Advances in the performance of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni): Photoperiod interaction with potassium humate

Subject Areas : Plant Physiology

Maryam Kamali ¹ (Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
Yahya Selahvarzi ² (Department of Gardening Faculty of Agriculture)
Atiyeh Oraee ³ (Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
Morteza Goldani ⁴ (Department of Agronomy, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)

Received: 2021-04-20 Accepted : 2022-02-06 Published : 2023-04-01

Keywords: day length, Fluorescence, antioxidant activity, Natural sweetener, bio-stimulant,

Abstract :

The effect of day lengths (LD1, LD2, and LD3; natural day length, 1.5 and 2.5 hours light more than the natural day length, respectively) and potassium humate treatment (PH1 as control and PH2: 50% of potassium humate) on photosynthesis traits, chlorophyll fluorescence, carbohydrate and total antioxidant capacity of stevia was studied. Under LD3, the following parameters significantly improved: root/shoot (R/S), leaf water content per unit leaf area (LWCA), and leaf weight rate (LWR), while R/S increased by 16% under PH2. A combined application of LD3 with PH2 increased the morphological parameters including, shoot dry weight (SDW) and root weight rate (RWR). Furthermore, this combination resulted in higher growth compared with the LD1/PH1 combination. Also, an increased day length improved stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), WUEi, photosynthesis pigments; chlorophyll fluorescence (Fo, Fm, Fv, Fm/Fv), and antioxidant activity. Besides, regardless of the photoperiod treatment, these parameters improved compared to PH1. The impact of LD3 or PH2 on carbohydrate content tended to be greater than the expected impact of LD2 or PH1. Our results suggest that increasing day length and application of potassium humate, both as individual and combined factors, will change the growth of stevia.

References:

Abd- All, A. E., A. E. El-Namas and E. M. EL-Naggar. 2017. Effect of humic acid and foliar application of different potassium sources on yield, quality and water use efficiency of sweet potato grown under drip irrigation in sandy soil. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 38 (3): 543-553.

Aboelsoud, H. M. 2020. Effect of gypsum, k-humate and plant growth promoting bacteria on improvement of soil properties and productivity of wheat and maize irrigated by saline water. Journal of Soil Science Agriculture Engineering, 11 (5): 129-139.

Abou-Sreea, A. I. B., A. A. A. Aziz Yassen and A. A. A. El-Kazzaz. 2017. Effects of iron (II) sulfate and potassium humate on growth and chemical composition of Coriandrum sativum L. International Journal of Agriculture Research, 12 (4): 136-145.

Ahanger, M. A., N. S. Tomar, M. Tittal, S. Argal and R. M. Agarwal. 2017. Plant growth under water/salt stress: ROS production; antioxidants and significance of added potassium under such conditions. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 23 (4): 731–744.

Ahmad, P and M. R. Wani. 2014. Physiological mechanisms and adaptation strategies in plants under changing environment | | Humic substances and plant defense metabolism. pp 297–319. (Chapter 11)

Ali, A. A., C. Xu, A. Rogers, N. G. Mcdowell, B. E. Medlyn, R.A. Fisher, S. D. Wullschleger, P. B. Reich, J. A. Vrugt, W. L. Bauerle, L. S. Santiago and A. J. Wilson. 2015. Global-scale environmental control of plantphotosynthetic capacity. Ecological Applications, 25 (8): 49–65.

Al-Karwi, H. H. H and H. K. A. Al-Ameer. 2018. Effect of manganese and potassium humate on some vegetative and yield parameters of tomato plant Lycopersicon esculentum Mill grown in plastic house. Journal of University of Babylon Pure and Applied Sciences, 26 (10): 291-300.

Allam, A. I., A. M. Nassar and S. Y. Besheit. 2001. Nitrogen fertilizer requirements of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni under Egyptian condition. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 79: 1005-1018.

Angelini, L. G., A. Martini, B. Passera and S. Tavarini. 2018. Cultivation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and associated challenges. Sweeteners, 35–85.

