• Home
  • Socio-Economic Factors influencing the Participation of Smallholder Vegetable Farmers in High-Value Markets A case study of Arumeru District, Tanzania

Share To

Article Url


Manuscript ID : IJASRT-2308-1286 (R1) Visit : 139 Page: 179 - 194

20.1001.1.22517588.2023.13.3.5.5

Article Type: Original Research

Socio-Economic Factors influencing the Participation of Smallholder Vegetable Farmers in High-Value Markets A case study of Arumeru District, Tanzania

Subject Areas : Agricultural Education

Happiness Huka 1 , Fredy Kilima 2 , Alban Mchopa 3

1 - Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU), P.O. BOX 474, Sokoine Road, Moshi, Tanzania
2 - Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU), P.O. BOX 474, Sokoine Road, Moshi, Tanzania
3 - Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU), P.O. BOX 474, Sokoine Road, Moshi, Tanzania

Received: 2023-07-02 Accepted : 2023-09-12 Published : 2023-09-30

Keywords: High-value market, Smallholder vegetable framers, Social-economic factors, Market participation,

Abstract :

High-value market chains are regarded as one of the country's lucrative market segments. However, various constraints hinder the effective involvement of smallholder farmers in these market chain, thus limiting their ability to generate income for their households and livelihood. The objective of this paper was to examine the influence of socio-economic factors on the participation of smallholder vegetable farmers in high-value markets (HVM). The study used a cross-sectional research design, involving a sample of 384 respondents. Data collection involved the use of structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. The study applied a probit model to assess these factors. Findings reveal that socio-economic factors including access to information, distance to the market, availability of extension services, and crop diversification significantly (p < 0.05) influence the participation of smallholder farmers in HVM. To enhance the participation of smallholder vegetable farmers in HVM, the study recommends that the government and agricultural organizations invest in extending agricultural extension services to remote farming areas. Additionally, efforts should focus on enhancing transportation infrastructure. Furthermore, the study suggests facilitating the dissemination of market information to smallholder farmers through information centers, mobile apps, or SMS services, to provide them with real-time market updates. Lastly, promoting specialization in crop production is encouraged. These combined measures can empower smallholder farmers, leading to increased participation in high-value markets, ultimately resulting in improved economic outcomes and livelihoods.

References:


