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Open Access Article
1 - In vitro carbohydrate stress: salicylic acid increases soluble invertase activity in Pistacia vera L. in vitro plantlets. Françoise Bernard *, Majid Baghai and Shirin Hadad Kaveh
The action of salicylic acid (SA) has been well investigated in plant resistance against pathogen attacks but its role may be extended to a more global anti-stress plant cell strategy. The expression of defense-related functions may be also enhanced by elevated hexose l MoreThe action of salicylic acid (SA) has been well investigated in plant resistance against pathogen attacks but its role may be extended to a more global anti-stress plant cell strategy. The expression of defense-related functions may be also enhanced by elevated hexose levels. To verify if there exists a relation between these two defense programs, SA effect on soluble acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity was investigated in in vitro grown Pistacia vera plantlets from isolated embryonic axes, at different doses of exogenous sucrose. For this purpose embryonic axes were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g.L-1 sucrose (control range) with 50 µM SA. After one month of growth, roots and shoots were used for analysis separately. SA treatment significantly enhanced the soluble invertase activity in tissues. The increase was more remarkable in root tissues. Sucrose limitation (10 g.L-1) SA-treated plantlets and sucrose osmotic stressed (50 g.L-1) SA-treated plantlets have shown very important increases in invertase activity and this was accompanied with a significant raise of total protein in spite of growth reduction. The implication of soluble invertase in the anti-stress strategy of these tissues seems to be important. It is likely that hexose signaling of defense expression may be related to the action of salicylic acid on soluble invertase activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Agro-physiological performance of wheat genotypes under normal moisture and drought conditions. Hafiz Muhammad Akram*, Abdus Sattar, Abbas Ali and Mushtaq Nadeem
Scarcity of water for irrigation is an alarming issue of Pakistan and the problem is being magnified rapidly with the passage of time. Shortage of water is thus, a limiting factor in increasing per unit area wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield that is staple food of most MoreScarcity of water for irrigation is an alarming issue of Pakistan and the problem is being magnified rapidly with the passage of time. Shortage of water is thus, a limiting factor in increasing per unit area wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield that is staple food of most of the people. Eventually, the gap between production and consumption is widening day by day and Pakistan is now suffering from food crisis. Hence, to find out the wheat genotypes having comparatively more drought tolerance, a field experiment was conducted during 2005-06 and 2006-07 on 497 wheat genotypes, which were subjected to drought conditions in addition to growing under normal soil moisture conditions. Screening of the genotypes was done on the basis of some Physiological and Agronomic attributes such as, Stomatal Conductance, Net Photosynthetic Rate, Transpiration Rate, Photo Active Radiation, Plant Height, Productive Tillers, Grains per Spike, 1000-Grain Weight, Biological Yield, Grain Yield per Plant and Harvest Index. Drought stress adversely affected all these parameters, which expressed significant decrease in their values except harvest index, which was significantly increased irrespective of genotypes during both the years of study. The genotypes under study, on the basis of above physiological and agronomic attributes were grouped into high yielding drought sensitive, high yielding drought tolerant, low yielding drought tolerant and low yielding drought sensitive groups, employing cluster analysis. Thus, out of 497 sixteen wheat genotypes were ranked as high yielding drought tolerant which can be successfully grown under drought conditions without substantial decrease in grain yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Effects of salicylic acid on the induction of physiological and biochemical changes in Brassica napus L. under water stress. Maryam Mazaheri Tirani1, 2*, Fatemeh Nasibi1 and Khosro Manoochehri Kalantari 1, 3
Drought stress is considered as a restricting factor in plant production and salicylic acid (SA) has been reported to minimize the harmful effects of many stresses including drought. In this study, salicylic acid was sprayed on the leaves of Brassica napus at the 4-leaf MoreDrought stress is considered as a restricting factor in plant production and salicylic acid (SA) has been reported to minimize the harmful effects of many stresses including drought. In this study, salicylic acid was sprayed on the leaves of Brassica napus at the 4-leaf stage at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM for two days. Plants were subjected to drought stress (withholding water for five days). Drought stress significantly reduced photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll and carotenoids) and anthocyanins content but increased lipid peroxidation, proline and ethylene. SA at 1 mM alleviated damage caused by drought stress on all parameters measured. It is concluded that salicylic acid can considerably alleviate damages caused by drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activity in different parts of Heracleum gorganicum Rech.F. in Golestan province of Iran. Masoumeh Mazandarani1*, Samira Makari 2, Gholam Reza Bajian2, Parastoo Zarghami Moghaddam3 and Mehdi Abrodi4
The aim of the present experiment was to study the relationship between secondary metabolites content (phenol and flavonoid) and antioxidant activity in root, stem, leaves, and fruits of Heracleum gorganicumRech. F. The various parts of plant were collected in Ziarat Mo MoreThe aim of the present experiment was to study the relationship between secondary metabolites content (phenol and flavonoid) and antioxidant activity in root, stem, leaves, and fruits of Heracleum gorganicumRech. F. The various parts of plant were collected in Ziarat Mountainin Golestan province. Total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) contents were determined spectrophotometrically and antioxidant activity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) method. Results showed that the TP varied from 1.31±0.22 to 14.6±0.52 mg GAE g -1 in the parts and TF contents were between 2 ±0.5 to84.84 ± 11.65 mg QUE g-1. Antioxidant Activity(IC 50)was measured in ranges 0.11±0.01 to 0.23±0.015mg ml-1 in DPPH method. There was a positive correlation between antioxidant activity and secondary metabolites content. The results of the present study showed that the leaves of H. gorganicum had the highest content of TP and TF compounds and antioxidant activity, providing natural sources for antioxidant compounds. This confirmed traditional uses of the plant by the rural healers as antiseptic, digestive, carminative and epilepsy in north of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Effects of season and soil conditions on the mycorrhizal status and colonization of seven grass species. Mahmood Ghorbani*, Jalil Khara and Nasser Abbaspour