Arafa, A. A., S. Farouk and S. M. Hager. 2011. Effect of potassium fertilizers, biostimulant and effective microorganisms as well as their interactions on potato growth, photosynthetic pigments and stem anatomy. Journal of Plant Production, 2 (8): 1017-1035.

Aspinwall, M. J., C. J. Blackman, V. R. de Dios, F. A. Busch, P. D. Rymer, M. E. Loik, J. E. Drake, S. Pfautsch, R. A. Smith, M. G. Tjoelker and D. T. Tissue. 2018. Photosynthesis and carbon allocation are both important predictors of genotype productivity responses to elevated CO₂ in Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Tree Physiology, 38 (9): 1286–1301.

Baerenfaller, K., C. Massonnet, L. Hennig, D. Russenberger, R. Sulpice, S. Walsh, M. Stitt, C. Granier and W. Gruissem. 2015. A long photoperiod relaxes energy management in Arabidopsis leaf six. Current Plant Biology, 2 (2015): 34–45.

Bauerle, W. L., R. Oren, D. A. Way, S. S. Qian, P. C. Stoy, P. E. Thornton, J. D. Bowden, F. M. Hoffman and R. F. Reynolds. 2012. Photoperiodic regulation of the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacity and the implications for carbon cycling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109 (22): 8612–8617.

Bayat, L., M. Arab, S. Aliniaeifard, M. Seif, O. Lastochkina and T. Li. 2018. Effects of growth under different light spectra on the subsequent high light tolerance in rose plants. AoB Plants, 10 (5): 1-17.

Becker, B., S. Holtgrefe, S. Jun, C. Wunrau, A. Kandlbinder, M. Baier, K. J. Diets, J. E. Backhausen and R. Scheibe. 2006. Influence of the photoperiod on redox regulation and stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana L. (Heynh.) plants under long- and short-day conditions. Planta, 224 (2): 380–393.

Brodribb, T. J and N. M. Holbrook. 2006. Declining hydraulic efficiency as transpiring leaves desiccate: two types of response. Plant, Cell & Environment, 29 (12): 2205–2215.

Brodribb, T. J and S. A. McAdam. 2011. Passive origins of stomatal control in vascular plants. Science, 331 (6017): 582–585.

Carrera-Lanestosa, A., Y. Moguel-Ordóñez and M, Segura-Campos. 2017. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni: A natural alternative for treating diseases associated with metabolic syndrome. Journal of Medicinal Food, 20 (10): 933–943.

Ceunen, S and J. M. C Geuns. 2013. Influence of photoperiodism on the spatio-temporal accumulation of steviol glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni). Plant Science, 198: 72–82.

Chen, Y., M. De Noblii and T. Aviad. 2004. Stimulatory effects of humic substances on plant growth. In: F Magdoff and R.R. Weil (eds.). Can J Soil Sci London.

Chen, Z., X. Tao, A. Khan, D. K. Y. Tan and H. Luo. 2018. Biomass accumulation, photosynthetic Traits and root development of cotton as affected by irrigation and nitrogen-fertilization. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9: 173.

Chinchilla, S., L. Izzo, E. Van Santen and C. Gómez. 2018. Growth and physiological responses of lettuce grown under pre-dawn or end-of-day sole-source light-quality treatments. Horticulturae, 4 (2): 8-18.

Coskun, D., D. T. Britto and H. J. Kronzucher. 2014. The physiology of channel-mediated K+ acquisition in roots of higher plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 151 (3): 305–312.

Eckstein, A., P. Zięba and H. Gabryś. 2012. Sugar and light effects on the condition of the photosynthetic apparatus of Arabidopsis thaliana cultured in vitro. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 31 (1): 90–101.

EL Naqma, K. A. A. 2020. The Role of humate substances in controlling synergism and antagonism of nutrients uptake by potato plants. Environment, Biodiversity and Soil Security, 4 (4): 149-165.

El-Ghamry, A. M., M. Abd El-Hai K and K. M. Ghoneem. 2009. Amino and humic acids promote growth, yield and disease resistance of faba bean cultivated in clayey soil. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3 (2): 731-739.

