Rumen Fermentation Responses to Dairy Diets Differing in Protein Degradation Potential and Processed Barley Grain

Subject Areas : Camel

ا. خطیبی شهری ¹ , م. دانش مسگران ² , د. زحمتکش ³

1 - Department of Animal Science, Imam Reza International University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 - گروه علوم دامی-دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد-مشهد-ایران
3 - Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

Received: 2018-03-03 Accepted : 2018-05-15 Published : 2018-12-01

Keywords: Fermentation, microbial nitrogen, steam-flaked whole soybean, &lt, i&gt, in vitro&lt, /i&gt, ,

Abstract :

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dairy cow diets containing different protein sources [soybean meal, xylose protected soybean meal (Yasminomax®), and steam-flaked whole soybean] and various partially processed grain on in vitro gas production kinetics and the microbial nitrogen yield. Soybean meal (S) and xylose protected of soybean meal (XS) were provided as 0.56:0.44 (SXSL) and 0.51:0.49 (SXSH) ratios. The diets were ground barley (B) + S, B+ SXSL, steam-flaked barley (FB) + S, FB + SXSL, B + steam-flaked whole soybean (WS), B + SXSH, FB + WS and FB + SXSH. An in vitro gas production technique was used to define the differences in the microbial nitrogen production of the diets. Asymptotic gas volume (b) was higher than the others for diets containing steam-flaked whole soybean (P<0.01). The highest constant rate of gas production (c) belongs to diet with ground barley and soybean meal, the highest halftime of gas production (t1/2) was obtained from diet with steam-flaked barley and soybean meal (P<0.01). The microbial nitrogen yield and consequently microbial nitrogen to diet nitrogen ratio were higher in diets containing xylose protected soybean meal than the others, especially, when compared with steam-flaked whole soybean diets (P<0.05). These results showed that WS, when compared with S and XS may not improve rumen fermentation and microbial nitrogen production with both ground and steam-flaked barley grain and the best performance in microbial nitrogen yield belongs to xylose protected soybean meal.

References:

Aldrich C.G. and Merchen N.R. (1995). Heat treatment of whole soybeans: influence on protein digestion by ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 73(1), 95-108.

AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 18^th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.

Calsamiglia S., Stern M.D. and Firkins J.L. (1995). Effects of protein source on nitrogen metabolism in continuous culture and intestinal digestion in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 1819-1827.

Canbolat O., Kamalak A., Efe E., Sahin M. and Ozkan C.O. (2005). Effect of heat treatment on in situ rumen degradebility and in vitro gas production of full-fat soyabeans and soyabean meal. South African J. Anim. Sci. 35(3), 186-194.

Chalupa W. (1974). Nitrogen metabolism in ruminant animals. J. Dairy Sci. 58, 1198-1218.

Depeters E.J., Getachew G., Fadel J.G., Zinn R.A., Tylor S.J., Pareas J.W., Hinders R.G. and Aseltine M.S. (2003). In vitro gas production as a method to compare fermentation characteristics of steam-flaked corn. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 105, 109-122.

Elwakeel E.A., Titgemeyer E.C., Cheng Z.J., Nour A.M. and Nasser M.E. (2012). In vitro assessment of the nutritive value of expanded soybean meal for dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 3(1), 1-7.

Eyni B., Mesgaran M.D., Vakili A. and Valizadeh R. (2017). In vitro yield of microbial-n from fermentation of glucogenic and lipogenic diets provided by different sources of rumen degradable amino acids. J. Vet. Sci. Technol. 8, 4-10.

Faldet M.A., Satter L.D. and Broderick G.A. (1995). Determining optimal heat treatment of soybeans by measuring available lysine chemically and biologically with rats to maximize protein utilization by ruminants. J. Nutr. 122, 151-160.

Fathi Nasri M.H., Mesgaran M.D., Kebreab E. and France J. (2007). Past peak lactational performance of Iranian Holstein cows fed raw or roasted whole soybeans. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 87, 441-447.

Finley J.W. (1989). Effects of processing on proteins: An overview. Pp. 1-7 in Protein Quality and the Effects of Processing. R.D. Phillips and J.W. Finley, Eds. Marcel Dekker, New York, USA.

Franco C.M.L., Ciacco C.F. and Tavares D.Q. (1995). Effect of the heat-moisture treatment on the enzymatic susceptibility of corn starch granules. Starch. Stärke. 47, 223-228.

Goelema J.O., Spreeuwenberg M.A.M., Hof G., van der Poel A.F.B. and Tamminga S. (1998). Effect of pressure toasting on rumen degradability and intestinal digestibility of whole and broken peas, lupins, faba beans and a mixture of these feedstuffs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 76, 35-50.

Goering H.K. and Van Soest P.J. (1970). Forage Fiber Analysis (Apparatus, Reagents, Procedures, and some Applications).. USDA-ARS Agricultural Handbook No. 379. US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., USA.

