اثر کود سیلیکا بر رشد، زی‌توده و جذب عناصر غذایی در نهال های گلدانی بلوط ایرانی (Quercus brantii Lindl.)
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکمهرداد زرافشار 1 , سید کاظم بردبار 2 , محمد متینی زاده 3 , علیرضا عباسی 4 , محمد رضا نگهدار صابر 5 , شهرام احمدی 6 , سعید بهرامی 7 , حسن رضایی 8
1 - بخش تحقیقات منابع طبیعی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات،
آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز. ایران.
2 - بخش تحقیقات منابع طبیعی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات،
آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز. ایران.
3 - بخش تحقیقات جنگل، موسسه تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع ایران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران
4 - بخش تحقیقات منابع طبیعی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات،
آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز. ایران.
5 - 1بخش تحقیقات منابع طبیعی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات،
آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز. ایران.
6 - کارشناس اداره کل منابع‌طبیعی و آبخیزداری استان فارس، شیراز. ایران
7 - کارشناس اداره کل منابع‌طبیعی و آبخیزداری استان فارس، شیراز. ایران
8 - کارشناس اداره کل منابع‌طبیعی و آبخیزداری استان فارس، شیراز. ایران
کلید واژه: جنگل‌های زاگرس, سیلیکون, نهال جنگلی, نهالستان, کوددهی,
چکیده مقاله :
مطالعه فاکتورهای مختلف اثرگذار در جهت ارتقاء رشد نهال های موجود در نهالستان و عرصه های جنگل‌کاری از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. از طرفی، با وجود اینکه سیلیکون به عنوان یک عنصر ضروری در گیاهان شناخته نشده، اما اثرات مفید فراوانی بر گیاهان دارد. به همین منظور آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی در 5 سطح تیمار برای ارزیابی غلظت های مختلف سیلیکا بر برخی پارامترهای رشد و جذب عناصر غذایی در نهال های بلوط ایرانی طراحی و اجرا گردید. برای هر تیمار 10 گلدان در نظر گرفته شد و تیمارهای اعمال شده شامل سطوح شاهد و آبیاری با غلظت های 50، 150، 350 و 500 میلی گرم در لیتر سیلیکا (بر اساس ظرفیت زراعی) صورت گرفت. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که اگرچه سیلیکا بر مقدار قطر طوقه نهال ها تاثیر معنی دار آماری نداشت، اما حجم ریشه و قطر ساقه نهال های تیمار شده با 500 میلی گرم در لیتر سیلیکا تا بیش از 50% بیشتر از نهال های شاهد بود. از سوی دیگر، نهال هایی کوددهی شده با غلظت 500 میلی گرم در لیتر سیلیکا دارای بیشترین زی‌توده خشک نسبت به شاهد و دیگر تیمارها بودند به طوری که حدود 68 تا 80 درصد افزایش در زی توده برگ، ساقه و ریشه این نهال ها نسبت به نهال های شاهد مشاهده شد. بیشترین جذب عناصر نیتروژن، پتاسیم و کلسیم مربوط به تیمار 150 میلی‌گرم در لیتر بود. با این وجود، سیلیکا در غلظت های پایین سبب کاهش جذب عناصر منگنز، مس و روی شد و در کل مقدار جذب آهن در حضور سیلیکا کاهش یافت. در نهایت می توان اذعان داشت که استفاده از کود سیلیکا در این پژوهش سبب افزایش زی‌توده کل نهال‌های بلوط و همچنین افزایش جذب ماکروالمنت ها شد که این یافته می تواند در نهالستان های جنگلی برای تولید نهال مورد عنایت قرار گیرد. با این وجود برای درک مکانیسم آن مطالعات تکمیلی از جمله آنالیز بیان ژن و پروتئین‌ها مورد نیاز است.
The study of various affecting factors in order to promote seedling growth at nursery and afforestation areas is very important. Although silicon is not recognized as an essential element in plants, it has very beneficial effects on plant species. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted following a completely randomized design with 5 treatments to evaluate different concentrations of silica on some growth parameters and nutrient uptake in Iranian oak seedlings. For each treatment, 10 pots were considered and treatments were performed including control and irrigation treatments with concentrations of 50, 150, 350 and 500 mg L-1 silica (based on field capacity). The result showed that silica had no statistically significant effect on basic diameter but root volume and stem diameter in seedlings treated with 500 mg L-1 were greatre around more than 50% in comparison with control seedlings. On the other hand, seedlings treated with 500 mg L-1 silica had the highest dry biomass compared to control and other treatments so that the leaf, stem and root biomass of the treatment were higher around 68-80% than control seedlings. The highest absorption of nitrogen, potassium and calcium were observed in 150 mg L-1 treatment. However, at low concentrations, silica decreased the uptake of manganese, copper and zinc and decreased the amount of iron uptake in the presence of silicon. Finally, it can be concluded that the use of silica in this study increased the total biomass of oak seedlings and also increased the absorption of macro elements so, the finding can be considered in forest nursery to seedling production. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to understand its mechanism, including gene and protein expression analysis.