Elkins, C and M. W. Van Iersel. 2020. Longer photoperiods with the same daily light integral increase daily electron transport through photosystem II in lettuce. Plants, 9 (9): 1172.

El-Mogy, M. M., A. M. Salama, H. F. Y. Mohamed, K. F. Abdelgaqad and E. A. Abdeldaym. 2019. Reaponsing of long green pepper plants to different sources of foliar potassium fertilizer. Agriculture (Poľnohospodárstvo), 65 (2): 59−76.

El-Nwehy, S. S., D. H. Sary and R. R. Mohamed Afify. 2020. Effect of potassium humate foliar appication on yeild and quality soybean (Glycine Max L.) grown on calcareous soil under irrigation water regime. Plant Archives, 20 (1): 1495-1502.

Ertani, A., O. Francioso, V. Tugnoli, V. Righi and S. Nardi. 2011. Effect of commercial lignosulfonate-humate on Zea mays L. metabolism. Journal of Agricutural Food and Chemistry, 59 (22): 11940–11948.

Evancs, J. M., V. A. Vallejo, R. M. Beaurdy and R. M. Warner. 2015. Daily light Integral influences steviol glycoside biosynthesis and relative abundance of specific glycosides in stevia. HortScience: A publicaion of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 50 (10): 1479-1485.

Fan H. M., X. W. Wang, X. Sun, Y. Y. Li, X. Z. Sun and C. S. Zheng. 2014. Effects of humic acid derived from sediments on growth, photosynthesis and chloroplast ultrastructure in chrysanthemum. Scientia Horticultural, 177(2014): 118–123.

García-Santamarina S., S. Boronat and E. Hidalgo. 2014. Reversible cysteine oxidation in hydrogen peroxide sensing and signal transduction. Biochemistry, 53 (16): 2560–2580.

Gardana C., M. Scaglianti and P. Simonetti. 2010. Evaluation of steviol and its glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana leaves and commercial sweetener by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217 (9): 1463–1470.

Gil, M and B. Tomas. 2000. Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. Journal of Agricultural Food and Chemistry, 48: 4581–4589.

Gomes, E. N., D. Moterle, L. A. Biasi, H. S. Koehler, L. A. Kanis and C. Deschamps. 2018. Plant densities and harvesting times on productive and physiological aspects of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni grown in southern Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 90 (4): 3249–3264.

Granda, E., F. Baumgarten, A. Gessler, E. Gil Pelegrin, J. J. Peguero‐Pina, D. Sancho‐Knapik, N. E. Zimmerman and V. Resco de Dios. 2019. Day‐length regulates seasonal patterns of stomatal conductance in Quercus species. Plant, Cell & Environment, 43 (1): 28-39.

Grande, K. D., J. Marra, C. Langdon, K. R. Heinemann and M. L. Bender. 1989. Rates of respiration in the light measured in marine phytoplank- on using an ¹⁸O isotope-labeling technique. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 129 (2): 95–120.

Haghighi, S., T. SakiNejad and S. Lack. 2011. Effect of biological fertilizer of humic acid on metabolic process of biological nitrogen fixation. Life Science Journal, 8 (3): 43-48.

Hassidim, M., Y. Dakhiya, A. Turjeman, D. Hussien, E. Shor, A. Anidjar, K. Goldberg and R. M. Green. 2017. Circadian clock associated1 (CCA1) and the circadian control stomatal aperture. Plant Physiolology, 175 (4): 1864–1877.

Hays, H. B. 1989. Humic substances II: In search of structure. Wiley, New York, 1989.

Hazrati, S., Z. Tahmasebi Sarvestani, S. A. M. Modarres Sanavy, A. Mokhtassi Bidgoli and S. Nicola. 2016. Effects of water stress and light intensity on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and pigments of Aloe vera L. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 106 (2016): 141–148.

Hemida, K. A., A. Z. A. Eloufey, M. A. Seif El-Yazal and M. M. Rady. 2017. Integrated effect of potassium humate and α-tocopherol applications on soil characteristics and performance of Phaseolus vulgaris plants grown on a saline soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 63: 1556-1571.

