بررسی صفات کیفی زردآلو رقم شاهرودی (Prunus armeniaca cv Shahroudi) در طی مراحل مختلف برداشت
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکجسیم طه 1 , جعفر حاجی لو 2 , غلامرضا دهقان 3
1 - گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
2 - گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
3 - گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم طبیعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
کلید واژه: کیفیت, زمان برداشت, زردآلو, شاهرودی, افزایش آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی,
چکیده مقاله :
امروزه توجه زیادی به کیفیت میوه‌ها از جمله میوه‌های هسته‌دار با توجه به عمر پس از برداشت کوتاه آنها می‌شود. هدف از این پژوهش ارزیابی بعضی از صفات کیفی در طی مراحل پایانی رشد و تعیین زمان مناسبت برداشت زردآلو رقم شاهرودی با توجه به زمان و بازار مصرف بود. میوه‌های زردآلو در فاصله 3 زمان مختلف، (فاصله هر برداشت از برداشت دیگر سه روز بود) برداشت شدند. آزمایش بر طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در 3 تیمار (مراحل مختلف برداشت) و 4 تکرار (جهت‌های اصلی جغرافیایی درخت) انجام شد. صفات کیفی اندازه‌گیری شده شامل: مواد جامد محلول کل، اسیدیته قابل تیتراسیون، ویتامین C ، سفتی‌بافت میوه، pH عصاره میوه، فنل، فلاونوئید کل، ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی کل، آنتوسیانین کل، آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی (پراکسیداز، کاتالاز، سوپراکسید دیسموتاز، پلی فنل اکسیداز) و پروتئین کل بودند. تمامی صفات در سطح 5% معنی‌دار بوده و در طول زمان‌های مختلف برداشت تغییر کردند. آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی در طول برداشت بجز پلی فنل اکسیداز افزایش و فنل‌ها و فلاونوئید‌ها کاهش پیدا کردند. با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده به نظر می‌رسد بهترین زمان برداشت برای این رقم زردآلو برداشت دوم باشد.
Today, much attention is paid to the quality of fruits, including those of nuclear origin, with regard to their after-harvest life. The purpose of this research was to evaluate some of the qualitative traits during the final stages of growth and determine the time of harvesting apricot of Shahroodi cultivar according to the time and market of consumption. Apricot fruits were harvested in 3 different time intervals (distance between each harvest and another three days). Experiment was conducted on randomized complete block design in three treatments (different stages of harvesting) and four replications (main tree species). The measured qualitative traits included total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, fruit firmness, pH of fruit extract, phenol, flavonoid, total antioxidant capacity, anthocyanin, antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase) , Polyphenol oxidase) and total protein. All traits were significant at 5% level and changed during harvesting. Antioxidant enzymes increased during harvesting, except polyphenol oxidase, phenols and flavonoids decreased. According to the results, it seems that the best harvest time for this apricot is the second harvest.
Aebi, H. (1984). Catalase in vitro. Methods in enzymology. 105(1):121-126
Al-Maiman, S.A. and Ahmad, D. (2002). Changes in physical and chemical properties during pomegranate (Punicagranatum L.) fruit maturation. Food Chemistry. 76: 437-441
Altuntas, E., Gul, E. and Bayram, M. (2013). The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of medlar (Mespilusgermanica L.) during physiological maturity and ripening period. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa. 30:33-40.
Asghari, M. and Khalili, H. (2014). The effect of aloe vera gel on the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme, qualitative properties and persistence of cherry fruit Black Mashhad. Journal of Horticulture Iran. 28(3):399-406.
Andrews, P.K., Fahy, D.A. and Foyer, C.H. (2004). Relationships between fruit exocarp antioxidants inthetomato Lycopersicon esculentum) high pigment‐1 mutant during development. Physiologia Plantarum. 120:519-528.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72:248-254.
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. and Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 28:25-30.
Chakraborty, U. and Tongden, C. (2005). Evaluation of heat acclimation and salicylic acid treatments as potent inducers of thermotolerance in Cicer arietinum L. Current Science. 12:384-389.
Chang, C.-C., Yang, M.-H., Wen, H.-M. and Chern, J.-C. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content i propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 10:178-182.
