Probiotic Modes of Action and Its Effect on Biochemical Parameters and Growth Performance in Poultry
Subject Areas : Camel
1 - Department of Biochemistry, Veterinary Directorate, Kafr Elshiekh, Egypt
Keywords: growth performance, probiotics, poultry, Biochemical parameters, mechanisms of action of probiotics,
Abstract :
Provide a healthy diet is one of the major health challenges in the world to maintain health and nutritional status of populations. In this reason, new control strategies such as probiotics have been applied as prophylactic and therapeutic instead of antibiotics. In the same line, probiotics have antagonistic effects to various microorganisms proposed in several mechanisms including improvement of gut epithelial barrier function, competition on adhesive receptors, competition on available nutrients, antibacterial effects, degradation and neutralization of toxins and immunomodulatory effect. Furthermore, probiotics have significant impacts on biochemical parameters and could be used as substitutional supplements do health benefits including hypocholesterolemia and reduction of blood glucose. Probiotics have been explained to hypocholesterolemia and hypoglycemia through several mechanisms. Moreover, the use of probiotics in feeds enhances the protein utility in feedstuff. Thus, this review was attempted to spot generally insight on the modes of action of probiotics and its importance biochemically.
Ahmed A. (2006). Effect of probiotics on broilers performance Int. J. Poul. Sci. 5, 593-597.
Alkhalf A., Alhaj M. and Al-Homidan I. (2010). Influence of probiotic supplementation on immune response of broiler chicks. Egyptian Poult. Sci. 30, 271-280.
Al-Salami H., Butt G., Fawcett J.P., Tucker I.G., Golocorbin-Kon S. and Mikov M. (2008). Probiotic treatment reduces blood glucose levels and increases systemic absorption of gliclazide in diabetic rats. European J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 33, 101-106.
Anjum A. (1998). Layer production with EM-technology. Pp. 28-35 in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Technol. Effect. Microorgan.,Bali, Indonesia.
Asemi Z., Zare Z., Shakeri H., Sabihi S.S. and Esmaillzadeh A. (2013). Effect of multispecies probiotic supplements on metabolic profiles, hs-CRP, and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 63, 1-9.
Bajaj B.K., Claes I.J. and Lebeer S. (2015). Functional mechanisms of probiotics. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci. 4, 321-327.
Bedford M.R. and Schulze H. (1998). Exogenous enzymes for pigs and poultry. Nutr. Res. Rev. 11, 91-114.
Begley M., Hill C. and Gahan C.G. (2006). Bile salt hydrolase activity in probiotics. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 1729-1738.
Belenguer A., Duncan S.H., Calder A.G., Holtrop G., Louis P., Lobley G. and Flint H.J. (2006). Two routes of metabolic cross-feeding between Bifidobacterium adolescentis and butyrate-producing anaerobes from the human gut. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 3593-3599.
Bene K.P., Kavanaugh D.W., Leclaire C., Gunning A.P., MacKenzie D.A., Wittmann A., Young I.D., Kawasaki N., Rajnavolgyi E. and Juge N. (2017). Lactobacillus reuteri surface mucus adhesins upregulate inflammatory responses through interactions with innate C-type lectin receptors. Front. Microbiol. 8, 321-326.
Bermudez-Brito M., Plaza-Diaz J., Munoz-Quezada S., Gomez-Llorente C. and Gil A. (2012). Probiotic mechanisms of action. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 61, 160-174.
Bujalance C., Jiménez-Valera M., Moreno E., Ruiz-López M. D., Lasserrot A. and Ruiz-Bravo A. (2014). Lack of correlation between in vitro antibiosis and in vivo protection against enteropathogenic bacteria by probiotic lactobacilli. Res. Microbiol. 165, 14-20.
Chiang Y.R., Ismail W., Heintz D., Schaeffer C., Van Dorsselaer A. and Fuchs G. (2008). Study of anoxic and oxic cholesterol metabolism by Sterolibacterium denitrificans. J Bacteriol. 190, 905-914.