References
Ashkavand, P., Tabari, M., Aliyari, F., Zarafshar, M., Striker, G.G., Shukla, P.K., Sattarian, A. and Misra, P. (2018). Nanosilicon Particle Effects on Physiology and Growth of Woody Plants. In Phytotoxicity ofNanoparticles (pp. 285-299). Springer, Cham.
Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney, C.S. (1982). Nitrogen-Total. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R. Eds., American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, 595-624.
Epstein, E. (1999). Silicon. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 50(1): 641-664.
Gholami, Y. and Falah, A. (2013). Effects of two different sources of silicon on dry matter production, yield and yield components of rice, Tarom Hashemi variety and 843 Lines. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences (IJACS). 5(3): 227-231.
Greger, M., Landberg, T. and Vaculík, M. (2018). Silicon influences soil availability and accumulation of mineral nutrients in various plant species. Plants. 7(2): p.41.
Gunes, A., Pilbeam, D.J. Inal, A. and Coban, S. (2008). Influence of silicon on sunflower cultivars under drought stress, I: growth, antioxidant mechanisms, and lipid peroxidation. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 39:1885–1903.
Hattori, T., Inanaga, S., Araki, H., Morita, A. P. and Lux, A. (2005). Application of silicon enhanced drought tolerance in Sorghum bicolor. Physiologia Plantarum. 123(4): 459-466.
Hodson, M.J., White, P.J., Mead, A. and Broadley, M.R. (2005). Phylogenetic variation in the silicon composition of plants. Annals of Botany, 96(6): 1027-1046.
Iwasaki, K., Meier, P., Fecht, M. and Horst, W.J. (2002). Effects of silicon supply on apoplastic manganese concentrations in leaves and their relation to manganese tolerance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Plant and Soil. 238(2): 281-288.
Janislampi, K.W. (2012). Effect of silicon on plant growth and drought stress tolerance. Master of thesis in Utah State University.
Kim, Y.H., Khan, A.L., Shinwari, Z.K., Kim, D.H., Waqas, M.U.H.A.M.M.A.D., Kamran, M.U.H.A.M.M.A.D. and Lee, I.J. (2012). Silicon treatment to rice (Oryza sativa L. cv.‘Gopumbyeo’) plants during different growth periods and its effects on growth and grain yield. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 44(3): 891-897.
Kostic, L., Nikolic, N., Bosnic, D., Samardzic, J. and Nikolic, M. (2017). Silicon increases phosphorus (P) uptake by wheat under low P acid soil conditions. Plant and Soil. 419(1-2): 447-455.
Liang, Y.C., Wong, J.W.C. and Wei, L. (2005). Silicon-mediated enhancement of cadmium tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) grown in cadmium contaminated soil. Chemosphere. 58:475–483.
Lu, C. M., Zhang, C. Y., Wen, J. Q., Wu, G. R. and Tao, M.X. (2002). Research of the effect of nanometer materials on germination and growth enhancement of Glycine max and its mechanism. Soybean Science. 21: 168-172.
Ma, JF and Yamaji, N. (2015). A cooperative system of silicon transport in plants. Trends Plant Science. 20 (7):435–442.
Ma, J. F. and Yamaji, N. (2006). Silicon uptake and accumulation in higher plants, Trends in Plant Science. 11(8): 392-397.
Ma, J.F. (2004). Role of silicon in enhancing the resistance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 50 (1): 11–18.
Mateos-Naranjo, E., Andrades-Moreno, L. and Davy, A.J. (2013). Silicon alleviates deleterious effects of high salinity on the halophytic grass Spartina densiflora. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 63: 115-121.
Miao, B.H., Han, X.G. and Zhang, W.H. (2010). The ameliorative effect of silicon on soybean seedlings grown in potassium-deficient medium. Annals of Botany. 105:967–973.
Neu, S., Schaller, J. and Dudel, E.G. (2017). Silicon availability modifies nutrient use efficiency and content, C: N: P stoichiometry, and productivity of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Scientific Reports. 7: 40829.
Pati, S., Pal, B., Badole, S., Hazra, G.C. and Mandal, B. (2016). Effect of silicon fertilization on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of rice. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 47(3): 284-290.
Pessarakli, M. (1999). Handbook of plant and crop stress, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona, New York, 1198 PP.
