مدیریت ریسک مخاطرات زیستمحیطی از طریق بیمه
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت محیط زیست
1 - استادیار پژوهشکده بیمه، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
کلید واژه: بیمه زیست محیطی, مدیریت ریسک, ریسک زیست محیطی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: ریسک زیستمحیطی از لحاظ تجربی، شامل احتمال و شدت یک رویداد بالقوه است که تأثیر نامطلوبی بر محیط زیست دارد. ریسک زیستمحیطی ممکن است علاوه بر وارد کردن خسارت به محیط زیست، منجر به آسیب به اشخاص یا اموال آنها نیز شود. لذا صنعت بیمه در پاسخ به ویژگیهای پیچیده و واقعی ریسک آلودگی زیستمحیطی، روش های جدیدی را برای حل مسئله این پدیده خاص در جهان، توسعه داده است. بیمه زیستمحیطی به عنوان ابزاری برای به عهده گرفتن مسئولیت مخاطرات زیستمحیطی ناشی از فعالیتهای صنعتی میباشد که در آن چه فرد بیمهشده و چه شخص ثالث، با هدف پوشش خسارات مرتبط به آنها، مشخص میشوند. این نوع بیمه یک راهکار بازار محور برای کاهش هزینههای عملیاتی شرکتها، کاهش هزینههای دولتی و پیشرفت در توسعه اقتصادی میباشد. روش بررسی: در این پژوهش از روش توصیفی، اکتشافی و توضیحی استفاده میشود. پس از تبیین ابعاد موضوع و ارائه نمایی کلی از انواع ریسکها و خسارتهای ناشی از مخاطرات زیستمحیطی، سعی شد تا با تکیه بر تجارب بینالمللی انواع پوششهای زیستمحیطی استخراج گردد. جهت دستیابی به نتایج مورد نظر، به بررسی و تحلیل محتوا اسناد مکتوب و تجارب مستندشده بینالمللی پرداخته شد. یافتهها: الزامات و ساختارهای موردنیاز برای ارائه انواع پوششهای بیمه زیست محیطی در کشور هنوز مهیا نیست. پیادهسازی بیمهگری مقدماتی در بیمه مسئولیت آلودگی زیستمحیطی به غلبه بر برخی از مشکلات، نیاز دارد. این مشکلات معمولاً به عواملی مرتبط است که فرایند بیمهگری را پیچیده میکنند. با توجه به اینکه در حال حاضر پژوهش منجسم در این زمینه در کشور انجام نشده است، این پژوهش به بررسی ریسکها و انواع پوششهای بیمه زیستمحیطی در بازار بیمه جهان میپردازد تا نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق راهگشای مدیران و کارشناسان در ارتقاء شناخت و تلاش برای ارائه این پوشش باشد. بحث و نتیجهگیری: برای گسترش ظرفیت بیمهگری در بیمه مسئولیت آلودگی زیستمحیطی و کاهش ریسک جبران خسارت بیمهگران، این پژوهش انجام شد تا بتواند جهت استفاده در بازار بیمه کشور و کاهش آسیبهای اقتصادی ناشی از آن کمککننده باشد. لذا، تقسیمبندی انواع ریسک زیستمحیطی، قابلیت بیمه شدن ریسک زیست محیطی، انواع پوشش بیمه زیست محیطی، نمونههایی از مدلهای ارزیابی و قیمتگذاری ریسک زیست محیطی و روشهای انتقال ریسک آن بیان گردید.