Chichlowski M., Croom J., McBride B.W., Daniel L., Davis G. and Koci M.D. (2007a). Direct-fed microbial PrimaLac and salinomycin modulate whole-body and intestinal oxygen consumption and intestinal mucosal cytokine production in the broiler chick. Poult. Sci. 86, 1100-1106.
Chichlowski M., Croom W.J., Edens F.W., McBride B.W., Qiu R., Chiang C.C., Daniel L.R., Havenstein G.B. and Koci M.D. (2007b). Microarchitecture and spatial relationship between bacteria and ileal, cecal, and colonic epithelium in chicks fed a direct-fed microbial, PrimaLac, and salinomycin. Poult. Sci. 86, 1121-1132.
Cutting S.M. (2011). Bacillus probiotics. Food Microbiol. 28, 214-220.
Das H.K., Medhi A.K. and Islam M. (2005). Effect of probiotics on certain blood parameter and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken. Indian J. Poult. Sci. 40, 83-86.
Dhama K. and Singh S.D. (2010). Probiotics improving poultry health and production: An overview. Poult. Punch. 26(3), 41-46.
Dhama K., Verma V., Sawant P.M., Tiwari R., Vaid R.K. and Chauhan R.S. (2011). Applications of probiotics in poultry: Enhancing immunity and beneficial effects on production performances and health: A review. J. Immunol. Immunopathol. 13(1), 1-19.
Djouvinov D., Stefanov M., Boicheva S. and Vlaikova T. (2005a). Effect of diet formulation on basis of digestible amino acids and supplementation of probiotic on performance of broiler chicks. Trakia J. Sci. 3, 61-69.
Djouvinov D., Svetlana B., Tsvetomira S. and Tatiana V. (2005b). Effect of feeding lactina probiotic on performance, some blood parameters and caecal microflora of mule ducklings. Trakia J. Sci. 3, 22-28.
Drucker D.J. and Nauck M.A. (2006). The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 368, 1696-1705.
Ejtahed H.S., Mohtadi-Nia J., Homayouni-Rad A., Niafar M., Asghari-Jafarabadi M. and Mofid V. (2012). Probiotic yogurt improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients. Nutrition. 28, 539-543.
Eslamparast T., Zamani F., Hekmatdoost A., Sharafkhah M., Eghtesad S., Malekzadeh R. and Poustchi H. (2014). Effects of synbiotic supplementation on insulin resistance in subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Br. J. Nutr. 112, 438-445.
Fuller R. (2001). The chicken gut micro flora and probiotic supplements. J. Poult. Sci. 38, 189-196.
Getachew T. (2016). A review on effects of probiotic supplementation in poultry performance and cholesterol levels of egg and meat. J. World Poult. Res. 6, 31-36.
Gohain A.K. and Sapcota D. (1998). Effect of probiotics feeding on the performance of broilers. Indian J. Poult. Sci. 33, 101-105.
Greany K.A., Nettleton J.A., Wangen K.E., Thomas W. and Kurzer M.S. (2004). Probiotic consumption does not enhance the cholesterol-lowering effect of soy in postmenopausal women. J. Nutr. 134, 3277-3283.
Haghighi H.R., Gong J., Gyles C.L., Hayes M.A., Zhou H., Sanei B., Chambers J.R. and Sharif S. (2006). Probiotics stimulate production of natural antibodies in chickens. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 13, 975-980.
Hajati H. and Rezaei M. (2010). The application of probiotics in poultry production. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 9, 298-304.
Hamid M. and Qureshi A. (2009). Trial study on the efficacy of protexin (water-soluble) on the performance of broilers. Pakistan Vet. J. 21, 224-225.
Higa T. and Parr J. (1994). Beneficial and Effective Microorganisms for a Sustainable Agriculture and Environment. InternationalNature FarmingResearch Center,University of Ryukyus Okinawa, Atami, Japan.
