل a، b و کل گردید. تیمار ۶۰۰ mg/kg سرب سبب افزایش میزان پراکسید هیدروژن ریشه و کاهش کاروتنوئیدها شد. این نتایج نشان می‌دهد که خردل سفید با توجه به بیوماس بالا، افزایش میزان رنگدانه‌های فتوسنتزی و عدم وجود تنش اکسیداتیو دارای توانایی قوی برای تحمل کادمیم و سرب می‌باشد.
Salinity is an abiotic stress that seriously constrains agricultural production including potatoes in most regions of the world. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of salicylic acid, on growth properties and biochemical characteristics of in vitro cultureof Solanum tuberosum cv. Agria under salinity stress. The study was carried out at a completely random design with eight replications in the Department of Horticulture of University of Tabriz. Variables under study included salinity stress at two levels (0 and 70 mM/L sodium chloride) and salicylic acid at four levels (0, 1, 10, and 100 mM/L). Results showed that salicylic acid significantly mitigated the effects of salinity. Therefore, the highest plantlet length was recorded under salinity along with 10 mM salicylic acid treatment showing the positive effect of the treatment on mitigating the influences of salinity. However, the concentrations of salicylic acid higher than 10mM/L not only had no effect on plants, but also negatively influenced the effects of salinity stress. Also, antioxidant enzyme activity of the plantlets had a considerable increase at all concentrations of salicylic acid and levels of salinity. Moreover, the study suggested that Solanum tuberosum cv. Agria was relatively sensitive to salinity stress and all characteristics of the plants under study were influenced with salinity. Also, application of salicylic acid caused improvement in the growth and biochemical properties of the plants under study increasing their tolerance against salinity stress.
Ghorbanli, M. and Kiapour, A. (2012). Copper-induced changes on pigments and activity of non-enzimatic and enzyatic defence systems in Portulaca oleracea L.Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 28(2): 235-247.
Antoniadis, N. and Alloway, B.J. (2001). Availability of Cd, Ni and Zn to rye grass in seawage sludge treated soils at different temperatures. water, Air and Soil Pollution. 132: 201–204.
Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. polyphenoloxidase in Beta Vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24:1-15.
Bradford, M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72: 248-254.
Cobbett, C. and Goldsbrough, P. (2002). Phytochelatins and metalothioneins: roles in heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis. Annul Plant Biology. 53: 159-182.
Du, Z. and Bramlage, W.J. (1992). Modified thiobarbituric acid assay for measuring lipid oxidation in sugar-rich plant tissue extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 40: 1566-1570.
Epstein, E. and Bloom, A.J. (2005). Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc., Massachusetts.
Fargasova, A., Pastierova, J. and Svetkova, K. (2006). Effect of Se-metal pair combinations (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb) on photosynthetic pigments production and metal accumulation in Sinapis alba L. seedlings. Plant, Soil and Environment. 52 (1): 8–15.
Ferreira, R.R., Fornazir, R.F., Vitoria, A.P. and Lea, P. J. (2002). Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities in soybean under cadmium stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 25: 327–342 .
Fukoda, T., Ito, H. and Yoshida, T. (2003). Antioxidative polyphenols from Walnuts (Juglans regia L.). Phytochemistry. 63: 795-801.
Gill, S.S. and Tuteja, N. (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 48(12): 909-930.
Gouia, H., Ghorbal, M.H. and Meyer, C. (2001). Effect of cadmium on activity of nitrat reductase and on other enzymes of the nitrate assimilation pathway in bean. Plant Physiology.38: 629-638.
Gubrelay, U., Agnihotri, R.K., Singh, G., Kaur, R. and Sharma, R. (2013). Effect of heavy metal Cd on some physiological and biochemical parameters of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 5 (22): 2743-2751.
Hamid, N., Bukhari, N. and Jawaid, F. (2010). Physiological responses of Phaseolus vulgaris to different lead concentrations. Pakistan journal of Botany. 42(1): 239- 246.
Handel, E.V. (1968). Direct microdetermination of sucrose. Analytical Biochemistry 22: 280-283.
John, R., Ahmad, P., Gadgil, K. and Sharma, S. (2008). Effect of cadmium and lead on growth, biochemical parameters and uptake in Lemna polyrrhiza L. Plant Soil and Environment. 54 (6): 262–270.
John, R., Ahmad, P., Gadgil, K. and Sharma, S. (2009). Heavy metal toxicity: effect on plant growth, biochemical parameters metal accumulation by Brassica juncea L. International Journal of Plant Production. 3 (3): 65-76.