  1. Afework, A. G., & Endrias, G. (2016). The impact of market participation on household welfare: Evidence from subsistence farmers in Ethiopia. African Development Review, 28(S1), 39-51.
    2.
  2. Akrong, E. (2021). The effect of mobile phone usage on the performance of agricultural SMEs in Ghana. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation, 8(2), 1-15.
    3.
  3. Akter, S., & Farrington, J. (2014). Farmers' participation in high-value markets: Field-level evidence from selected vegetables in Bangladesh. Journal of Agricultural and Food Systems Sciences, 3(1), 29-42.
    4.
  4. Alemu, B. A., & Manyong, V. (2017). Rural-urban food systems: emerging trends and implications for food security and nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa. Food Security, 9(5), 969-984.
    5.
  5. Andaregie, Y. (2021). Smallholder Farmers' Access to Market Information: A Systematic Review of Literature. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 16(2), 156-170. doi: 10.5897/AJAR2020.14988
    6.
  6. Anderson, C. L., Reynolds, T. W., Biscaye, P., Patwardhan, V., & Schmidt, C. (2021). Economic benefits of empowering women in agriculture: Assumptions and evidence. The Journal of Development Studies, 57(2), 193-208.
    7.
  7. Asante, B. O., & Villano, R. A. (2018). Information access and smallholder farmer's market participation in Ghana. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 10(8), 237-250.
    8.
  8. Asfaw, S., Kassie, M., Simtowe, F., & Lipper, L. (2012). Poverty reduction effects of agricultural technology adoption: a micro-evidence from rural Tanzania. Journal of Development Studies, 48(9), 1288-1305.
    9.
  9. Assefa, T., Legesse, B., & Abebaw, D. (2018). Factors affecting market participation of smallholder farmers: Evidence from East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 20(6), 1346-1350.
    10.
  10. Awotide, B. A., Abdulai, A., & Dietz, T. (2012). The impact of social capital on farmer's access to information and farm productivity in Ethiopia. Journal of International Development, 24(5), 550-560. doi: 10.1002/jid.1768
    11.
  11. Babatunde, R. O., Obayelu, O. A., Olagunju, F. I., Adeoye, I. B., & Adejobi, A. O. (2022). Extension services delivery and agricultural productivity in Nigeria: A gender perspective. African Journal of Agriculture and Food Security, 10(1), 19-27.
    12.
  12. Bernzen, A., Sohns, F., Jia, Y., & Braun, B. (2023). Crop diversification as a household livelihood strategy under environmental stress. Factors contributing to the adoption of crop diversification in shrimp cultivation and agricultural crop farming zones of coastal Bangladesh. Land Use Policy, 132, 106796.
    13.
  13. Bhattarai, M., Joshi, N. P., & Sarker, S. K. (2013). Market information systems and the potential for increased food security in Nepal. Food Security, 5(4), 509-520.
    14.
  14. Bhattarai, M., Prasai, N., & Paudel, G. (2015). The determinants of farmer's market participation: A case study from Nepal. International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Research, 1(1), 19-27.
    15.
  15. Bradshaw, B., Dolan, H., & Smit, B. (2004). Farm-level adaptation to climatic variability and change: crop diversification in the Canadian prairies. Climatic Change, 67(1), 119-141.
    16.
  16. Camara, Y. (2017). Determinants of market participation of smallholder farmers in Guinea: Evidence from rural household survey data. Journal of Agricultural Science, 9(9), 194-205. doi: 10.5539/jas.v9n9p194
    17.
  17. Chapoto, A., Jayne, T. S., & Minde, I. J. (2012). Potential for expanding smallholder irrigation in Zambia for food security and poverty reduction. Food Security, 4(4), 529-545.
    18.
  18. Cortignani, R., Carulli, G., & Dono, G. (2020). COVID-19 and labour in agriculture: Economic and productive impacts in an agricultural area of the Mediterranean. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 15(2), 172-181.
    19.
  19. Cowley, L. E., Farewell, D. M., Maguire, S., & Kemp, A. M. (2019). Methodological standards for the development and evaluation of clinical prediction rules: a review of the literature. Diagnostic and prognostic research, 3, 1-23.
    20.
  20. Das, R., & Mandal, S. (2021). Determinants of smallholders’ participation in farmer producer companies–Insights from West Bengal, India. Decision, 48, 327-342.
    21.