Hojo K., Nagaoka S., Murata S., Taketomo N., Ohshima T. and Maeda N. (2007). Reduction of vitamin K concentration by salivary Bifidobacterium strains and their possible nutritional competition with Porphyromonas gingivalis. J. Appl. Microbiol. 103, 1969-1974.
Jadhav K., Sharma K.S., Katoch S., Sharma V.K. and Mane B.G. (2015). Probiotics in broiler poultry feeds: A review. J. Anim. Nutr. Physiol. 1, 4-16.
Janardhana V., Broadway M.M., Bruce M.P., Lowenthal J.W., Geier M.S., Hughes R.J. and Bean A.G. (2009). Prebiotics modulate immune responses in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of chickens. J. Nutr. 139, 1404-1409.
Jeong J.S. and Kim I.H. (2014). Effect of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 spores as a probiotic feed supplement on growth performance, noxious gas emission, and intestinal microflora in broilers. Poult. Sci. 93, 3097-3103.
Jiang H.Q., Thurnheer M.C., Zuercher A.W., Boiko N.V., Bos, N.A. and Cebra J.J. (2004). Interactions of commensal gut microbes with subsets of B- and T-cells in the murine host. Vaccine. 22, 805-811.
Jin L.Z., Ho Y.W., Abdullah N. and Jalaludin S. (1997). Probiotics in poultry: Modes of action. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 53, 351-368.
Jin L.Z., Ho Y.W., Abdullah N. and Jalaludin S. (1998). Growth performance, intestinal microbial populations, and serum cholesterol of broilers fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures. Poult. Sci. 77, 1259-1265.
Jones M.L., Chen H., Ouyang W., Metz T. and Prakash S. (2004). Microencapsulated genetically engineered Lactobacillus plantarum 80 (pCBH1) for bile acid deconjugation and its implication in lowering cholesterol. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2004, 61-69.
Kalavathy R., Abdullah N., Jalaludin S. and Ho Y.W. (2003). Effects of Lactobacillus cultures on growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids and weight of organs of broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 44, 139-144.
Kaur I.P., Kuhad A., Garg A. and Chopra K. (2009). Probiotics: delineation of prophylactic and therapeutic benefits. J. Med. Food. 12, 219-235.
Lambiase A., Bracci-Laudiero L., Bonini S., Starace G., D'Elios M.M., De Carli M. and Aloe L. (1997). Human CD4+ T-cell clones produce and release nerve growth factor and express high-affinity nerve growth factor receptors. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 100, 408-414.
Lee K., Lillehoj H.S. and Siragusa G.R. (2010a). Direct-fed microbials and their impact on the intestinal microflora and immune system of chickens. J. Poult. Sci. 47, 106-114.
Lee K.W., Lee S.H., Lillehoj H.S., Li G.X., Jang S.I., Babu U.S., Park M.S., Kim D.K., Lillehoj E.P., Neumann A.P., Rehberger T.G. and Siragusa G.R. (2010b). Effects of direct-fed microbials on growth performance, gut morphometry, and immune characteristics in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 89, 203-216.
Lee K.W., Lillehoj H.S., Jang S.I., Li G., Lee S.H., Lillehoj E.P. and Siragusa G.R. (2010c). Effect of Bacillus-based direct-fed microbials on Eimeria maxima infection in broiler chickens. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 33, 105-110.
Lyayi E.A. (2008). Prospectsand challenges of unconventional poultry feedstuffs. Nigerian Poult. Sci. J. 5, 186-194.
Lye H.S., Kuan C.Y., Ewe J.A., Fung W.Y. and Liong M.T. (2009). The improvement of hypertension by probiotics: Effects on cholesterol, diabetes, renin, and phytoestrogens. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10, 3755-3775.
Lye H.S., Rusul G. and Liong M.T. (2010a). Mechanisms of cholesterol removal by Lactoballi Under conditions that mimic the human gastrointestinal tract. Int. Dairy J. 20, 169-175.