Kar, M. and Mishra, D. (1976). Catalase, Peroxidase and polyphenolxidase activities during rice leaf senescence. Plant Phsiology. 57: 315-319.
Kocal, N., Sonnewald, U. and Sonnewald, S. (2008). Cell wall-bound invertase limits sucrose export and is involved in symptom development and inhibition of photosynthesis during compatible interaction between tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria. Plant Physiology. 148: 1523-36.
Liu, D., Li, T.Q., Jin, X.F., Yang, X.E., Islam, E. and Mahmood, Q. (2008). Lead induced changes in the growth and antioxidant metabolism of the lead accumulating and nonaccumulating ecotypes Sedum Alfredii. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50(2): 129-140.
Liu, X. and Huang, B. (2000). Heat stress injury in relation to membrane lipid peroxidation in creeping. Crop Science. 40: 503-510.
Maiti, S., Purakayasta, S. and Ghosh, B. (2007). Thermal characterization of mustard straw and stalk in nitrogen at different heating rates. Fuel. 86: 1513-1518.
Mobin, M. and Khan, N.A. (2007). Photosynthetic activity pigment composition and antioxidative response of two mustard cultivars differing in photosynthetic capacity subjected to cadmium stress. Journal of Plant Physiology. 164: 601-610.
Molnarova, M. and Fargasova, A. (2012). Relationship between various physiological and biochemical parameters activated by cadmium in Sinapis alba L. and Hordeum vulgare L.Ecological Engineering. 49: 65–72.
Moya, J.L., Ros, R. and Picazo, I. (1993). Influence of cadmium and nickel on growth, net photosynthesis and carbohydrate distribution in rice plants. Photosynthesis Research. 36: 75-80.
Nagajyoti, P.C., Lee, K.D. and Sreekanth, T.V.M. (2010). Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 8(3): 199-216.
Nakano, Y. and Asada, k. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplast. Plant Cell Physiology. 22: 867-880.
Nouairi, I., Ben Ammar, W., Ben Youssef, N., Daoud, D.B., Ghorbal, M.H. and Zarrouk, M. (2006). Comparative study of cadmium effects on membrane lipid composition of Brassica juncea and Brassica napus leaves. Plant Science 170, 511–519.
Pinto, A.P., Motaa, M., Devarennes, A. and Pinto, F.C. (2004). Influence of organic matter on the uptake of cadmium, zinc, copper and iron by sorghum plants. Science of the Total Environment. 326: 239-247.
Prado, D.E., Gonzalea, J.A., Boero, C. and Sampietro, A.R. (1998). A simple and sensitive method for determining reducing sugars in plant tissues.Application to quantify the sugar contant in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seedlings. Phytochemical Analysis. 9: 58-63.
Price, M.L. and Butler, L.G. (1977). Rapid visual estimation and spectrophotometric determination of tannin content of sorghum grain. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 25: 1268–1273.
Ramos, I., Esteban, E., Lucena, J.J. and Garate, A. (2002). Cadmium uptake and subcellular distribution in plants of Lactuca sp. Cd-Mn intraction . Plant Science. 162: 761-767.
Resende, M.L.V., Nojosa, G.B.A., Cavalcanti, L.S., Aguilar, M.A.G., Silva, L.H.C.P., Perez, J.O., Andrade, G.C.G., Carvalho, G.A. and Castro, R.M. (2002). Induction of resistance in cocoa against Crinipellis perniciosa and Verticillium dahliae by acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM). Plant Pathology.51: 621-628.
Sanita di Toppi, L. and Gabbrielli, R. (1999). Response to cadmium in higher plants- review. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 41: 105-130.
Sergive, I., Alexieva, V. and Karanov, E. (1997). Effect of spermine, atrazine and combination between them on some endogeneus protective systems and stress markers in plants. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie Bulgare des Sciences. 51: 121-124.
Sharma, P.R. and Dubey, S. (2005). Lead toxicity in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 17(1): 35-52.
Sytar, O., Kumar, A., Latowski, D., Kuczynska, P., Strzałka, K. and Prasad, M.N.V. (2013). Heavy metal-induced oxidative damage, defense reactions, and detoxification mechanisms in plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 35(4): 985-999.
Tohidi, Z., Baghizadeh, A. and Enteshari, Sh. (2009). The effect of aluminum and phosphorous on Brassica napus. Agricalchural and Environment. 6: 137-142.