Background and Objective: Experimental environmental risk includes the probability and severity of a potential event that has an adverse effect on the environment. Environmental risk may, in addition to causing loss to the environment, also lead to damage to persons or their property. Therefore, in response to the complex and real characteristics of environmental pollution risk, the insurance industry has developed new methods to solve the problem of this particular phenomenon in the world. Environmental insurance is a tool to take responsibility for the environmental risks arising from industrial activities in which both the insured and the third party are identified in order to cover the related damages. This type of insurance is a market-oriented solution to reduce corporate operating costs, reduce government costs and advance economic development. Material and Methodology: In this research, descriptive, exploratory and explanatory methods are used. After explaining the dimensions of the issue and providing an overview of the types of risks and damages caused by environmental hazards, it was tried to extract different types of environmental coatings based on international experiences. In order to achieve the desired results, the content of written documents and internationally documented experiences were examined and analyzed. Findings: The requirements and structures required to provide various types of environmental insurance coverage in the country are not yet available. Implementing basic insurance in environmental pollution liability insurance requires overcoming some problems. These problems are usually related to factors that complicate the insurance process. Therefore, considering that no comprehensive research has been conducted in this field in the country, in order to expand the insurance capacity in environmental pollution liability insurance and reduce the risk of compensation for insurers in the country, this study examines the risks and types of environmental insurance coverage in the global insurance market, the results of this research will pave the way for managers and experts in promoting knowledge and efforts to provide this coverage. Discussion and Conclusion: In order to expand the insurance capacity in environmental pollution liability insurance and reduce the risk of compensation for insurers, this study was conducted to be useful for use in the country's insurance market and reduce the economic damage caused by it. Therefore, the classification of types of environmental risk, the ability to insure environmental risk, the types of environmental insurance coverage, examples of environmental risk assessment and pricing models and methods of risk transfer were stated. Background and Objective: Experimental environmental risk includes the probability and severity of a potential event that has an adverse effect on the environment. Environmental risk may, in addition to causing loss to the environment, also lead to damage to persons or their property. Therefore, in response to the complex and real characteristics of environmental pollution risk, the insurance industry has developed new methods to solve the problem of this particular phenomenon in the world. Environmental insurance is a tool to take responsibility for the environmental risks arising from industrial activities in which both the insured and the third party are identified in order to cover the related damages. This type of insurance is a market-oriented solution to reduce corporate operating costs, reduce government costs and advance economic development. Material and Methodology: In this research, descriptive, exploratory and explanatory methods are used. After explaining the dimensions of the issue and providing an overview of the types of risks and damages caused by environmental hazards, it was tried to extract different types of environmental coatings based on international experiences. In order to achieve the desired results, the content of written documents and internationally documented experiences were examined and analyzed. Findings: The requirements and structures required to provide various types of environmental insurance coverage in the country are not yet available. Implementing basic insurance in environmental pollution liability insurance requires overcoming some problems. These problems are usually related to factors that complicate the insurance process. Therefore, considering that no comprehensive research has been conducted in this field in the country, in order to expand the insurance capacity in environmental pollution liability insurance and reduce the risk of compensation for insurers in the country, this study examines the risks and types of environmental insurance coverage in the global insurance market, the results of this research will pave the way for managers and experts in promoting knowledge and efforts to provide this coverage. Discussion and Conclusion: In order to expand the insurance capacity in environmental pollution liability insurance and reduce the risk of compensation for insurers, this study was conducted to be useful for use in the country's insurance market and reduce the economic damage caused by it. Therefore, the classification of types of environmental risk, the ability to insure environmental risk, the types of environmental insurance coverage, examples of environmental risk assessment and pricing models and methods of risk transfer were stated. Background and Objective: Experimental environmental risk includes the probability and severity of a potential event that has an adverse effect on the environment. Environmental risk may, in addition to causing loss to the environment, also lead to damage to persons or their property. Therefore, in response to the complex and real characteristics of environmental pollution risk, the insurance industry has developed new methods to solve the problem of this particular phenomenon in the world. Environmental insurance is a tool to take responsibility for the environmental risks arising from industrial activities in which both the insured and the third party are identified in order to cover the related damages. This type of insurance is a market-oriented solution to reduce corporate operating costs, reduce government costs and advance economic development. Material and Methodology: In this research, descriptive, exploratory and explanatory methods are used. After explaining the dimensions of the issue and providing an overview of the types of risks and damages caused by environmental hazards, it was tried to extract different types of environmental coatings based on international experiences. In order to achieve the desired results, the content of written documents and internationally documented experiences were examined and analyzed. Findings: The requirements and structures required to provide various types of environmental insurance coverage in the country are not yet available. Implementing basic insurance in environmental pollution liability insurance requires overcoming some problems. These problems are usually related to factors that complicate the insurance process. Therefore, considering that no comprehensive research has been conducted in this field in the country, in order to expand the insurance capacity in environmental pollution liability insurance and reduce the risk of compensation for insurers in the country, this study examines the risks and types of environmental insurance coverage in the global insurance market, the results of this research will pave the way for managers and experts in promoting knowledge and efforts to provide this coverage. Discussion and Conclusion: In order to expand the insurance capacity in environmental pollution liability insurance and reduce the risk of compensation for insurers, this study was conducted to be useful for use in the country's insurance market and reduce the economic damage caused by it. Therefore, the classification of types of environmental risk, the ability to insure environmental risk, the types of environmental insurance coverage, examples of environmental risk assessment and pricing models and methods of risk transfer were stated.
- Lotf Alipour, Mohammad Reza, Fallahi, Mohammad Ali, Bastam, Morteza (2013) "Investigation of environmental issues and prediction of carbon dioxide emissions in Iran's economy", Scientific Quarterly of Applied Economic Studies of Iran, 3, 81-109. (In Persian)
- Parsa, Priya, Sadeghi, Zain al-Abidin, Jalai Esfandabadi, Seyyed Abdul Majid (2014). "Analysis of the growth of environmental productivity of production factors using the distance function in the provinces of Iran", Scientific Quarterly of Applied Economic Studies of Iran, 4, 1-24. (In Persian)
- Aon’s Commercial Risk Solutions Environmental Insurance Market Update 2019.