Howladar, S. M. 2018. Potassium humate improves physio-biochemical attributes, defense systems activities and water-use efficiencies of eggplant under partial root-zone drying. Scientia Horticultural, 240 (2018): 179–185.

Ibrahim, M. H., H. Z. E. Jaafar, A. Rahmat and Z. A. Rahman. 2011. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites in three varieties of kacip fatimah (Labisia Pumila Blume). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12 (8): 5238–5254.

Ibrahim, S. E., A. Schubert, K. Pillen and J. Léon. 2012. Comparison of QTLs for drought tolerance traits between two advanced backcross populations of spring wheat. International Journal of AgriScience, 2 (3): 216–227.

Ibrahim, S. M and A. M. Ali. 2018. Effect of potassium humate application on yield and nutrient uptake of maize grown in a calcareous Soil. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 39 (3): 412- 418.

Idress M., M. Akbar Anjum and J. Iqbal Mirza. 2018. Potassium humate and NPK application rates influence yield and economic performance of potato crops grown in clayey loam soils. Soil & Environment, 37 (1): 53-61.

Idris, A., A. C. Linatoc, A. M. Aliyu, S. M. Muhammad and A. B. Mohd Fadzelly Bin. 2018. Effect of light on the photosynthesis, pigment content and stomatal density of sun and shade leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (4.30): 209–212.

Iheshiulo E. M. A., L. Abbey and S. K. Asiedu. 2017. Response of kale to single-dose application of K humate, dry vermicasts, and volcanic minerals. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 23 (2): 135–144.

Imbufe, A. U., A. F. Patti, D. Burrow, A. Surapaneni, W. R. Jackson and A. D. Milner. 2005. Effects of potassium humate on aggregate stability of two soils from Victoria Australia. Geoderma, 125 (3-4): 1–330.

Jarma-Orozco, A., E. Combatt-Caballero and J. Jaraba-Navas. 2020. Growth and development of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. in high and low levels of radiation. Current Plant Biology, 22 (2020): 100144.

Kanbi, V. H and R. Bhatnagar. 2005. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on yield, chlorophyll content,dry matter and keeping quality of potato. Potato Journal, 32: 161-162.

Kandil, E. E., N. R. Abdelsalam, M. A. Mansour, H. M. Ali and M. H. Siddiqui. 2020. Potentials of organic manure and potassium forms on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and production. Scientific Reports, 10 (2020): 8752.

Kang, J. H., S. Krishna Kumar, S. L. S. Atulba, B. R. Jeong and S. J. Hwang. 2013. Light intensity and photoperiod influence the growth and development of hydroponically grown leaf lettuce in a closed-type plant factory system. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 54 (6): 501–509.

Kennelly, E. 2002. Sweet and non-sweet constituents of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni. Stevia, the Genus of Stevia, Medicinal and aromatic plants- industrial profiles. Ed. Taylor and Francis, London, ISBN: 0-415-26830-3, 68–85.

Khafagy H., M. Ahmed and S. Abdel Azeem. 2019. Impact of mineral fertilizers with or without bio-fertilizers or potassium humate on some soil properties, yield and quality of pea plants under salt affected soil conditions. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology, 10 (1): 19-27.

Khaled, H and H. A. Fawy. 2011. Effect of different levels of humic acids on the nutrient content, plant growth, and soil properties under conditions of salinity. Soil and Water Research, 6: (1) 21–29.

Khan, S. A., S. U. Khan, A. Qayyum, A. R. Gurmani, A. Khan, S. M. Khan, W. Ahmed, A. Mehmood and B. A. Z. Amin. 2019. Integration of humic acid with nitrogen wields an auxiliary impact on physiological traits, growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) varieties. Applied and Ecology Environmental Research, 17 (3): 6783-6799.

Khil’ko S. L, A. I. Kovtun and V. I. Rybachenko. 2011. Potentiometric titration of humic acids. Solid Fuel Chemistry, 45 (5): 337–348.