  21. Davison, J. (2019). Land and women’s agricultural production: The context 1. In Agriculture, women, and land (pp. 1-32). Routledge.
    22.
  22. Dawadi, S., Shrestha, S., & Giri, R. A. (2021). Mixed-methods research: A discussion on its types, challenges, and criticisms. Journal of Practical Studies in Education, 2(2), 25-36.
    23.
  23. Degefa, M. A. (2022). Determinants of smallholder farmers’ market participation: Evidence from Dendi district, Ethiopia. Agriculture & Food Security, 11(1), 14. doi: 10.1186/s40066-022-00330-1
    24.
  24. Devaux, A., Goffart, J.-P., Kromann, P., Andrade-Piedra, J., Polar, V., & Hareau, G. (2021). The potato of the future: opportunities and challenges in sustainable agri-food systems. Potato Research, 64(4), 681-720.
    25.
  25. Doepke, M., Hannusch, A., Kindermann, F., & Tertilt, M. (2023). The economics of fertility: A new era. In Handbook of the Economics of the Family (Vol. 1, pp. 151-254). Elsevier.
    26.
  26. Dubbert, C. (2019). Participation in contract farming and farm performance: Insights from cashew farmers in Ghana. Agricultural Economics, 50(6), 749-763.
    27.
  27. Dzanku, F. M., Tsikata, D., & Ankrah, D. A. (2021). The gender and geography of agricultural commercialisation: what implications for the food security of Ghana’s smallholder farmers? The Journal of Peasant Studies, 48(7), 1507-1536.
    28.
  28. Gebre, G. G., Isoda, H., Rahut, D. B., Amekawa, Y., & Nomura, H. (2021). Gender differences in agricultural productivity: evidence from maize farm households in southern Ethiopia. GeoJournal, 86, 843-864.
    29.
  29. German, L. A., Bonanno, A. M., Foster, L. C., & Cotula, L. (2020). “Inclusive business” in agriculture: Evidence from the evolution of agricultural value chains. World Development, 134, 105018.
    30.
  30. Gomes, F., Haliassos, M., & Ramadorai, T. (2021). Household finance. Journal of Economic Literature, 59(3), 919-1000.
    31.
  31. Gramzow, A., Torero, M., & Müller, M. (2018). Moving up the value chain: Staying competitive in the face of changing markets and technologies. The European Journal of Development Research, 30(5), 735-757.
    32.
  32. Hagos, A., Dibaba, R., Bekele, A., & Alemu, D. (2020). Determinants of market participation among smallholder mango producers in Assosa Zone of Benishangul Gumuz Region in Ethiopia. International Journal of Fruit Science, 20(3), 323-349.
    33.
  33. Hagos, F., Tesfay, T., & Kidanu, H. (2020). Determinants of smallholder farmers' participation in formal credit markets: Evidence from Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science, 12(5), 167-178. doi: 10.5539/jas.v12n5p167
    34.
  34. Haile, K. (2022). Factors Influencing Rural Farmers' Participation in Agricultural Marketing: A Review. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 40(1), 14-29. doi: 10.9734/ajaees/2022/v40i130715
    35.
  35. Hassan, T., Khan, Y., Safi, A., Chaolin, H., Wahab, S., Daud, A., & Tufail, M. (2023). Green financing strategy for low-carbon economy: The role of high-technology imports and institutional strengths in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 415, 137859.
    36.
  36. Henry, D. A., Betancur Cortés, L., & Votruba-Drzal, E. (2020). Black–White achievement gaps differ by family socioeconomic status from early childhood through early adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(8), 1471.
    37.
  37. Hlatshwayo, T. (2022). Analysis of factors affecting smallholder farmers' participation in markets: A case study of communal areas in Zimbabwe. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 26(1), 12-25. doi: 10.4314/jae.v26i1.2
    38.
  38. Horn, L., & Freund, B. (2022). Factors influencing smallholder farmers' market participation in developing countries: A systematic review. World Development Perspectives, 27, 100520. doi: 10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100520
    39.
  39. Ifft, J., Kuethe, T., & Morehart, M. (2015). Farm characteristics and the adoption of precision agriculture. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 47(1), 115-131.
    40.
  40. IFPRI (2017). How to design effective agricultural extension services in Africa. Retrieved from https://www.ifpri.org/blog/how-design-effective-agricultural-extension-services-africa
    41.
  41. Ismail, A. M. (2015). Factors affecting small-scale farmer participation in the agricultural market: A review. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 7(3), 80-88.