Chelikani, P., Fita, I. and Loewen, P. (2004). Diversity of structures and properties among catalases. Cellula and Molecular Life Sciences. 61:192-208.
Coseteng, M. and Lee, C. (1987). Changes in apple polyphenoloxidase and polyphenol concentrations in relation to degree of browning. Journal of Food Science. 52:985-989.
El-Badawy, H. and El-Sally, F. (2011). Physical and chemical of canino apricot fruits during cold storage as influenced by some postharvest treatment. Basic Apple. 5:537-548.
Flurkey, W.H. (1986). Polyphenoloxidase in higher plants immunological detection and analysis of in vitro translation products. Plant Physiology. 81:614-618.
Ganji Moghaddam, A. )2011(. Fruits in temperate regions. Agricultural Education and Promotion Publications. P. 295.
Ghasemi, Y., Nematzadeh, G.A., Ebrahimzadeh, M.A. and Dehpour, A.A. (2012). Influence of harvesting date on some physicochemical properties of nectarine leaf and fruit. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 6:5552-5556.
Ghasemnezhad, M. and Shiri, M. (2010). Effect of chitosan coatings on some quality indices of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) during cold storage. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 8:25-33.
Giannopolitis, C.N. and Ries, S.K. (1977). Superoxide dismutases I. Occurrence in higher plants. Plant physiology. 59(4):309-31.
Gilani, S.A., Qureshi, R.A., Khan, A.M. and Potter, D. (2010). Morphological characterization of the pollens of the selected species of genus Prunus Linn. from Northern Pakistan. African Journal of Biotechnology. 9:28-72.
Giusti, M.M. and Wrolstad, R.E. (2001). Characterization and measurement of anthocyanins by UV‐visible spectroscopy. Current protocols in food analytical chemistry. 1:1-11
Guerra, M. and Casquero, P. (2008). Effect of harvest date on cold storage and postharvest quality of plum cv GreenGage. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 47:325-332.
Gunduz, K., Saracoglu, O., Ozgen, M. and Serce, S. (2013). Antioxidant, physical and chemical characteristics of cornelian cherry fruits (Cornus mas L.) at different stages of ripeness, Hortorum Cultus. 12:59-66.
Hamedani, Moradi and Ghanbari. (2015). Effect of harvesting time and storage life on the quality o orang fruits of the variety "Moro" (Citrus sinensis cv Moro). Journal of Horticultural Science. 28 (2):252-259.
Hubbard, N.L., Pharr, D.M. and Huber, S.C. (1991). Sucrose phosphate synthase and other sucrose metabolizing enzymes in fruits of various species. Physiologia Plantarum. 82:191-196.
Iglesias, I. and Echeverría, G. (2009). Differential effect of cultivar and harvest date on nectarine colour, quality and consumer acceptance. Scientia Horticulturae. 120:41-50.
Kochhar, S., Watkins, C.B., Conklin, P.L. and Brown, S.K. (2003). A quantitative and qualitative analysis of antioxidant enzymes in relation to susceptibility of apples to superficial scald. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 128:910-916.
Koushesh saba, M., Arzani, K. and Barzegar, M. (2012). Postharvest polyamine application alleviates chilling injury and affects apricot storage ability. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60:8947-8953.
Kulkarni, A.P. and Aradhya, S.M. (2005). Chemical changes and antioxidant activity in pomegranate arils during fruit development. Food Chemistry. 93:319-324.
Layne, D.R., Bassi, D. (2008). The peach: botany, production and uses. CABI. 1:230-240
Lee, C.Y., Kagan, V., Jaworski, A.W. and Brown, S.K. (1990). Enzymic browning in relation to phenolic compounds and polyphenoloxidase activity among various peach cultivars. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 38:99-101.
Mandal, S., Suneja, P., Malik, S. and Mishra, S. (2007). Variability in kernel oil, its fatty acid and protein contents of different apricot (Prunus armeniaca) genotypes. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 77:464-466.
Matheis, G. and Whitaker, J.R. (1984). Modification of proteins by polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase and their products. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 8:137-162.