Vassilev, A., Berowa, M. and Zlatev, Z. (1998). Influence of Cd2+ on growth, chlorophyll content, and water relations in young barley plants. Biologia Plantarum. 41: 601–606.
Verma, S. and Dubey, R.S. (2001). Effect of Cd on soluble sugars and enzymes of their metabolism in rice. Biologia Plantarum. 44 (1): 117–123.
Wu, F.B. and Zhang, G.P. (2002). Genotypic variation in kernel heavy metal concentrations in barley and as affected by soil factors. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 25: 1163-1173.
Zhang, G., Fukami, M. and Sekimoto, H. (2002). Influence of cadmium on minral concentration and yield components in wheat genotypes differing in Cd tolerance at seedling stage. Field Crops Research. 77: 93-98.
_||_Ghorbanli, M. and Kiapour, A. (2012). Copper-induced changes on pigments and activity of non-enzimatic and enzyatic defence systems in Portulaca oleracea L.Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 28(2): 235-247.
Antoniadis, N. and Alloway, B.J. (2001). Availability of Cd, Ni and Zn to rye grass in seawage sludge treated soils at different temperatures. water, Air and Soil Pollution. 132: 201–204.
Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. polyphenoloxidase in Beta Vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24:1-15.
Bradford, M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72: 248-254.
Cobbett, C. and Goldsbrough, P. (2002). Phytochelatins and metalothioneins: roles in heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis. Annul Plant Biology. 53: 159-182.
Du, Z. and Bramlage, W.J. (1992). Modified thiobarbituric acid assay for measuring lipid oxidation in sugar-rich plant tissue extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 40: 1566-1570.
Epstein, E. and Bloom, A.J. (2005). Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc., Massachusetts.
Fargasova, A., Pastierova, J. and Svetkova, K. (2006). Effect of Se-metal pair combinations (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb) on photosynthetic pigments production and metal accumulation in Sinapis alba L. seedlings. Plant, Soil and Environment. 52 (1): 8–15.
Ferreira, R.R., Fornazir, R.F., Vitoria, A.P. and Lea, P. J. (2002). Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities in soybean under cadmium stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 25: 327–342 .
Fukoda, T., Ito, H. and Yoshida, T. (2003). Antioxidative polyphenols from Walnuts (Juglans regia L.). Phytochemistry. 63: 795-801.
Gill, S.S. and Tuteja, N. (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 48(12): 909-930.
Gouia, H., Ghorbal, M.H. and Meyer, C. (2001). Effect of cadmium on activity of nitrat reductase and on other enzymes of the nitrate assimilation pathway in bean. Plant Physiology.38: 629-638.
Gubrelay, U., Agnihotri, R.K., Singh, G., Kaur, R. and Sharma, R. (2013). Effect of heavy metal Cd on some physiological and biochemical parameters of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 5 (22): 2743-2751.
Hamid, N., Bukhari, N. and Jawaid, F. (2010). Physiological responses of Phaseolus vulgaris to different lead concentrations. Pakistan journal of Botany. 42(1): 239- 246.
Handel, E.V. (1968). Direct microdetermination of sucrose. Analytical Biochemistry 22: 280-283.
John, R., Ahmad, P., Gadgil, K. and Sharma, S. (2008). Effect of cadmium and lead on growth, biochemical parameters and uptake in Lemna polyrrhiza L. Plant Soil and Environment. 54 (6): 262–270.
John, R., Ahmad, P., Gadgil, K. and Sharma, S. (2009). Heavy metal toxicity: effect on plant growth, biochemical parameters metal accumulation by Brassica juncea L. International Journal of Plant Production. 3 (3): 65-76.
Kar, M. and Mishra, D. (1976). Catalase, Peroxidase and polyphenolxidase activities during rice leaf senescence. Plant Phsiology. 57: 315-319.
Kocal, N., Sonnewald, U. and Sonnewald, S. (2008). Cell wall-bound invertase limits sucrose export and is involved in symptom development and inhibition of photosynthesis during compatible interaction between tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria. Plant Physiology. 148: 1523-36.
Liu, D., Li, T.Q., Jin, X.F., Yang, X.E., Islam, E. and Mahmood, Q. (2008). Lead induced changes in the growth and antioxidant metabolism of the lead accumulating and nonaccumulating ecotypes Sedum Alfredii. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50(2): 129-140.