    42.
  42. Jaeger, S. R., Chheang, S. L., & Bredahl, L. (2023). Means-end chain generation with online laddering: A study on vertical farming with consumers in Singapore and Germany. Food Quality and Preference, 106, 104794.
    43.
  43. Jaleta, M., Gebremedhin, B., Hoekstra, D., & D'Haese, M. (2022). Smallholder participation in horticultural markets in Ethiopia: evidence from spatial autoregressive models. Food Security, 14(1), 49-64.
    44.
  44. Jones, M. (2015). Agricultural value chain finance: a guide for bankers. Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper, 55.
    45.
  45. Kabir, M. R., Halima, O., Rahman, N., Ghosh, S., Islam, M. S., & Rahman, H. (2022). Linking farm production diversity to household dietary diversity controlling market access and agricultural technology usage: evidence from Noakhali district, Bangladesh. Heliyon, 8(1).
    46.
  46. Kadigi, M. L. (2021). Consumers’ preferences and purchase motivation for processed dairy products in Dar es salaam city, Tanzania
    47.
  47. Kibona, D. R., & Yuejie, C. (2021). Determinants of Market Participation of Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania. International Journal of Applied Economics, Finance and Accounting, 7(2), 61-66. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaefa.20210702.13
    48.
  48. Kilelu, C. W., Klerkx, L., & Leeuwis, C. (2017). Unravelling the role of innovation platforms in supporting co-evolution of innovation: Contributions and tensions in a smallholder dairy development programme. Agricultural Systems, 151, 84-97.
    49.
  49. Kilima, F. M., & Chikuni, A. C. (2021). The role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in enhancing access to markets and marketing efficiency for small-scale farmers in Tanzania. Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology, 7(6), 205-217.
    50.
  50. Kilima, F. M., & Kurwijila, L. R. (2020). Value chain analysis of smallholder tomato farmers in selected areas of Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. Agricultural Science, 8(2), 15
    51.
  51. Kilima, F. T. M., & Kurwijila, L. R. (2020). Integrating smallholder farmers to commodity value chains in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges, prospects and policy issues. Climate impacts on agricultural and natural resource sustainability in Africa, 407-428.
    52.
  52. Komba, C., & Mburu, J. (2016). Gender roles and constraints in farming households: the case of Kahama district, Tanzania. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 8(4), 89-96.
    53.
  53. Komba, C., & Mburu, J. (2020). Influence of gender and marital status on participation in horticultural farming among smallholder farmers in Tanzania. Journal of Gender, Agriculture and Food Security, 5(2), 99-115.
    54.
  54. Kumar, S., Rao, D., Thombare, P., & Kale, P. (2020). Small and marginal farmers of Indian agriculture: Prospects and extension strategies. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 20(1), 35-41.
    55.
  55. Liu, J., Fang, Y., Wang, G., Liu, B., & Wang, R. (2023). The aging of farmers and its challenges for labor-intensive agriculture in China: A perspective on farmland transfer plans for farmers' retirement. Journal of Rural Studies, 100, 103013.
    56.
  56. Lubungu, M., Muyanga, M., & Burke, W. J. (2014). Agricultural productivity in Africa: Trends, patterns, and determinants. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 6(2), 50-57.
    57.
  57. Lunag, M. N., & Elauria, J. C. (2021). Characterization and management status of household biodegradable waste in an upland city of Benguet, Philippines. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 23, 840-853.
    58.
  58. Magesa, A. L., Kweka, O. E., & Kayunze, K. A. (2020). Education, market information, and participation in agricultural markets: Empirical evidence from Tanzania. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 26(2), 157-170. doi: 10.1080/1389224X.2019.1693276
    59.
  59. Magreta, R., Wamae, W., & Kipkoech, A. K. (2018). Factors influencing participation of smallholder farmers in horticultural value chains in Kenya. Journal of Agricultural Science, 10(6), 227-239.
    60.
  60. Maina, F., Mburu, J., & Nyang'anga, H. (2023). Access to and utilization of local digital marketing platforms in potato marketing in Kenya. Heliyon, 9(8).
    61.