Mathew, A. and Parpia, H. (1971). Food browning as a polyphenol reaction. Advances in food research 19:7145-5
Meng, X., Han, J., Wang, Q. and Tian, S. (2009). Changes in physiology and quality of peach fruits treated by methyl jasmonate under low temperature stress. Food Chemistry. 114:1028-1035.
Miesle, T., Proctor, A. and Lagrimini, L. (1991). Peroxidase activity, isoenzymes, and tissue localizatio in developing highbush blueberry fruit. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 116:827-830.
Mondal, K., Sharma, N., Malhotra, S.P., Dhawan, K. and Singh, R. (2004). Antioxidant systems in ripening tomato fruits. Biologia Plantarum. 48:49-53.
Montero-Prado, P., Rodriguez-Lafuente, A. and Nerin, C. (2011). Active label-based packaging to extend the shelf-life of “Calanda” peach fruit: Changes in fruit quality and enzymatic activity. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 60:211-219.
Ozgen, M., Serçe, S. and Kaya, C. (2009). Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin-rich Morus nigra and Morus rubra fruits. Scientia Horticulturae. 119:275-279.
Piscopo, A., Romeo, F. V., Petrovicova, B. and Poiana, M. (2010). Effect of the harvest time on kernel quality of several almond varieties (Prunus dulcis Mill.). Scientia horticulturae. 125(1): 41-46.
Panahi, M., Hajilo, J. and Chaparazadeh, N. (2015). Evaluation of some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Blueberries (Cornus mas L.) fruit during stages The end of growth. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 43:1-11.
Pütter, J. (1974). Peroxidases. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis (Second Edition), Volume 2. Elsevier, pp. 685-690.
Rabinowitch, H. and Sklan, D. (1981). Superoxide dismutase activity in ripening cucumber and pepper fruit (Capsicumannuum, maturation, photodynamic reaction). Physiologia Plantarum. 1:1-15
Rahemi, M. (2011). Post-harvest physiology (introduction to the physiology and movement of fruits vegetables and ornamental plants). Sixth Edition, University of Shiraz Publication. pp. 437
Rahimi, M. )2010(. Postharvest Physiology (Introduction to the physiology and movement of fruits and vegetables). Ed 6. Shiraz University Press, p. 437.
Rostami, S., Ghasemnejad, M. and Ramezani Malik Rudi, M. (2015). Effect of fruit harvesting time on amount of antioxidant compounds of some olive cultivars (Olea europaea L.) in Rudbar area. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 13(52):35-45.
Rao, T.R., Gol, N.B. and Shah, K.K. (2011). Effect of postharvest treatments and storage temperatures on the quality and shelf life of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.). Scientia Horticulturae. 132:18 26.
Remorini, D., Tavarini, S., Degl’Innocenti, E., Loreti, F., Massai, R. and Guidi, L. (2008). Effect of rootstocks and harvesting time on the nutritional quality of peel and flesh of peach fruits. Food Chemistry. 110:361-367.
Roe, B. and Bruemmer, J.H. (1981). Changes in pectic substances and enzymes during ripening and storage of “Keitt” mangos. Journal of Food Science. 46:186-189.
Sadiqi, A., Gholami, M., Sari-e Khani, H. and Guidance, A. (2013). The Effect of Salicylic Acid and GibberellicAcid on Release Time, Anthocyanin Levels and Ethylene Production in Cherry Cherries in Black Mashhad. Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 26:146-141.
Shi, Q., Bao, Z., Zhu, Z., Ying, Q. and Qian, Q. (2006). Effects of different treatments of salicylic acid on hea tolerance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidant enzyme activity in seedlings of Cucumis sativa L. Plant growth regulation. 48:127-135.
Shin, Y., Ryu, J.-A., Liu, R.H., Nock, J.F. and Watkins, C.B. (2008). Harvest maturity, storage temperature and relative humidity affect fruit quality, antioxidant contents and activity, and inhibition of cell proliferation of strawberry fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 49:201 209.
Smirnoff, N. (1995). Antioxidant systems and plant response to the environment. Environment and plant metabolism: Flexibility and acclimation. 243-317.
Smirnoff, N. (1996). Botanical briefing: the function and metabolism of ascorbic acid in plants. Annals of botany. 78:661-669.
