Evaluation of Potential New Opportunities for Herbal Plants as Natural Products on Rumen Fermentation Patterns in vitro
Subject Areas : Camelم. مهرآبادی 1 , ع. وکیلی 2 * , م. دانش مسگران 3 , ر. ولیزاده 4
1 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
4 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Keywords: digestibility, rumen fermentation, herbal plant, rumen modifier, <i>in vitro</i> gas production,
Abstract :
Two experiments (Exp.) were conducted to determine the effects of dietary addition of five herbal plants (HP) alone or as herbal plant mixture (HPM) on in vitro gas production and ruminal fermentation patterns. In Exp. 1, five varieties of HP (garlic, eucalyptus, cinnamon, thyme, and peppermint) were added to the diet at 3 different concentrations (5, 10 and 15% of concentrate dry matter). In Exp. 2, the HPM was used at the concentration of 2, 4 and 6%. The results show that most ruminal fermentation parameters were affected by HP and HPM. The addition of HP and HPM to the diet significantly increased total in vitro gas production (b) and the fractional rate constant of gas production (c, P<0.01). Concentrations of NH3 (Exp. 1), CH4 (Exp. 1 and 2), total volatile fatty acids (Exp. 1 and 2), acetate (Exp. 1), propionate (Exp. 1 and 2) and acetate/propionate ratio (Exp. 1) were affected by HP and HPM. Ruminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA, Pin vivo conditions.
AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Balcells J., Aris A., Serrano, A., Seradj A.R., Crespo J. and Devant M. (2012). Effects of an extract of plant flavonoids (Bioflavex) on rumen fermentation and performance in heifers fed high-concentrate diets. J. Anim. Sci. 90, 4975-4984.
Benchaar C. and Chouinard P.Y. (2006). Assessment of the potential of cinnamaldehyde, condensed tannins, and saponins to modify milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 3392-3396.
Blancha M., Carrob M.D., Ranillac M.J., Visoa A., Vázquez-A˜nónd M. And Bach A. (2016). Influence of a mixture of cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil onrumen fermentation, feeding behavior and performance oflactating dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 219, 313-323.
Burt S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods- a review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94, 223-253.
Calsamiglia S., Busquet M., Cardozo P.W., Castillejos L. and Ferret A. (2007). Invited review: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 2580-2595.
Castillejos L., Calsamiglia S., Ferret A. and Losa R. (2007). Effects of dose and adaptation time of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 132, 186-201.
Chaney A.L. and Marbach E.P. (1962). Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clin. Chem. 8, 130-132.
Cobellis G., Trabalza-Marinucci M., Marcotullio M.C. and Yu Z. (2016). Evaluation of different essential oils in modulating methane and ammonia production, rumen fermentation, and rumen bacteria in vitro. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 215, 25-36.
Dong G.Z., Wang X.J., Liu Z.B. and Wang F. (2010). Effects of phytogenic products on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane emission in goats. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 19, 218-229.
Hundal J.S., Wadhwa M. and Bakshi M.P.S. (2016). Effect of supplementing essential oils on the in vitro methane production and digestibility of wheat straw. J. Anim. Nutr. 1, 3-14.
Jahani-Azizabadi H., Danesh Mesgaran M., Vakili A. and Rezayazdi K. (2014). Effect of some plant essential oils on in vitro ruminal methane production and on fermentation characteristics of a mid-forage diet. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 16, 1543-1554.
Joch M., Cermak L., Hakl J., Hucko B., Duskova D. and Marounek M. (2016). In vitro screening of essential oil active compounds for manipulation of rumen fermentation and methane mitigation. Asian J. Anim. Sci. 29, 952-959.
Johnson K.A. and Johnson D.E. (1995). Methane emissions from cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 2483-2492.
Kamalak A., Atalay A.I., Ozkan C.O., Tatliyer A. and Kaya E. (2011). Effect of essential orange (Citrus sinensis) oil on rumen microbial fermentation using in vitro gas production technique. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 21, 764-769.