Lye H.S., Rusul G. and Liong M.T. (2010b). Removal of cholesterol by Lactobacilli via incorporation of and conversion to coprostanol. J. Dairy Sci. 93, 1383-1392.
Ma D., Forsythe P. and Bienenstock J. (2004). Live Lactobacillus rhamnosus [corrected] is essential for the inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced interleukin-8 expression. Infect. Immun. 72, 5308-5314.
Ma D., Wolvers D., Stanisz A.M. and Bienenstock J. (2003). Interleukin-10 and nerve growth factor have reciprocal upregulatory effects on intestinal epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 284, 1323-1329.
Mack D.R., Michail S., Wei S., McDougall L. and Hollingsworth M.A. (1999). Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic E. coli adherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression. Am. J. Physiol. 276, 941-950.
Mahfuz S.U., Hui S. and Zhongjun L. (2017). Improved production performance and health status with winter mushroom stem (Flammulina velutipes) in laying chicken: Review. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 16, 112-117.
Marteau P., Seksik P., Lepage P. and Dore J. (2004). Cellular and physiological effects of probiotics and prebiotics. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 4, 889-896.
Mead G.C. (2005). Food Safety Control in the Poultry Industry. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Mehr M.A., Shargh M.S., Dastar B., Hassani S. and Akbari M. (2007). effect of different levels of protein and protein on broiler performance. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 6(8), 573-577.
Midilli M. and Tuncer S.D. (2001). The effects of enzyme and probiotic supplementation to diets on broiler performance. Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 12, 895-903.
Mountzouris K.C., Tsitrsikos P., Palamidi I., Arvaniti A., Mohnl M., Schatzmayr G. and Fegeros K. (2010). Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulins, and cecal microflora composition. Poult. Sci. 89, 58-67.
Mulder R.W.A.W. (1991). Probiotics as a tool against Salmonella contamination. World Poult. Misset. 7, 6-7.
Ng S.C., Hart A.L., Kamm M.A., Stagg A.J. and Knight S.C. (2009). Mechanisms of action of probiotics: Recent advances. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 15, 300-310.
Ocana V.S., Pesce de Ruiz Holgado A.A. and Nader-Macias M.E. (1999). Selection of vaginal H2O2-generating Lactobacillus species for probiotic use. Curr. Microbiol. 38, 279-284.
Ohimain E.I. and Ofongo R.T.S. (2012). The effect of probiotic and prebiotic feed supplementation on chicken health and gut microflora: A Review. Int. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 4, 135-143.
Otutumi L., Gois M., de Moraes Garcia E. and Loddi M. (2012). Variations on the efficacy of probiotics in poultry. Pp. ??? in Probiotics in Animals, E. Rigobelo, Ed. IntechOpen, London, United Kingdom.
Paszti-Gere E., Szeker K., Csibrik-Nemeth E., Csizinszky R., Marosi A., Palocz O., Farkas O. and Galfi P. (2012). Metabolites of Lactobacillus plantarum 2142 prevent oxidative stress-induced overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines in IPEC-J2 cell line. Inflammation. 35, 1487-1499.
Patterson J.A. and Burkholder K.M. (2003). Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production. Poult. Sci. 82, 627-631.
Pelicano E., Souza P. and Souza H. (2004). Performance of broilers fed diets containing natural growth promoters. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 6(4), 231-236.
Pierucci D., Cicconi S., Bonini P., Ferrelli F., Pastore D., Matteucci C., Marselli L., Marchetti P., Ris F., Halban P., Oberholzer J., Federici M., Cozzolino F., Lauro R., Borboni P. and Marlier L.N. (2001). NGF-withdrawal induces apoptosis in pancreatic beta cells in vitro. Diabetologia. 44, 1281-95.
Salahuddin M., Akhter H., Akter S., Miah M. and Ahmad N. (2013). Effects of probiotics on haematology and biochemical parameters in mice. Bangladesh Veterinarian. 30(1), 20-24.