Khiraou, A., A. Hasib, C. Al Faiz, F. Amchra, M. Bakha and A. Boulli. 2017. Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni (Honey Leaf): A magnificent natural bio-sweetener, biochemical composition, nutritional and therapeutic values. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 7 (14): 75-85.

Klučáková, M. 2018. Size and charge evaluation of standard humic and fulvic acids as crucial factors to determine their environmental behavior and impact. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6: 235-243.

Klucáková, M and K. Věžníková. 2016. The role of concentration and solvent character in the molecular organization of humic acids. Molecules, 21 (11): 1410–1418.

Krause G. H and E. Weis. 1991. Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis: the basics”. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 42: 313–349.

Kroyer, J. 2010. Stevioside and Stevia-sweeter in food: application, stability and interaction with food ingredients. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 5: 225–229.

Kumar, R and S. Sharma. 2012. Effect of light and temperature on seed germination of important medicinal and aromatic plants in north western Himalayas. International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2 (3): 468–475.

Kurunc, A., G. E. Aslan, C. Karaca, A. Tezcan, K. Turgut, M. Karhan and B. Kaplan. 2020. Effects of salt source and irrigation water salinity on growth, yield and quality parameters of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Scientia Horticultural, 270: 109458.

Laila, K. M. A and M. M. Elbordiny. 2009. Response of wheat plants to potassium humate application. Journal of Applied Scieces Research, 5 (9): 1202-1209.

Lemus, R., A. Vega, L. Zura and K, Ah. 2012. Stevia rebaudiana bertoni, source of a high-potency natural sweetener: a comprehensive review on the biochemical, nutritional and functional aspects. Food Chemistry, 132 (3): 1121–1132.

Lemus-Mondaca, R., A. Vega-Gálvez, L. Zura-Bravo and K. Ah-Hen. 2012. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, source of a high-potency natural sweetener: A comprehensive review on the biochemical, nutritional and functional aspects. Food Chemistry, 132 (3): 1121–1132.

Li, D. M., Q. P. Tan, D. S. Gao, X. D. Chen and L. Li. 2014. Effects of photoperiod on photosynthesis and PSII performance in peach during dormancy induction. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao, 25 (7): 1933-9. Chinese. PMID: 25345042.

Lichtenthaler, H. K and A. R. Wellburn. 1983. Determination of Total Carotenoidsand Chlorophylls A and B of Leaf in Different Solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions, 11 (5): 591-592.

Liu, Y., C. Qian, S. Ding, X. Shang, W. Yang and S. Fang. 2016. Effect of light regime and provenance on leaf characteristics, growth and flavonoid accumulation in Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal) Iljinskaja coppices. Botanical Studies, 57: 28-41.

Long, S. P., X. G. Zhu, S. L. Naidu and D. R. Ort. 2006. Can improvement in photosynthesis increase crop yields?. Plant, Cell & Environment, 29 (3): 315–330.

Lotfi, R., H. M. Kalaji, G. R. Valizadeh, E. Khalivand Behrozyar, A. Hemati, P. Ghravi kochebaghi and A. Ghassemi. 2018. Effects of humic acid on photosynthetic efficiency of rapeseed plants growing under different watering conditions. Photosynthetica, 56: 962-970.

Ma, L and Y. Shi. 2011. Effects of potassium fertilizer on physiological and biochemical index of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Energy Procedia, 5 (2011): 581–586.

Macchia, M., L. Andolfi, L. Ceccarini and L. G. Angelini. 2007. Effects of temperature, light and pre-chilling on seed germination of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni accessions. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 2 (1): 55.

Mady, M. A. 2009. Effect of foliar application with yeast extract and zinc on fruit setting of Faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Journal of Biological Chemistry and Environmontal Sciences, 4 (2): 109-127.

Mahajan, M., S. Sharma, P. Kumar and P. Kumar Pal. 2019. Exogenous application of KNO₃ elevates the salinity tolerance of Stevia rebaudiana through ion homeostasis mechanism. BioRxiv, 1-31.

Mecozzi, M. 2005. Estimation of total carbohydrate amount in environmental samples by the phenol–sulphuric acid method assisted by multivariate calibration. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory systems, 79 (1-2): 84–90.