Sochor, J., Zitka, O., Skutkova, H., Pavlik, D., Babula, P., Krska, B., Horna, A., Adam, V., Provaznik, I. and Kizek, R.(2010). Content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in fruits of apricot genotypes. Molecules. 15:6285-6305.
Thygesen, P.W., Dry, I.B. and Robinson, S.P. (1995). Polyphenol oxidase in potato (a multigene family that exhibits differential expression patterns). Plant Physiology. 109:525-531.
Tommasi, F., Paciolla, C., de Pinto, M.C. and Gara, L.D. (2001). A comparative study of glutathione an ascorbate metabolism during germination of Pinus pinea L. seeds. Journal of Experimental Botany. 52:1647-1654.
Tosun, I., Ustun, N.S. and Tekguler, B. (2008). Physical and chemical changes during ripening of blackberry fruits. Scientia agricola. 65:87-90.
Wang, Y. S., Tian, S. P. and Xu, Y. (2005). Effects of high oxygen concentration on pro-and anti-oxidant enzymes in peach fruits during postharvest periods. Food chemistry. 91:99-104.
Waterhouse, A. L. (2002). Determination of total phenolics. Current protocols in food analytical chemistry. 11(1):3-8.
Zhang, Y., Chen, K. S., Chen, Q. J., Zhang, S. L. and Ren, Y. P. (2003). Effects of acetylsalicylic acid (AS and ethylene treatments on ripening and softening of postharvest kiwifruit. Acta Botanica Sinic. 45:1447-1452.
Zarrinebal, M., Soleimani, J., Eskandari, S., Dabagh Mohammadi Nasab, AS. and Prophecy Prophet, R. (2011). Effect of harvesting time and packing with modified atmosphere on the storage life of fruit of some apricot cultivars. Journal of Horticulture Science and Technology of Agriculture. 24:91-101
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Aebi, H. (1984). Catalase in vitro. Methods in enzymology. 105(1):121-126
Al-Maiman, S.A. and Ahmad, D. (2002). Changes in physical and chemical properties during pomegranate (Punicagranatum L.) fruit maturation. Food Chemistry. 76: 437-441
Altuntas, E., Gul, E. and Bayram, M. (2013). The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of medlar (Mespilusgermanica L.) during physiological maturity and ripening period. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa. 30:33-40.
Asghari, M. and Khalili, H. (2014). The effect of aloe vera gel on the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme, qualitative properties and persistence of cherry fruit Black Mashhad. Journal of Horticulture Iran. 28(3):399-406.
Andrews, P.K., Fahy, D.A. and Foyer, C.H. (2004). Relationships between fruit exocarp antioxidants inthetomato Lycopersicon esculentum) high pigment‐1 mutant during development. Physiologia Plantarum. 120:519-528.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72:248-254.
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. and Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 28:25-30.
Chakraborty, U. and Tongden, C. (2005). Evaluation of heat acclimation and salicylic acid treatments as potent inducers of thermotolerance in Cicer arietinum L. Current Science. 12:384-389.
Chang, C.-C., Yang, M.-H., Wen, H.-M. and Chern, J.-C. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content i propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 10:178-182.
Chelikani, P., Fita, I. and Loewen, P. (2004). Diversity of structures and properties among catalases. Cellula and Molecular Life Sciences. 61:192-208.
Coseteng, M. and Lee, C. (1987). Changes in apple polyphenoloxidase and polyphenol concentrations in relation to degree of browning. Journal of Food Science. 52:985-989.
El-Badawy, H. and El-Sally, F. (2011). Physical and chemical of canino apricot fruits during cold storage as influenced by some postharvest treatment. Basic Apple. 5:537-548.
Flurkey, W.H. (1986). Polyphenoloxidase in higher plants immunological detection and analysis of in vitro translation products. Plant Physiology. 81:614-618.
Ganji Moghaddam, A. )2011(. Fruits in temperate regions. Agricultural Education and Promotion Publications. P. 295.
Ghasemi, Y., Nematzadeh, G.A., Ebrahimzadeh, M.A. and Dehpour, A.A. (2012). Influence of harvesting date on some physicochemical properties of nectarine leaf and fruit. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 6:5552-5556.
Ghasemnezhad, M. and Shiri, M. (2010). Effect of chitosan coatings on some quality indices of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) during cold storage. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 8:25-33.