  61. Mango, N., Makate, C., Mapemba, L., & Sopo, M. (2018). The role of crop diversification in improving household food security in central Malawi. Agriculture & Food Security, 7(1), 1-10.
    62.
  62. Mapiye, O., Makombe, G., Molotsi, A., Dzama, K., & Mapiye, C. (2021). Towards a revolutionized agricultural extension system for the sustainability of smallholder livestock production in developing countries: The potential role of icts. Sustainability, 13(11), 5868.
    63.
  63. Marhefka, S., Lockhart, E., & Turner, D. (2020). Achieve research continuity during social distancing by rapidly implementing individual and group videoconferencing with participants: key considerations, best practices, and protocols. AIDS and Behavior, 24, 1983-1989.
    64.
  64. Mariyono, J. (2019). Stepping up to market participation of smallholder agriculture in rural areas of Indonesia. Agricultural Finance Review, 79(2), 255-270.
    65.
  65. Marson, M. (2022). Direct access to markets by farmers and the role of traders: insights from Kenyan and Tanzanian leafy vegetables markets. Studies in Agricultural Economics, 124(2), 66-73.
    66.
  66. Marwa, E. M., & Manda, D. K. (2021). Market Access for Smallholder Vegetable Farmers in Tanzania: Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print).
    67.
  67. Mashaphu, L. S. (2022). Determinants of productivity and market access of smallholder vegetable farmers: a case study of spinach producers in Polokwane Local Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa
    68.
  68. Mbah, L. T., Molua, E. L., Bomdzele, E., & Egwu, B. M. (2023). Farmers’ response to maize production risks in Cameroon: An application of the criticality risk matrix model. Heliyon, 9(4).
    69.
  69. McCallum, J. (2023). Australia's new aged: issues for young and old. Taylor & Francis.
    70.
  70. Mdemu, M. V., Mziray, N., & Nyella, J. (2020). Vegetable market channels, governance and food safety: Evidence from Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Research, 6(2), 1-13.
    71.
  71. Mhagama, G., Kimaro, M. A., Otieno, S. M., & Kataraiya, G. D. (2023). Contributions of Agricultural Sub-sectors to Economic Growth in Tanzania Mainland: 2010-2018.
    72.
  72. Mpombo, F. M. (2018). Transaction costs and agricultural marketing decisions among smallholder farmers in Zambia: An empirical investigation. Agrekon, 57(2), 87-101.
    73.
  73. Mpombo, L. B. (2018). DETERMINANTS OF MARKET PARTICIPATION AMONG SMALLHOLDER RICE FARMERS IN TANZANIA University of Dar es Salaam].
    74.
  74. Mulema, J., Mugambi, I., Kansiime, M., Chan, H. T., Chimalizeni, M., Pham, T. X., & Oduor, G. (2021). Barriers and opportunities for the youth engagement in agribusiness: empirical evidence from Zambia and Vietnam. Development in Practice, 31(5), 690-706.
    75.
  75. Munro, K. (2019). “Social reproduction theory,” social reproduction, and household production. Science & Society, 83(4), 451-468.
    76.
  76. Mwadzingeni, L., Afari-Sefa, V., Shimelis, H., N’Danikou, S., Figlan, S., Depenbusch, L., Shayanowako, A. I., Chagomoka, T., Mushayi, M., & Schreinemachers, P. (2021). Unpacking the value of traditional African vegetables for food and nutrition security. Food Security, 1-12.
    77.
  77. Nkonya, E., Phillip, D., Kaizzi, K., Pali, P., & Byekwaso, F. (2015). Smallholder farming system and opportunities for high-value horticulture in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 7(3), 92-105.
    78.
  78. Noort, P., Oosterveer, P., Loeber, A., & Van der Wal, J. (2022). Governing food systems in African cities: Urban food policies and urban food systems governance. International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 26(1), 61-79.
    79.
  79. Novakova, L. (2020). The impact of technology development on the future of the labour market in the Slovak Republic. Technology in Society, 62, 101256.
    80.
  80. Oduro, A. D., & Seidu, A. (2014). Gender roles in agricultural production, processing and marketing in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability, 6(2), 71-87.
    81.
  81. Ola, O., & Menapace, L. (2020). A meta-analysis understanding smallholder entry into high-value markets. World Development, 135, 105079.
    82.
  82. Ola, O., & Menapace, L. (2020). Participation in high value agriculture markets in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from household-level data in Tanzania. World Development,126, 104730.
    83.