Moe, R, S. O. Grimstad and H. R. Gislerod. 2006. The use of artifical light in year pound production of greenhoue crops in Norway. Acta Horticurae, 711 (711): 35–42.

Mohsen, A. A. M., S. K. A. Ibraheim and M. K. Abdel-Fattah. 2017. Effect of potassium humate, nitrogen bio fertilizer and molybdenum on growth and productivity of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Current Science International, 6 (1): 75-85.

Moustakas, M., G. Baycu, I. Sperdouli, H. Eroglu and E. P. Eleftheriou. 2020. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances photosynthesis in the medicinal herb Salvia fruticosa by improving photosystem II photochemistry. Plants, 9 (8): 962-980.

Murchie E. H and T. Lawson. 2013. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis: a guide to good practice and understanding some new applications. Journal of Exprimental of Botany, 64: 3983–3998.

Neri, D., E. M. Lodolini, G. Savini, P. Sabbatini, G. Bonanomi and F. Zucconi. 2002. Foliar application of humic acids on strawberry (Cv Onda). Acta Horticulturae, 594: 297-302.

Osman, M. E. H., A. A. Mohsen, S. S. EL-Feky and W. A. Mohamed. 2017. Response of salt-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to potassium humate treatment and potassium silicate foliar application. The 7th Inter. Conf.”Plant & Microbial Biotech. & their Role in the Development of the Society” pp. 85-102.

Pettersen R. I., S. Torre and H. R. Gislerød. 2010. Effects of leaf aging and light duration on photosynthetic characteristics in a cucumber canopy. Scientia Horticulturae, 125 (2): 1–87.

Peymaninia Y., M. Valizadeh, R. Shahryari and M. Ahmadizadeh. 2012. Evaluation of morpho-physiological responses of wheat genotypes against drought stress in presence of a leonardite derived humic fertilizer under greenhouse condition. Journal of Animal and Plant Science, 22 (4): 1142-1149.

Pourkhaneghah, A. M. 2012. Comparison of the effect of liquid humic fertilizers on yield of maize genotypes in Ardabil region. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11 (21): 4810-4814.

Qing, H., Y. Cai, Y. Xiao, Y. Yao and S. An. 2012. Leaf nitrogen partition between photosynthesis and structural defense in invasive and native tall form Spartina alterniflora populations: effects of nitrogen treatments. Biological Invasions, 14 (10): 2039–2048.

Regier, N., S. Streb, S. C. Zeeman and B. Frey. 2010. Seasonal changes in starch and sugar content of poplar (Populus deltoides x nigra cv. Dorskamp) and the impact of stem girdling on carbohydrate allocation to roots. Tree Physiology, 30 (8): 979–987.

Reis, M., L. Coelho, G. Santos, U. Kienle and J. Beltrão. 2015. Yield response of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) to the salinity of irrigation water. Agricultural Water Management, 152 (1): 217–221.

Rezai, S., N. Etemadi, A. Nikbakht, M. Yousefiet and M. M. Majidi. 2018. Effect of light intensity on leaf morphology, photosynthetic capacity, and chlorophyll content in sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Horticultural Science and Technology, 36 (1): 46-57.

Rhys, W., M. Zbyněk, A. Michael, O. Barry and R. Sharon. 2017. Do daily and seasonal trends in leaf solar induced fluorescence reflect changes in photosynthesis, growth or light exposure?. Remote Sensing, 9 (6): 604–623.

Robbins, N. S and D. M. Pharr. 1987. Regulation of photosynthetic carbon metabolism in cucumber by light intensity and photosynthetic period'. Plant Physiology, 85 (1): 592-597.

Santos, C. M. D., L. Endres, V. M. Ferreira, J. V. Silva, E. V. Rolim and H. C. L. Wanderley Filho. 2017. Photosynthetic capacity and water use efficiency in Ricinus communis (L.) under drought stress in semi-humid and semi-arid areas. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 89 (4): 3015–3029.