Giannopolitis, C.N. and Ries, S.K. (1977). Superoxide dismutases I. Occurrence in higher plants. Plant physiology. 59(4):309-31.
Gilani, S.A., Qureshi, R.A., Khan, A.M. and Potter, D. (2010). Morphological characterization of the pollens of the selected species of genus Prunus Linn. from Northern Pakistan. African Journal of Biotechnology. 9:28-72.
Giusti, M.M. and Wrolstad, R.E. (2001). Characterization and measurement of anthocyanins by UV‐visible spectroscopy. Current protocols in food analytical chemistry. 1:1-11
Guerra, M. and Casquero, P. (2008). Effect of harvest date on cold storage and postharvest quality of plum cv GreenGage. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 47:325-332.
Gunduz, K., Saracoglu, O., Ozgen, M. and Serce, S. (2013). Antioxidant, physical and chemical characteristics of cornelian cherry fruits (Cornus mas L.) at different stages of ripeness, Hortorum Cultus. 12:59-66.
Hamedani, Moradi and Ghanbari. (2015). Effect of harvesting time and storage life on the quality o orang fruits of the variety "Moro" (Citrus sinensis cv Moro). Journal of Horticultural Science. 28 (2):252-259.
Hubbard, N.L., Pharr, D.M. and Huber, S.C. (1991). Sucrose phosphate synthase and other sucrose metabolizing enzymes in fruits of various species. Physiologia Plantarum. 82:191-196.
Iglesias, I. and Echeverría, G. (2009). Differential effect of cultivar and harvest date on nectarine colour, quality and consumer acceptance. Scientia Horticulturae. 120:41-50.
Kochhar, S., Watkins, C.B., Conklin, P.L. and Brown, S.K. (2003). A quantitative and qualitative analysis of antioxidant enzymes in relation to susceptibility of apples to superficial scald. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 128:910-916.
Koushesh saba, M., Arzani, K. and Barzegar, M. (2012). Postharvest polyamine application alleviates chilling injury and affects apricot storage ability. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60:8947-8953.
Kulkarni, A.P. and Aradhya, S.M. (2005). Chemical changes and antioxidant activity in pomegranate arils during fruit development. Food Chemistry. 93:319-324.
Layne, D.R., Bassi, D. (2008). The peach: botany, production and uses. CABI. 1:230-240
Lee, C.Y., Kagan, V., Jaworski, A.W. and Brown, S.K. (1990). Enzymic browning in relation to phenolic compounds and polyphenoloxidase activity among various peach cultivars. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 38:99-101.
Mandal, S., Suneja, P., Malik, S. and Mishra, S. (2007). Variability in kernel oil, its fatty acid and protein contents of different apricot (Prunus armeniaca) genotypes. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 77:464-466.
Matheis, G. and Whitaker, J.R. (1984). Modification of proteins by polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase and their products. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 8:137-162.
Mathew, A. and Parpia, H. (1971). Food browning as a polyphenol reaction. Advances in food research 19:7145-5
Meng, X., Han, J., Wang, Q. and Tian, S. (2009). Changes in physiology and quality of peach fruits treated by methyl jasmonate under low temperature stress. Food Chemistry. 114:1028-1035.
Miesle, T., Proctor, A. and Lagrimini, L. (1991). Peroxidase activity, isoenzymes, and tissue localizatio in developing highbush blueberry fruit. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 116:827-830.
Mondal, K., Sharma, N., Malhotra, S.P., Dhawan, K. and Singh, R. (2004). Antioxidant systems in ripening tomato fruits. Biologia Plantarum. 48:49-53.
Montero-Prado, P., Rodriguez-Lafuente, A. and Nerin, C. (2011). Active label-based packaging to extend the shelf-life of “Calanda” peach fruit: Changes in fruit quality and enzymatic activity. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 60:211-219.
Ozgen, M., Serçe, S. and Kaya, C. (2009). Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin-rich Morus nigra and Morus rubra fruits. Scientia Horticulturae. 119:275-279.
Piscopo, A., Romeo, F. V., Petrovicova, B. and Poiana, M. (2010). Effect of the harvest time on kernel quality of several almond varieties (Prunus dulcis Mill.). Scientia horticulturae. 125(1): 41-46.