- Ha, M., & Schleiger, R. (2021). Types of Environmental Hazards. https://bio.libretexts.org/@go/page/31632.
- The national work health and safety, and workers compensation authority, https://www.comcare.gov.au/safe-healthy-work/prevent-harm/psychosocial-hazards.
- Lakritz, T.,(2019). “Top 9 deadliest manmade disasters in the past 50 years”. Insider.
- Zulqader, Majid (2013). "Environmental Liability Insurance and Risks (Part I)", Research Institute of Human Sciences and Cultural Studies, Comprehensive Portal of Human Sciences. (In Persian)
- Tehrani, Mahnaz (2013b), environmental risk management through insurance, the first national conference on environmental protection and planning, Hamadan. (In Persian)
- Behrosh, Mehdi and Mehdi, Atefeh, (2014). "Environmental pollution insurability in the light of the principles of international environmental law", the third national conference on sustainable agriculture and natural resources, Tehran, https://civilica.com/doc/417005 (In Persian)
- Gandami, Sinai, (2014). "Environmental insurance in the oil and gas industry", Tehran University master's thesis. (In Persian)
- Hatami Sharifabadi, Saleh, Mousavifard, Reza, Malkouti, Seyed Kazem (2015), "Comparative analysis of the role of insurance in environmental risk management", the second conference on environmental sciences, engineering and technologies, Tehran, https://civilica. com/doc/585126. (In Persian)
- Agharezi, Mustafa. Ghanborund, Hamid. Jafarian Dioklaei, Marzieh (2016). Insurance as a mechanism for environmental risk management, 24th National Insurance and Development Conference, Tehran. (In Persian)
- UNEP Finance Initiative. (2003). “Risk, the Environment, and the Role of the Insurance Industry”. Geneva: UNEP.
- OECD (2004), “Environmental Risks and Insurance A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Insurance in the Management of Environment-Related Risks”, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264105522-2-en.
- Boire, G., (2007). “Environmental Insurance Products UNEP Finance Initiative SVP”. Marsh Environmental Practice.
- Misheva, I., (2015). “The Underwriting Process in the Environmental Pollution Liability Insurance for Enterprises with Hazardous Waste Production”. Economic Alternatives, (4), 34-46.
- Sukhorukova, I. V., & Chistyakova, N. A. (2020). “Mathematical model for assessing environmental risk”. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 828, No. 1, p. 012027). IOP Publishing.
- March (2020). Environmental Liability Insurance Market Recap, https://www.marsh.com/au/services/insurance-market-and-placement/insights/environmental-liability-insurance-market-recap-2020.html.
- NAIC (2021). Environmental Insurance, https://content.naic.org/cipr_topics/topic_environmental_insurance.htm.
- Tehrani, Mahnaz (2013a), environmental liability insurance. (In Persian)
- Setreg Dareh Shui, Majid. Abidpour, Mahmoud. Delavi, Mohammad Reza (2004), "Risk Management", first edition, Brin Academic Institute. (In Persian)
- Khaqani Borojni, Mateen (2012). "Compensation for environmental damage in Iranian law and international conventions". Master's thesis, Allameh Mohaddes Nouri Institute of Higher Education, Faculty of Economics. (In Persian)
- Ukela (2013). Environmental damage compensation. Insurer’s perspectives, Willis.
- Warman, C., (2016) “Managing Environmental Risks and Liabilities-Environmental impairment Liability Insurance” , Marsh, Environmental Practice Leader for EMEA.
- Jones, S., K.,(2001). “Environmental pollution insurance: A fluid and ever-changing market”.
- Boggs, C., J., (2008). “Pollution and Remediation Legal Liability”.
- , K.E., (2006). “Property Transactions & Environmental Risk Using Environmental Insurance to Make a Deal Work”. http://www.aon.com/environmental.
- OECD (2003). “Insurance: a Comparative Analysis of the Role of Insurance in the Management of Environment-Related Risks”, The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France.
- Brownfield Technology Support Center (1999). “Assessment of environmental liability insurance options for cleanup activities”.
- , G A., (1996). Basics of environmental insurance (Moscow:: Nauka) 192 p.
- Hagendorff B, Hagendorff J, Keasey K, Gonzalez A., (2014). The risk implications of insurance securitization: the case of catastrophe bonds. J Corp Finan 25:387–402.
- Bantwal VJ, Knreuther HC., (2000). A cat bond premium puzzle? J Psychol Finance Markets 1(1):76–9.