Sharma, D. K., S. B. Andersen, C. O. Ottosen and E. Rosenqvist. 2015. Wheat cultivars selected for high F under heat stress maintain high photosynthesis, total chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, transpiration and dry matter. Physiology Plant, 153 (2): 284–298.

Simkin, A. J., P. E. López-Calcagno and C. A. Raines. 2019. Feeding the world: improving photosynthetic efficiency for sustainable crop production. Journal of Exprimental Botany, 70 (4): 1119-1140.

Simlat, M., P. Ślęzak, M. Moś, M. Warchoł, E. Skrzypek and A. Ptak. 2016. The effect of light quality on seed germination, seedling growth and selected biochemical properties of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Scientia Horticulturae, 211 (1): 295–304.

Sirtutas, R., G. Samuoliene, A. Brazaityte and P. Duchovskis. 2011. Temperature and photoperiod effects on photosynthetic indices of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Žemdirbystė=Agriculture, 98 (1): 57–62.

Soares, de Melo A., C. Dias Silva Junior, P. Dantas Fernandes, M. Eric Barbosa Brito, L. Franco Sobral, A. Fernandes Suassuna, P. Roberto Almeida Vigas and R. Luciano de Souza Ferraz. 2014. Chlorophyll and macronutrients content in leaf tissue of Musa sp Prata-An under fertigation. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 9 (22): 1714–1720.

Suganami, M., Y. Suzuki, E. Kondo, S. Nishida, S. Konno and A. Makino. 2020. Effects of overproduction of rubisco activase on rubisco content in transgenic rice grown at different N levels. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21 (5): 1626.

Sulpice, R. A., A. Flis, A. A. F. Ivakov, Apelt, N. Krohn, B. Encke, C. Abel, R. Feil, J. E. Lunn and M. Stitt. 2014. Arabidopsis coordinates the diurnal regulation of carbon allocation and growth across a wide range of photoperiods. Molecular Plant, 7 (1): 137-155.

Tavarini, S and L. G. Angelini. 2013. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni as a source of bioactive compounds: the effect of harvest time, experimental site and crop age on steviol glycoside content and antioxidant properties. Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture, 93 (9): 2121–2129.

Taylor, S. H and S. P. Long. 2017. Slow induction of photosynthesis on shade to sun transitions in wheat may cost at least 21% of productivity. Philos. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 372 (1730): 20160543.

Tewolde, F. T., N. Lu, K. Shiina, T. Maruo, M. Takagaki, T. Kozai and W. Yamori. 2016. Nighttime supplemental LED inter-lighting improves growth and yield of single-trusstomatoes by enhancing photosynthesis in both winter and summer. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7 (7): 448.

Thomas, J. A., M. Vasiliev, M. Nur-E-Alam and K. Alameh. 2020. Increasing the energy savings and yield of Lactuca sativa, L. in glass greenhouses through illumination spectral filtering. Preprints. 2020:2020030417.

Tuzet, A., A. Perrier and R. Leuning. 2003. A coupled model of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration. Plant, Cell & Environment, 26 (7): 1097–1116.

Valio, I. F. M and R. F. Rocha. 1966. Effect of photoperiod and growth regulators on growth and flowering of Stevia rebadiana Bertoni. Japanese Journal of Crop Science, 46 (2): 243-248.

Véry, A. A and H. Sentenac. 2003. Molecular mechanisms and regulation of K⁺ transport in higher plants. Annual Review of Plant biology, 54: 575–603.

Wan, Y., Y. Zhang, M. Zhang, A. Hong, H. Yang and Y. Liu. 2020. Shade effects on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of three Paeonia species. Peer J, 8: e9316.

Wang, Y., K. Noguchi, N. Ono, S. Inoue, I. Terashima and T. Kinoshita. 2014. Overexpression of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in guard cells promotes light-induced stomatal opening and enhances plant growth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111 (1): 533–538.

Wang, Y. Z., H. P. Zhang, X. S. Huang, J. Z. Wang, R. Cheng and G. D. Chen. 2017. Effect of potassium supply on plant potassium distribution and growth and leaf photosynthetic capacity of Pyrus pyrifolia. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 40: 60–67.