In this study seven plant species were collected from the forest of Arasbaran located in the northwest of Iran. Sampling was conducted in May and August and roots were used for calculating vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization percentage during the same period. MoreIn this study seven plant species were collected from the forest of Arasbaran located in the northwest of Iran. Sampling was conducted in May and August and roots were used for calculating vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization percentage during the same period. Fine roots were separated, washed and put in FAA solution as a fixative. Through the time, root colonization of all plant species increased significantly. Soil collected from rhizosphere of each plant species was physico-chemically analyzed and spore number was determined. Similar to VAM colonization of roots, spore population per 1 gram rhizosphere soil of all plants except Melilotus officinalis increased through the time. Rhizosphere soils were used for analysis of EC, pH and soil available N, P and K. Soil texture also was analyzed. Soil EC had very high correlation (r = 0.923, p < 0.05) with spore number and pH had high but negative correlation with both spore number and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization. Among the soil available nutrients, N showed high correlation with root colonization and specially spore populations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Effects of form and level of orthophosphate on growth, uptake and distribution of some elements in maize (Zea mays L.cv.ksc700). Soraya Fattahpour, Kamaladdin Dilmaghani and Hassan Hekmat Shoar*
In this study, the plants of maize (Zea mays L.cv.ksc700) were grown in Hoagland solution containing 1, 3 and 5 mM KH2PO4 or K2HPO4 under controlled conditions. At similar levels of mono and diphosphate, plants supplied with monophosphate have produced higher content of MoreIn this study, the plants of maize (Zea mays L.cv.ksc700) were grown in Hoagland solution containing 1, 3 and 5 mM KH2PO4 or K2HPO4 under controlled conditions. At similar levels of mono and diphosphate, plants supplied with monophosphate have produced higher content of dry matter and characterized with higher total chlorophyll content and longer and well proliferated root system than those treated with similar levels of diphosphate. Plants fed with monophosphate exported more than 50% of the total produced substances toward root system whereas, for the plant supplied with diphosphate, it was less than 20% approximately. In addition, there were a positive and significant correlation between the rate of the uptake and the content of the measured elements such as P, N, Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, Na+ and monophosphate level; however, the same elements except for K+ negatively correlated with diphosphate. In both groups, the major proportion of the absorbed elements was more or less accumulated in leaves in relation to that of other parts of the plants. At the end of experiment, while pH decreased in the root medium supplied with monophosphate, an increase was observed in pH of those containing diphosphate. Differences between means values related to the same parameters in most of the cases were significant at P<0.05. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Effect of artificial drought stress on seed quality of bread wheat . Alpay Balkan*
The aim of the present study was to determine effects of artificial drought stress on the characteristics of germination and seedling growth in bread wheat cultivars. The material of experiment consisted of seeds obtained from eight bread wheat cultivars with different MoreThe aim of the present study was to determine effects of artificial drought stress on the characteristics of germination and seedling growth in bread wheat cultivars. The material of experiment consisted of seeds obtained from eight bread wheat cultivars with different response to drought (Alpu 2001, Sultan 95, Konya 2002, Eser as sensitive cultivars; Karahan 99, Tosunbey, Kate A1 as resistant cultivars and Golia as moderate-resistant cultivar) after their treatment, in the previous year, by artificial drought stress through using chemical desiccant (4% potassium chlorate-KClO3). The laboratory experiment was conducted in randomized split plot design with 4 replicates. Results indicated that cultivars had almost a significant effect on all measured characteristics. The highest water uptake and root number were observed in the moderate-resistant cultivar. The resistant cultivars had relatively higher values than the other cultivars for germination percentage, coleoptile length, seedling length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root dry weight. However, the highest mean germination time, root length and root fresh weight were observed in drought sensitive cultivars. The non-desiccant seeds showed higher performances for root number, coleoptiles length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, root fresh weight and root dry weight than desiccated seeds. In contrast, desiccated seeds had better values of water uptake and germination percentage than non-desiccant seeds. As a result, it was concluded that artificial drought stress by desiccant application affected negatively seed quality due to its detractive impact on seed size in bread wheat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Effects of different levels of osmotic potential on germination percentage and germination rate of barley, corn and canola. Bagher Gharoobi1, Meysam Ghorbani2 and Mostafa Ghasemi Nezhad2
Iran is located in a hot and dry region. As a result of low precipitation and a vast area of salty and alkali soil, osmotic pressure is very high in most parts of the country (i.e., osmotic potential is more negative). In the present study four levels of osmotic pressur MoreIran is located in a hot and dry region. As a result of low precipitation and a vast area of salty and alkali soil, osmotic pressure is very high in most parts of the country (i.e., osmotic potential is more negative). In the present study four levels of osmotic pressure (-0.25, -0.35, -0.45, -0.50 MPa) were created artificially, by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and treatment of three seed types, namely, barley, corn and canola. The study aimed at finding the seeds with better germination potential under high osmotic pressure. The seeds' germination potential under different levels of osmotic pressure was also investigated. The experiment was conducted with four replications at the Laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, in a completely randomized design. Parameters under study were germination rate and germination percentage. Results showed that germination rate was not affected by osmoticpotential. Considering germination percentage, only osmotic potential of -0.50 reduced germination percentages of corn seeds. Levels of osmotic potential did not affect seed germination in barley and canola. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Plasmid isolation. Fatemeh Mehrpooyan*
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