Grins E.E., Blummel M. and Sudekum K.H. (2005). Methodological considerations in using gas production techniques for estimating ruminal microbial efficiencies for silage-based diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 124, 527-545.

Harris B.J.R. (2003). Feeding raw or heat-treated whole soybeans to dairy cattle. Ph D. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.

Herrera-Saldana R., Gomez-Alarcon R., Torabi M. and Huber J.T. (1990). Influence of synchronizing protein and starch degradation in the rumen on nutrient utilization and microbial protein synthesis. J. Dairy Sci. 73, 142-148.

Hristov A.N. and Broderick G.A. (1996). Synthesis of microbial protein fed alfalfa silage, alfalfa hay, in ruminally cannulated cows or corn silage. J. Dairy. Sci. 79, 1627-1637.

Hristov A.N., Ropp J.K., Grandeen K.L., Abedi S., Etter R.P., Melqar A. and Foley A.E. (2005). Effect of carbohydrate source on ammonia utilization in lactation dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 83, 408-421.

Ipharragurre I.R. and Clark J.H. (2005). Varying protein and starch in the diet of dairy cows. II. Effects on performance and nitrogen utilization for milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 88, 2556-2570.

Khorasani G.R., Okine E.K. and Kennelly J.J. (2001). Effects of substituting barley grain with corn on ruminal fermentation characteristics, milk yield, and milk composition of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84, 2760-2769.

Krishnamoorthy U., Chandrapal Singh K. and Kailas M.M. (2005). Evaluation of roughages for rumen microbial biomass synthesis. Indian Vet. J. 82, 453-454.

Ljokjel K., Harstad O.M., Prestlokken E. and Skrede A. (2003). In situ digestibility of starch in barley grain (Hordeum vulgare) and peas (Psium sativum) in dairy cows: Influence of heat treatment and glucose additions. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 107, 105-116.

Makkar H.P.S. (2002). Applications of the in vitro gas method in the evaluation of feed resources, and enhancement of nutritional value of tannin-rich tree/browse leaves and agro-industrial by-products. Pp. 23-42 in Development Field Evaluation Animal Feed Supplementation Packages, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)-TECDOC-1294, Vienna.

McAllister T.A. and Cheng K.J. (1996). Microbial strategies in the ruminal digestion of cereal grains. Anim. Feed Sci. 62, 29-36.

Md Jasim U., Khandaker Z.H., Khan M.d.J. and Khan M. (2015). Dynamics of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen - A Review. Ann. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2(5), 116-131.

NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7^th Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.

Qrskov E.R. and McDonald I. (1979). Estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from Incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. 92, 499-503.

Russell J.B., O'Connor J.D., Fox D.G., Van Soest P.J. and Sniffen C.J. (1992). A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets. I. Ruminal fermentation. J. Anim. Sci. 70, 3551-3561.

SAS Institute. (1991). SAS^®/STAT Software, Release 9.1 SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.

Sinclair L.A., Garnsworthy P.C., Newbold J.R. and Buttery P.J. (1993). Effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in the sheep. J. Agric. Sci. 120, 251-263.

Sinclair L.A., Garnsworthy P.C., Newbold J.R. and Buttery P.J. (1995). Effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen in the diets with similar carbohydrate composition on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. J. Agric. Sci. 124, 463-472.

Stanford K., MacAllister T.A. and Chang K.J. (1995). Comparison of lignosulfonate treated canola meal and soybean meal as rumen undegradable protein supplements for lambs. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 75(3), 371-377.

Theurer C.B., Huber J.T., Delgado-Elorduy A. and Wanderley R. (1999). Invited review: Summary of steam-flaking corn or sorghum grain for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82, 1950-1959.

Thirumalesh T. and Krishnamoorthy U. (2013). Rumen microbial biomass synthesis and its importance in ruminant production. Int. J. Livest. Res. 3(2), 5-26.

Tothi R., Lund P., Weisbjerg M.R. and Hvelplund T. (2003). Effect of expander processing on fractional rate of maize and barley starch degradation in the rumen of dairy cows estimated using rumen evacuation and in situ techniques. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 104, 71-94.

Turner T.D. and McNiven M.A. (2011). In vitro degragability and N digestibility of raw, roasted or extruded canola, linseed and soybean. J. Agric. Food Sci. 20, 298-304.

Tuncer S.D. and Sacakli P. (2003). Rumen degradability characteristics of xylose treated canola and soybean meals. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 107, 211-218.

Ure A.L., Dhiman T.R., Stern M.D. and Olsan K.C. (2005). Treated extruded soybean meal as a source of fat and protein for dairy cows. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 7, 980-989.

Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.

Virtanen A.I. (1966). Milk production of cows on protein-free feeds. Science. 153, 1603-1614.

Voragen A.G.J., Gruppen H., Marsman G.J.P. and Mul A.J. (1995). Effect of some manufacturing technologies on chemical, physical and nutritional properties of feed. Pp. 93-126 in Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. P.C. Garnsworthy. And D.J.A. Cole, Eds. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham. United Kingdom.