Panahi, M., Hajilo, J. and Chaparazadeh, N. (2015). Evaluation of some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Blueberries (Cornus mas L.) fruit during stages The end of growth. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 43:1-11.
Pütter, J. (1974). Peroxidases. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis (Second Edition), Volume 2. Elsevier, pp. 685-690.
Rabinowitch, H. and Sklan, D. (1981). Superoxide dismutase activity in ripening cucumber and pepper fruit (Capsicumannuum, maturation, photodynamic reaction). Physiologia Plantarum. 1:1-15
Rahemi, M. (2011). Post-harvest physiology (introduction to the physiology and movement of fruits vegetables and ornamental plants). Sixth Edition, University of Shiraz Publication. pp. 437
Rahimi, M. )2010(. Postharvest Physiology (Introduction to the physiology and movement of fruits and vegetables). Ed 6. Shiraz University Press, p. 437.
Rostami, S., Ghasemnejad, M. and Ramezani Malik Rudi, M. (2015). Effect of fruit harvesting time on amount of antioxidant compounds of some olive cultivars (Olea europaea L.) in Rudbar area. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 13(52):35-45.
Rao, T.R., Gol, N.B. and Shah, K.K. (2011). Effect of postharvest treatments and storage temperatures on the quality and shelf life of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.). Scientia Horticulturae. 132:18 26.
Remorini, D., Tavarini, S., Degl’Innocenti, E., Loreti, F., Massai, R. and Guidi, L. (2008). Effect of rootstocks and harvesting time on the nutritional quality of peel and flesh of peach fruits. Food Chemistry. 110:361-367.
Roe, B. and Bruemmer, J.H. (1981). Changes in pectic substances and enzymes during ripening and storage of “Keitt” mangos. Journal of Food Science. 46:186-189.
Sadiqi, A., Gholami, M., Sari-e Khani, H. and Guidance, A. (2013). The Effect of Salicylic Acid and GibberellicAcid on Release Time, Anthocyanin Levels and Ethylene Production in Cherry Cherries in Black Mashhad. Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 26:146-141.
Shi, Q., Bao, Z., Zhu, Z., Ying, Q. and Qian, Q. (2006). Effects of different treatments of salicylic acid on hea tolerance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidant enzyme activity in seedlings of Cucumis sativa L. Plant growth regulation. 48:127-135.
Shin, Y., Ryu, J.-A., Liu, R.H., Nock, J.F. and Watkins, C.B. (2008). Harvest maturity, storage temperature and relative humidity affect fruit quality, antioxidant contents and activity, and inhibition of cell proliferation of strawberry fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 49:201 209.
Smirnoff, N. (1995). Antioxidant systems and plant response to the environment. Environment and plant metabolism: Flexibility and acclimation. 243-317.
Smirnoff, N. (1996). Botanical briefing: the function and metabolism of ascorbic acid in plants. Annals of botany. 78:661-669.
Sochor, J., Zitka, O., Skutkova, H., Pavlik, D., Babula, P., Krska, B., Horna, A., Adam, V., Provaznik, I. and Kizek, R.(2010). Content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in fruits of apricot genotypes. Molecules. 15:6285-6305.
Thygesen, P.W., Dry, I.B. and Robinson, S.P. (1995). Polyphenol oxidase in potato (a multigene family that exhibits differential expression patterns). Plant Physiology. 109:525-531.
Tommasi, F., Paciolla, C., de Pinto, M.C. and Gara, L.D. (2001). A comparative study of glutathione an ascorbate metabolism during germination of Pinus pinea L. seeds. Journal of Experimental Botany. 52:1647-1654.
Tosun, I., Ustun, N.S. and Tekguler, B. (2008). Physical and chemical changes during ripening of blackberry fruits. Scientia agricola. 65:87-90.
Wang, Y. S., Tian, S. P. and Xu, Y. (2005). Effects of high oxygen concentration on pro-and anti-oxidant enzymes in peach fruits during postharvest periods. Food chemistry. 91:99-104.
Waterhouse, A. L. (2002). Determination of total phenolics. Current protocols in food analytical chemistry. 11(1):3-8.
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