Schaller, J., Brackhage, C., Paasch, S., Brunner, E., Bäucker, E. and Dudel, E. G. (2013). Silica uptake from nanoparticles and silica condensation state in different tissues of Phragmites australisi. Science of Total Environment. 442(1): 6-9.
Schaller, J., Faucherre, S., Joss, H., Obst, M., Goeckede, M., Planer-Friedrich, B., Peiffer, S., Gilfedder, B. and Elberling, B. (2019). Silicon increases the phosphorus availability of Arctic soils. Scientific Reports. 9(1): 1-11.
Singh, A. K., R. Singh, and K. Singh. (2005). Growth, yield, and economics of rice (Oryza sativa) as influenced by level and time of silicon application. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 50:190–93.
Sonobe, K., Hattori, T., An, P., Tsuji, W., Eneji, A.E., Kobayashi, S., Kawamura, Y., Tanaka, K. and Inanaga, S. (2010). Effect of silicon application on sorghum root responses to water stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 34(1): 71-82.
Sun, D., Hussain, H.I., Yi, Z., Rookes, J.E., Kong, L. and Cahill, D.M. (2016). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles enhance seedling growth and photosynthesis in wheat and lupin. Chemosphere. 152: 81-91.
Tashakori, Sh. (2015). The effect of bulk and nano SiO2 on drought resistant of Quercus infectoria. A master thesis submitted to Urmia university. 83 p.
Wallace, A. (1989). Relationships among nitrogen, silicon, and heavy metal uptake by plants. Soil Science. 147(6): 457-460.
Wang, M., Gao, L., Dong, S., Sun, Y., Shen, Q. and Guo, S. (2017). Role of silicon on plant–pathogen interactions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, p.701.
Yuvakkumar, R., Elango, V., Rajendran, V., Kannan, N.S. and Prabu, P. (2011). Influence of Nanosilica Powder on the Growth of Maize Crop (Zea Mays L.), International Journal of Green Nanotechnology. 3(3): 180-190.
Zarafshar, M. (2014). Thes response of wild pear seedlings (Pyrus biosseriana Buhse) to drought stress and efficiency of TiO2 and SiO2 nanomaterial in improving deleterious effects of drought stress. A PhD thesis submitted to Tarbiat Modares University. 146 p.
Zarafshar, M., Akbarinia, M., Askari, H., Hosseini, S.M., Rahaie, M. and Struve, D. (2015). Toxicity Assessment of SiO2 Nanoparticles to Pear Seedlings. International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 11(1), 13-22.
_||_
References
Ashkavand, P., Tabari, M., Aliyari, F., Zarafshar, M., Striker, G.G., Shukla, P.K., Sattarian, A. and Misra, P. (2018). Nanosilicon Particle Effects on Physiology and Growth of Woody Plants. In Phytotoxicity ofNanoparticles (pp. 285-299). Springer, Cham.
Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney, C.S. (1982). Nitrogen-Total. In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R. Eds., American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, 595-624.
Epstein, E. (1999). Silicon. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 50(1): 641-664.
Gholami, Y. and Falah, A. (2013). Effects of two different sources of silicon on dry matter production, yield and yield components of rice, Tarom Hashemi variety and 843 Lines. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences (IJACS). 5(3): 227-231.
Greger, M., Landberg, T. and Vaculík, M. (2018). Silicon influences soil availability and accumulation of mineral nutrients in various plant species. Plants. 7(2): p.41.
Gunes, A., Pilbeam, D.J. Inal, A. and Coban, S. (2008). Influence of silicon on sunflower cultivars under drought stress, I: growth, antioxidant mechanisms, and lipid peroxidation. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 39:1885–1903.
Hattori, T., Inanaga, S., Araki, H., Morita, A. P. and Lux, A. (2005). Application of silicon enhanced drought tolerance in Sorghum bicolor. Physiologia Plantarum. 123(4): 459-466.
Hodson, M.J., White, P.J., Mead, A. and Broadley, M.R. (2005). Phylogenetic variation in the silicon composition of plants. Annals of Botany, 96(6): 1027-1046.
Iwasaki, K., Meier, P., Fecht, M. and Horst, W.J. (2002). Effects of silicon supply on apoplastic manganese concentrations in leaves and their relation to manganese tolerance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Plant and Soil. 238(2): 281-288.
Janislampi, K.W. (2012). Effect of silicon on plant growth and drought stress tolerance. Master of thesis in Utah State University.
Kim, Y.H., Khan, A.L., Shinwari, Z.K., Kim, D.H., Waqas, M.U.H.A.M.M.A.D., Kamran, M.U.H.A.M.M.A.D. and Lee, I.J. (2012). Silicon treatment to rice (Oryza sativa L. cv.‘Gopumbyeo’) plants during different growth periods and its effects on growth and grain yield. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 44(3): 891-897.