Seeliger S., Janssen P.H. and Schink B. (2002). Energetics and kinetics of lactate fermentation to acetate and propionate via methylmalonyl-CoA or acrylyl-CoA. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 211, 65-70.
Sethiya N.K. (2016). Review on natural growth promoters available for improving gut health of poultry: An alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Asian J. Poult. Sci. 10, 1-29.
Shim Y.H., Shinde P.L., Choi J.Y., Kim J.S., Seo D.K., Pak J.I., Chae B.J. and Kwon I.K. (2010). Evaluation of multimicrobial probiotics produced by submerged liquid and solid substrate fermentation methods in broilers. Asian Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 23, 521-529.
Smith J.M. (2014). A review of avian probiotics. J. Avian Med. Surg. 28, 87-94.
Sultan K. and Abdul-Rahman S. (2011). Effect of probiotic on some physiological parameters in broiler breeders. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 10, 626-628.
Tang C., Hoo P.C., Tan L.T., Pusparajah P., Khan T.M., Lee L.H., Goh B.H. and Chan K.G. (2016). Golden needle mushroom: A culinary medicine with evidenced-based biological activities and health promoting properties. Front. Pharmacol. 7, 474-482.
Taranto M.P., Medici M., Perdigon G., Ruiz Holgado A.P. and Valdez G.F. (2000). Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on the prevention of hypercholesterolemia in mice. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 401-403.
Trautwein E.A., Rieckhoff D. and Erbersdobler H.F. (1998). Dietary inulin lowers plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol and alters biliary bile acid profile in hamsters. J. Nutr. 128, 1937-1943.
Trejo F.M., Minnaard J., Perez P.F. and De Antoni G.L. (2006). Inhibition of Clostridium difficile growth and adhesion to enterocytes by Bifidobacterium supernatants. Anaerobe. 12, 186-193.
Tsai Y.T., Cheng P.C. and Pan T.M. (2012). The immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteria for improving immune functions and benefits. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 96, 853-862.
Valdes-Varela L., Gueimonde M. and Ruas-Madiedo P. (2018). Probiotics for prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1050, 161-176.
Van Immerseel F., De Zutter L., Houf K., Pasmans F., Haesebrouck F. and Ducatelle R. (2009). Strategies to control Salmonella in the broiler production chain. World Poult. Sci. J. 65, 367-391.
Vegad J.L. (2004). Poultry Diseases: A Guide to Farmers and Poultry Professionals. CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt., New Delhi, India.
Wallace R.J., Oleszek W., Franz C., Hahn I., Baser K.H.C., Mathe A. and Teichmann K. (2010). Dietary plant bioactives for poultry health and productivity. Br. Poult. Sci. 51, 461-487.
Wang H., Gong J., Wang W., Long Y., Fu X., Fu Y., Qian W. and Hou X. (2014). Are there any different effects of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus on intestinal sensation, barrier function and intestinal immunity in PI-IBS mouse model? PLoS One. 9, e90153.
Willis W.L., Isihuemhen O.S., Hurley S. and Ohimain E.I. (2011). Effect of phase feeding supplemental fungus myceliated grain on oocyst excretion and performance of broiler chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 10, 1-3.
Yadav H., Jain S. and Sinha P.R. (2008). Oral administration of dahi containing probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei delayed the progression of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. J. Dairy Res. 75, 189-195.
Yadav H., Lee J.H., Lloyd J., Walter P. and Rane S.G. (2013). Beneficial metabolic effects of a probiotic via butyrate-induced GLP-1 hormone secretion. J. Biol. Chem. 288, 25088-25097.
Yi H., Hwang K.T., Regenstein J.M. and Shin S.W. (2014). Fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics of eggs obtained from hens fed flaxseed oil, dried whitebait and/or fructo-oligosaccharide. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 27, 1026-1034.