Way, D. A., J. R. Stinziano, H. Berghoff and R. Oren. 2017. How well do growing season dynamics of photosynthetic capacity correlate with leaf biochemistry and climate fluctuations?. Tree Physiology, 37 (7): 879–888.

Weger, H. G., R. Herzig, P. G. Falkowski and D. H. Turpin. 1989. Respiratory losses in the light in a marine diatom: measurements by short-term mass spectrometry. Limnology and Oceanography, 34: 1153–1161.

Weraduwage, S. M., J. Chen, F. C. Anozie, A. Morales, S. E. Weise and T. D. Sharkey. 2015. The relationship between leaf area growth and biomass accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Fronties in Plant Science, 6: 167-188.

Wheeler, R. M., A. H. Fitzpatrick and T. W. Tibbitts. 2019. Potatoes as a crop for space life support: Effect of CO₂, irradiance, and photoperiod on leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Fronties in Plant Science, 10: 1632-1648

Widaryanto, E. A. 2008. Comprehensive review on Jatropha curcas L. in order to increase yield and benefits, doctoral diss., Univ of Brawijaya, Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Agric, Malang.

Wu, Z., A. O. Skjelvag and O. H. Baadshaung. 2004. Quantification of photoperiodic effects on growth of Phleum pretense. Annals of Botany, 94 (4): 535-43.

Wulandari, P., E. Sulistyaningsih, S. Handayani and B. H. Purwanto. 2019. Growth and yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) on acid soil to different rates of humic acid and NPK fertilizer. Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science), 4 (2): 76–84.

Xu, X., X. Du, F. Wang, J. Sha, Q. Chen, G. Tian, Z. Zhu, S. Ge and Y, Jiang. 2020a. Effects of potassium levels on plant growth, accumulation and distribution of carbon, and nitrate metabolism in apple dwarf rootstock seedlings. Frontes in Plant Science, 11 (2020): 904-9016.

Xu, Y., M. Yang, F. Cheng, S. Liu and Y. Liang. 2020b. Effects of LED photoperiods and light qualities on in vitro growth and chlorophyll fluorescence of Cunninghamia lanceolata. BMC Plant Biology, 20 (2020): 269.

Yoneda, Y., H. Shimizu, H. Nakashima, J. Miyasaka and K, Ohdoi. 2017. Effects of light intensity and photoperiod on improving steviol glycosides content in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni while conserving light energy consumption. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatatic Plants, 7: 64-73.

Zahoor, R., H. Dong, M. Abid, W. Zhao, Y. Wang and Z. Zhou. 2017. Potassium fertilizer improves drought stress alleviation potential in cotton by enhancing photosyn-thesis and carbohydrate metabolism. Environmental and Exprimental Botany, 137: 73–83.

Zaidan, L. P. B., S. M. C. Dietrich and G. M Felippe. 1980. Effect of photoperiod on flowering and stevioside content in a plant of Stevia reboudiana Bertoni. Japanese Journal of Crop Science, 49 (4): 569-574.

Zhang, N and A. R. Portis. 1999. Mechanism of light regulation of Rubisco: A specific role for the larger Rubisco activase isoform involving reductive activation by thioredoxin-f. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96 (16): 9438–9443.

Zhang, P., Z. Zhang, B. Li, H. Zhang, J. Hu and J. Zhao. 2020. Photosynthetic rate prediction model of newborn leaves verified by core fluorescence parameters. Scientific Reports, 10 (2020): 3013.

Zhao, H., Y. LI, B. Duan, H. Korpelainen and C. Li. 2009. Sex-related adaptive responses of Populus cathayana to photoperiod transitions. Plant, Cell & Environment, 32 (10): 1401–1411.

Zhao, Y., Q. Han, , C. Ding, Y. Huang, J. Liao, T. Chen, S. Feng, L. Zhou, Z. Zhang, Y. Chen, S. Yuan and M. Yuan. 2020. Effect of low temperature on chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast biogenesis of rice seedlings during greening. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21 (4): 1390–1412.