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- Lotf Alipour, Mohammad Reza, Fallahi, Mohammad Ali, Bastam, Morteza (2013) "Investigation of environmental issues and prediction of carbon dioxide emissions in Iran's economy", Scientific Quarterly of Applied Economic Studies of Iran, 3, 81-109. (In Persian)
- Parsa, Priya, Sadeghi, Zain al-Abidin, Jalai Esfandabadi, Seyyed Abdul Majid (2014). "Analysis of the growth of environmental productivity of production factors using the distance function in the provinces of Iran", Scientific Quarterly of Applied Economic Studies of Iran, 4, 1-24. (In Persian)
- Aon’s Commercial Risk Solutions Environmental Insurance Market Update 2019.
- Ha, M., & Schleiger, R. (2021). Types of Environmental Hazards. https://bio.libretexts.org/@go/page/31632.
- The national work health and safety, and workers compensation authority, https://www.comcare.gov.au/safe-healthy-work/prevent-harm/psychosocial-hazards.
- Lakritz, T.,(2019). “Top 9 deadliest manmade disasters in the past 50 years”. Insider.
- Zulqader, Majid (2013). "Environmental Liability Insurance and Risks (Part I)", Research Institute of Human Sciences and Cultural Studies, Comprehensive Portal of Human Sciences. (In Persian)
- Tehrani, Mahnaz (2013b), environmental risk management through insurance, the first national conference on environmental protection and planning, Hamadan. (In Persian)
- Behrosh, Mehdi and Mehdi, Atefeh, (2014). "Environmental pollution insurability in the light of the principles of international environmental law", the third national conference on sustainable agriculture and natural resources, Tehran, https://civilica.com/doc/417005 (In Persian)
- Gandami, Sinai, (2014). "Environmental insurance in the oil and gas industry", Tehran University master's thesis. (In Persian)
- Hatami Sharifabadi, Saleh, Mousavifard, Reza, Malkouti, Seyed Kazem (2015), "Comparative analysis of the role of insurance in environmental risk management", the second conference on environmental sciences, engineering and technologies, Tehran, https://civilica. com/doc/585126. (In Persian)
- Agharezi, Mustafa. Ghanborund, Hamid. Jafarian Dioklaei, Marzieh (2016). Insurance as a mechanism for environmental risk management, 24th National Insurance and Development Conference, Tehran. (In Persian)
- UNEP Finance Initiative. (2003). “Risk, the Environment, and the Role of the Insurance Industry”. Geneva: UNEP.
- OECD (2004), “Environmental Risks and Insurance A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Insurance in the Management of Environment-Related Risks”, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264105522-2-en.
- Boire, G., (2007). “Environmental Insurance Products UNEP Finance Initiative SVP”. Marsh Environmental Practice.
- Misheva, I., (2015). “The Underwriting Process in the Environmental Pollution Liability Insurance for Enterprises with Hazardous Waste Production”. Economic Alternatives, (4), 34-46.
- Sukhorukova, I. V., & Chistyakova, N. A. (2020). “Mathematical model for assessing environmental risk”. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 828, No. 1, p. 012027). IOP Publishing.
- March (2020). Environmental Liability Insurance Market Recap, https://www.marsh.com/au/services/insurance-market-and-placement/insights/environmental-liability-insurance-market-recap-2020.html.
- NAIC (2021). Environmental Insurance, https://content.naic.org/cipr_topics/topic_environmental_insurance.htm.
- Tehrani, Mahnaz (2013a), environmental liability insurance. (In Persian)
- Setreg Dareh Shui, Majid. Abidpour, Mahmoud. Delavi, Mohammad Reza (2004), "Risk Management", first edition, Brin Academic Institute. (In Persian)
- Khaqani Borojni, Mateen (2012). "Compensation for environmental damage in Iranian law and international conventions". Master's thesis, Allameh Mohaddes Nouri Institute of Higher Education, Faculty of Economics. (In Persian)
- Ukela (2013). Environmental damage compensation. Insurer’s perspectives, Willis.
- Warman, C., (2016) “Managing Environmental Risks and Liabilities-Environmental impairment Liability Insurance” , Marsh, Environmental Practice Leader for EMEA.
- Jones, S., K.,(2001). “Environmental pollution insurance: A fluid and ever-changing market”.
- Boggs, C., J., (2008). “Pollution and Remediation Legal Liability”.
- , K.E., (2006). “Property Transactions & Environmental Risk Using Environmental Insurance to Make a Deal Work”. http://www.aon.com/environmental.
- OECD (2003). “Insurance: a Comparative Analysis of the Role of Insurance in the Management of Environment-Related Risks”, The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France.
- Brownfield Technology Support Center (1999). “Assessment of environmental liability insurance options for cleanup activities”.
- , G A., (1996). Basics of environmental insurance (Moscow:: Nauka) 192 p.
- Hagendorff B, Hagendorff J, Keasey K, Gonzalez A., (2014). The risk implications of insurance securitization: the case of catastrophe bonds. J Corp Finan 25:387–402.
- Bantwal VJ, Knreuther HC., (2000). A cat bond premium puzzle? J Psychol Finance Markets 1(1):76–9.