Kostic, L., Nikolic, N., Bosnic, D., Samardzic, J. and Nikolic, M. (2017). Silicon increases phosphorus (P) uptake by wheat under low P acid soil conditions. Plant and Soil. 419(1-2): 447-455.
Liang, Y.C., Wong, J.W.C. and Wei, L. (2005). Silicon-mediated enhancement of cadmium tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) grown in cadmium contaminated soil. Chemosphere. 58:475–483.
Lu, C. M., Zhang, C. Y., Wen, J. Q., Wu, G. R. and Tao, M.X. (2002). Research of the effect of nanometer materials on germination and growth enhancement of Glycine max and its mechanism. Soybean Science. 21: 168-172.
Ma, JF and Yamaji, N. (2015). A cooperative system of silicon transport in plants. Trends Plant Science. 20 (7):435–442.
Ma, J. F. and Yamaji, N. (2006). Silicon uptake and accumulation in higher plants, Trends in Plant Science. 11(8): 392-397.
Ma, J.F. (2004). Role of silicon in enhancing the resistance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 50 (1): 11–18.
Mateos-Naranjo, E., Andrades-Moreno, L. and Davy, A.J. (2013). Silicon alleviates deleterious effects of high salinity on the halophytic grass Spartina densiflora. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 63: 115-121.
Miao, B.H., Han, X.G. and Zhang, W.H. (2010). The ameliorative effect of silicon on soybean seedlings grown in potassium-deficient medium. Annals of Botany. 105:967–973.
Neu, S., Schaller, J. and Dudel, E.G. (2017). Silicon availability modifies nutrient use efficiency and content, C: N: P stoichiometry, and productivity of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Scientific Reports. 7: 40829.
Pati, S., Pal, B., Badole, S., Hazra, G.C. and Mandal, B. (2016). Effect of silicon fertilization on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of rice. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 47(3): 284-290.
Pessarakli, M. (1999). Handbook of plant and crop stress, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona, New York, 1198 PP.
Schaller, J., Brackhage, C., Paasch, S., Brunner, E., Bäucker, E. and Dudel, E. G. (2013). Silica uptake from nanoparticles and silica condensation state in different tissues of Phragmites australisi. Science of Total Environment. 442(1): 6-9.
Schaller, J., Faucherre, S., Joss, H., Obst, M., Goeckede, M., Planer-Friedrich, B., Peiffer, S., Gilfedder, B. and Elberling, B. (2019). Silicon increases the phosphorus availability of Arctic soils. Scientific Reports. 9(1): 1-11.
Singh, A. K., R. Singh, and K. Singh. (2005). Growth, yield, and economics of rice (Oryza sativa) as influenced by level and time of silicon application. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 50:190–93.
Sonobe, K., Hattori, T., An, P., Tsuji, W., Eneji, A.E., Kobayashi, S., Kawamura, Y., Tanaka, K. and Inanaga, S. (2010). Effect of silicon application on sorghum root responses to water stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 34(1): 71-82.
Sun, D., Hussain, H.I., Yi, Z., Rookes, J.E., Kong, L. and Cahill, D.M. (2016). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles enhance seedling growth and photosynthesis in wheat and lupin. Chemosphere. 152: 81-91.
Tashakori, Sh. (2015). The effect of bulk and nano SiO2 on drought resistant of Quercus infectoria. A master thesis submitted to Urmia university. 83 p.
Wallace, A. (1989). Relationships among nitrogen, silicon, and heavy metal uptake by plants. Soil Science. 147(6): 457-460.
Wang, M., Gao, L., Dong, S., Sun, Y., Shen, Q. and Guo, S. (2017). Role of silicon on plant–pathogen interactions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, p.701.
Yuvakkumar, R., Elango, V., Rajendran, V., Kannan, N.S. and Prabu, P. (2011). Influence of Nanosilica Powder on the Growth of Maize Crop (Zea Mays L.), International Journal of Green Nanotechnology. 3(3): 180-190.
Zarafshar, M. (2014). Thes response of wild pear seedlings (Pyrus biosseriana Buhse) to drought stress and efficiency of TiO2 and SiO2 nanomaterial in improving deleterious effects of drought stress. A PhD thesis submitted to Tarbiat Modares University. 146 p.
Zarafshar, M., Akbarinia, M., Askari, H., Hosseini, S.M., Rahaie, M. and Struve, D. (2015). Toxicity Assessment of SiO2 Nanoparticles to Pear Seedlings. International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 11(1), 13-22.