Kilic U., Boga M., Gorgulu M. and Şahan Z. (2011). The effects of different compounds in some essential oils on in vitro gas production. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 20, 626-636.
Lin B., Lu Y., Wang J.H., Liang Q. and Liu J.X. (2012). The effects of combined essential oils along with fumarate on rumen fermentation and methane production in vitro. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 21, 198-210.
Makkar H.P.S. (2002). Applications of the in vitro gas method in the evaluation of feed resources, and enhancement of nutritional value of tannin-rich tree/browse leaves and agro-industrial by-products. Pp. 23-39 in Proc. Final Rev. Meet. IAEA Tech. Co-operation Reg.,Vienna, Austria.
McIntosh F.M., Williams P., Losa R., Wallace R.J., Beever D.A. and Newbold C.J. (2003). Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 5011-5014.
Menke K.H. and Steingass H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28, 7-55.
Menke K.H., Raab L., Salewski A., Steingass H., Fritz D. and Schneider W. (1979). The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J. Agric. Sci. 93, 217-222.
Mirzaei-Aghsaghali A., Maheri-Sis N., Mansouri H., Razeghi M.E., Mirza-Aghazadeh A., Cheraghi H. and Aghajanzadeh-Golshani A. (2011). Evaluating potential nutritive value of pomegranate processing by-products for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 6, 45-51.
Molero R., Ibars M., Calsamiglia S., Ferret A. and Losa R. (2004). Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on dry matter and crude protein degradability in heifers fed diets with different forage to concentrate ratios. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 114, 91-104.
Nanona A., Suksombata W. and Yang W.Z. (2014). Effects of essential oils supplementation on in vitro and in situ feed digestion in beef cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 196, 50-59.
Ozkan C.O., Kamalak A., Atalay A.I, Tatliyer A. and Kaya E. (2015). Effect of peppermint (Mentha piperita) essential oil on rumen microbial fermentation of barley grain. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 43, 287-290.
Ozturk H., Demirtas A., Salgirli Y., Pekcan M., Emre B. and Fidanci U.R. (2012). Effects of olive leaf extracts on rumen microbial fermentation in in vitro semi-continuous culture system. Ankara Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 59, 17-21.
Patra A.K. and Yu Z. (2012). Effects of essential oils on methane production, fermentation, abundance and diversity of rumen microbial populations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 4271-4280.
SAS Institute. (2002). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.0. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Tag El-Din A.E., Moharam M.S., Nour A.A. and Nasser M.E. (2012). Effect of some herbs on the rumen fermentation: 1- Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) on gas production, energy values, organic matter digestibility and methane emission, in vitro. J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 11, 33-53.
Valdez F.R., Bush L.J., Goetsch A.L. and Owens F.N. (1986). Effect of steroidal sapogenins on ruminal fermentation and on production of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 69, 1568-1575.
Van Nevel C.J. and Demeyer D.I. (1979). Effect of monensin on some rumen fermentation parameters. Ann. Rech. Vet. 10, 338-440.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
Wallace R.J. (2004). Antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 63, 621-629.
Wallace R.J., Mcewan N.R., Mcintosh F.M., Teferedegne B. and Newbold C.J. (2002). Natural products as manipulators of rumen fermentation. Asian J. Anim. Sci. 15, 1458-1468.
Wang Y., McAllister T.A., Yanke L.J., Xu Z.J., Cheeke P.R. and Cheng K.J. (2000). In vitro effects of steroidal saponins from Yucca schidigera extract on rumen microbial protein synthesis and ruminal fermentation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 80, 2114-2122.
Yang W.Z., Ametaj B.N., Benchaar C., He M.L. and Beauchemin K.A. (2010). Cinnamaldehyde in feedlot cattle diets: Intake, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and blood metabolites. J. Anim. Sci. 88, 1082-1092.