  83. Omondi, S. O. (2019). Small-scale poultry enterprises in Kenyan medium-sized cities. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 9(3), 237-254.
    84.
  84. Otekunrin, A. O., Adeoti, A. I., & Adekunle, W. A. (2019). Conceptualizing subsistence agriculture: a review of its meaning, scopes, and practices. Agriculture and Food Security, 8(1), 1-15.
    85.
  85. Otekunrin, O. A., Momoh, S., & Ayinde, I. A. (2019). Smallholder farmers’ market participation: concepts and methodological approach from Sub-Saharan Africa. Current Agriculture Research Journal, 7(2), 139.
    86.
  86. Ouma, E., Wollni, M., & Lay, J. (2014). Factors that determine smallholder farmers' market participation: A case study of tomato and kale farmers in Kenya. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 53(2), 113-133.
    87.
  87. Razafindratsima, O. H., Kamoto, J. F., Sills, E. O., Mutta, D. N., Song, C., Kabwe, G., Castle, S. E., Kristjanson, P. M., Ryan, C. M., & Brockhaus, M. (2021). Reviewing the evidence on the roles of forests and tree-based systems in poverty dynamics. Forest Policy and Economics, 131, 102576.
    88.
  88. Regassa, M. D., Miriti, P. K., & Melesse, M. B. (2023). Farmers’ heterogeneous preferences for traits of improved varieties: Informing demand-oriented crop breeding in Tanzania. Experimental Agriculture, 59, e19.
    89.
  89. Renzaho, A. M. (2020). Food security, livelihoods and COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa. Food Security, 12(4), 805-810.
    90.
  90. Rummo, P. E., Lyerly, R., Rose, J., Malyuta, Y., Cohen, E. D., & Nunn, A. (2021). The impact of financial incentives on SNAP transactions at mobile produce markets. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18, 1-8.
    91.
  91. Rwigema, H. (2020). Small-scale farmer participation in horticultural markets in East Africa: review and synthesis of existing literature. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 12(7), 278-290.
    92.
  92. Sanga, U., Park, H., Wagner, C. H., Shah, S. H., & Ligmann-Zielinska, A. (2021). How do farmers adapt to agricultural risks in northern India? An agent-based exploration of alternate theories of decision-making. Journal of Environmental Management, 298, 113353.
    93.
  93. Sengere, R. W., Curry, G. N., & Koczberski, G. (2019). Forging alliances: Coffee grower and chain leader partnerships to improve productivity and coffee quality in Papua New Guinea. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 60(2), 220-235.
    94.
  94. Shahpari, S., & Eversole, R. (2023). Planning to ‘Hear the Farmer’s Voice’: an Agent-Based Modelling Approach to Agricultural Land Use Planning. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 1-24.
    95.
  95. Sharma, H. (2021). Emerging Trends in Agricultural Producfion. Kurukshetra, 69(10), 17-21.
    96.
  96. Song, Y., Yang, L., Sindakis, S., Aggarwal, S., & Chen, C. (2022). Analyzing the role of high-tech industrial agglomeration in green transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry: The case of China. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-31.
    97.
  97. Sumari, M., Haji, J. H., & Temu, A. A. (2018). Smallholder farmers’ preferences for direct or indirect sale channels: Evidence from maize and sunflower farming systems in Tanzania. Sustainability, 10(5),
    98.
  98. Sumari, R. L., Sabai, D., Msuya, N. E., & Tesha, F. J. (2018). Success factors of small-scale vegetable farmers in accessing high-value markets: evidence from Tanzania. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 8(4), 422-436.
    99.
  99. Tacconi, F., Waha, K., Ojeda, J. J., & Leith, P. (2022). Drivers and constraints of on-farm diversity. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 42(1), 2.
    100.
  100. Tray, B., Garnevska, E., & Shadbolt, N. (2021). Linking smallholder producers to high-value markets through vegetable producer cooperatives in Cambodia. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 24(6), 905-920.
    101.
  101. Vetter, T., Nylandsted Larsen, M., & Bech Bruun, T. (2019). Supermarket-led development and the neglect of traditional food value chains: Reflections on Indonesia’s agri-food system transformation. Sustainability, 11(2), 498.
    102.

Related articles

The rights to this website are owned by the Raimag Press Management System.
Copyright © 2021-2024

Home| Login| About Us| Contact Us|
[فارسی] [العربية] [fa] [ar]