Liu, X. and Huang, B. (2000). Heat stress injury in relation to membrane lipid peroxidation in creeping. Crop Science. 40: 503-510.
Maiti, S., Purakayasta, S. and Ghosh, B. (2007). Thermal characterization of mustard straw and stalk in nitrogen at different heating rates. Fuel. 86: 1513-1518.
Mobin, M. and Khan, N.A. (2007). Photosynthetic activity pigment composition and antioxidative response of two mustard cultivars differing in photosynthetic capacity subjected to cadmium stress. Journal of Plant Physiology. 164: 601-610.
Molnarova, M. and Fargasova, A. (2012). Relationship between various physiological and biochemical parameters activated by cadmium in Sinapis alba L. and Hordeum vulgare L.Ecological Engineering. 49: 65–72.
Moya, J.L., Ros, R. and Picazo, I. (1993). Influence of cadmium and nickel on growth, net photosynthesis and carbohydrate distribution in rice plants. Photosynthesis Research. 36: 75-80.
Nagajyoti, P.C., Lee, K.D. and Sreekanth, T.V.M. (2010). Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 8(3): 199-216.
Nakano, Y. and Asada, k. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplast. Plant Cell Physiology. 22: 867-880.
Nouairi, I., Ben Ammar, W., Ben Youssef, N., Daoud, D.B., Ghorbal, M.H. and Zarrouk, M. (2006). Comparative study of cadmium effects on membrane lipid composition of Brassica juncea and Brassica napus leaves. Plant Science 170, 511–519.
Pinto, A.P., Motaa, M., Devarennes, A. and Pinto, F.C. (2004). Influence of organic matter on the uptake of cadmium, zinc, copper and iron by sorghum plants. Science of the Total Environment. 326: 239-247.
Prado, D.E., Gonzalea, J.A., Boero, C. and Sampietro, A.R. (1998). A simple and sensitive method for determining reducing sugars in plant tissues.Application to quantify the sugar contant in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seedlings. Phytochemical Analysis. 9: 58-63.
Price, M.L. and Butler, L.G. (1977). Rapid visual estimation and spectrophotometric determination of tannin content of sorghum grain. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 25: 1268–1273.
Ramos, I., Esteban, E., Lucena, J.J. and Garate, A. (2002). Cadmium uptake and subcellular distribution in plants of Lactuca sp. Cd-Mn intraction . Plant Science. 162: 761-767.
Resende, M.L.V., Nojosa, G.B.A., Cavalcanti, L.S., Aguilar, M.A.G., Silva, L.H.C.P., Perez, J.O., Andrade, G.C.G., Carvalho, G.A. and Castro, R.M. (2002). Induction of resistance in cocoa against Crinipellis perniciosa and Verticillium dahliae by acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM). Plant Pathology.51: 621-628.
Sanita di Toppi, L. and Gabbrielli, R. (1999). Response to cadmium in higher plants- review. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 41: 105-130.
Sergive, I., Alexieva, V. and Karanov, E. (1997). Effect of spermine, atrazine and combination between them on some endogeneus protective systems and stress markers in plants. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie Bulgare des Sciences. 51: 121-124.
Sharma, P.R. and Dubey, S. (2005). Lead toxicity in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology. 17(1): 35-52.
Sytar, O., Kumar, A., Latowski, D., Kuczynska, P., Strzałka, K. and Prasad, M.N.V. (2013). Heavy metal-induced oxidative damage, defense reactions, and detoxification mechanisms in plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 35(4): 985-999.
Tohidi, Z., Baghizadeh, A. and Enteshari, Sh. (2009). The effect of aluminum and phosphorous on Brassica napus. Agricalchural and Environment. 6: 137-142.
Vassilev, A., Berowa, M. and Zlatev, Z. (1998). Influence of Cd2+ on growth, chlorophyll content, and water relations in young barley plants. Biologia Plantarum. 41: 601–606.
Verma, S. and Dubey, R.S. (2001). Effect of Cd on soluble sugars and enzymes of their metabolism in rice. Biologia Plantarum. 44 (1): 117–123.
Wu, F.B. and Zhang, G.P. (2002). Genotypic variation in kernel heavy metal concentrations in barley and as affected by soil factors. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 25: 1163-1173.
Zhang, G., Fukami, M. and Sekimoto, H. (2002). Influence of cadmium on minral concentration and yield components in wheat genotypes differing in Cd tolerance at seedling stage. Field Crops Research. 77: 93-98.