عوامل اجتماعی و فردی مؤثر بر نگرش روستاییان شهرستان مریوان در خصوص محیط‌زیست
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت محیط زیست
1 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد توسعه روستایی دانشگاه زنجان
2 - دانشیار گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی دانشگاه زنجان
کلید واژه: مریوان, توسعه پایدار روستایی, محیط‌زیست, نگرش, سرمایه اجتماعی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: انسان در طول تاریخ، همواره در محیط زیست تصرف کرده و آن را مطابق نیاز خود تغییر داده است. حفظ محیط زیست یک تلاش ملی است که نیازمند مشارکت همه مردم می باشد. بسیاری بر این باورند که مشکلات محیط زیستی در باورهای اجتماع در این خصوص ریشه دارد. روش بررسی: تحقیق توصیفی پیمایشی حاضر باهدف سنجش تأثیر عوامل فردی و اجتماعی بر نگرش خانوارهای روستایی در خصوص محیط‌زیست صورت گرفت. جامعه آماری تحقیق، کلیه خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان مریوان بودند (11228N= ) که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران حجم نمونه‌ای برابر با 250 نفر محاسبه و از طریق روش نمونه‌گیری چندمرحله‌ای تصادفی انتخاب و موردمطالعه واقع شدند. سرمایه اجتماعی، نگرش و دانش محیط زیستی از طریق شاخص سازی ترکیبی سنجیده شدند و از تحلیل رگرسیون خطی چندگانه برای تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده شد. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که اکثریت روستاییان (8/90 درصد) دارای نگرشی مساعد و مثبت در خصوص محیط زیست هستند. دانش 2/85 درصد از پاسخگویان در خصوص محیط زیست در سطح زیاد بود. سرمایه اجتماعی از دید اکثریت روستاییان در سطح متوسطی وجود داشت. تحلیل رگرسیونی نیز نشان داد که چهار متغیر دانش، مشارکت اجتماعی، اعتماد اجتماعی و استفاده از منابع اطلاعاتی 41 درصد نگرش رستاییان در خصوص محیط زیست را تبیین می‌کنند. بحث و نتیجه گیری: نگرش افراد یکی از مباحث پایداری و حفاظت از محیط زیست است. با توجه به مساعد بودن نگرش روستاییان و بالا بودن دانش آنها پیشنهاد می گردد که مسئولان نشست های عمومی را با حضور فعال تر روستاییان برگزار کنند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Throughout history, humans have always taken the environment has changed and it meets your needs. Environmental protection a national effort that requires the participation of all people. Many believe that environmental problems are rooted in social beliefs about the environment. Method: This descriptive -correlational research was conducted to investigate Effective factors on environment attitude of rural people in Marivan Township. The statistical population consisted all rural households in Marivan Township (N=11228) which using Cochran sampling formula and by using randomized multi-stage sampling method 250 of them were selected and studied. Social capital, attitude and knowledge toward environment were measured by a composite index in Likert-scale type. The validity of research tool was verified by the opinion of some experts in the related field and by conducting a pilot study and calculating alpha Cronbach coefficient higher than 0.7 its’ reliability were obtained. Statistical analysis methods consisted correlational coefficients and regression analysis. Results: Analysis showed that majority of respondents (90.7 percent) had positive favorable attitude toward environment. The majority of respondents (85.2 percent) had high level of environment knowledge. Multiple regressions analysis showed that four variables named as Knowledge, social participation, social trust and the extent of information using related with environment were explained 41 percent of rural people attitude toward environment. Conclusion: Their attitude is one of the topics of sustainability and environmental protection. Due to the favorable attitude of the villagers and their high knowledge is suggested that meetings of public officials with more active participation of the villagers holding.
منابع و مأخذ:
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Sheikh Goodarzi,M., Alizadeh shabani, A., Salman mahini, A.,Feghhi, J.(2012).Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Korganroud Watershed, Using Landscape Degradation Journal of natural environment, 65(2): 223-234. (In Persian)
soleymani haroun, K., khosravai pour, B., baradaran, M., & ghanian, M. (2010). Residents’ Attitude Regarding the Effects of Rural Tourism. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 2-41(2), 213-218. (In Persian)
Abdollahi, O., & Faryadi, M. (2010). Legal Challenges facing Iran’s Department of Environment. Environmental Sciences, 7(4):143-180. (In Persian)
Mirdamadi, M., Bagheri varkaneh, A., & Smaeili, S. (2010). Research on the Degree of Awareness of High School Students about Environmental Protection (a case study in city of Tehran). Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(1), 201-216. (In Persian)
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Aydin, F. (2010). University student’s attitudes towards environmental problems: A case study from Turkey. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 5(17), 2715-2720.
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Deng, J., Walker, G. J., & Swinnerton, G. (2006). A comparison of environmental values and attitudes between Chinese in Canada and Anglo-Canadians. Environment and Behavior, 38(1), 22-47.
Hussey, D. M., & Eagan, P. D. (2007). Using structural equation modeling to test environmental performance in small and medium-sized manufacturers: can SEM help SMEs?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(4), 303-312.
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Harun, R., Lim, K. H., & Othman, F. (2011). Environmental knowledge and attitude among students in Sabah. World Applied Sciences Journal, 14(5), 83-87.
Pazokinejad, Z., & Salehi, S. (2014). An Analysis of Social Factors Influencing Studentsâ Environmental Attitudes and Performance. Journal of Applied Sociology, 25(3), 71-88. (In Persian).
Thapa, B. (1999). Environmentalism: The relation of environmental attitudes and environmentally responsible behaviors among undergraduate students. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 19(5), 426-438.
Thapa, B., & Graefe, A. R. (2003). Forest recreationists and environmentalism. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 21(1), 75-103.
Lee, E. B. (2008). Environmental attitudes and information sources among African American college students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 40(1), 29-42.
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Salehi, S., & Emamgholi, L. (2013). Effect of Social Capital on Environmental Behavior Case Study: Kurdistan Province. Iranian Journal of Sociology, 13(4), 90-115. (In Persian).
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Sotoudeh, H.A. (2009). Social Psychology, Avai Noor Publications, second edition. P 271. (In Persian)
Soltani, A., Arbabi Sarjou, A., Dehghani Khozani, A. & Rezaei, M.(2011). A Study of Attitudes Toward Science and Technology, School Science and Environmental Issues from 3rd Grade Middle School Students of Isfahan citizens Points of View. Research in Curriculum Planning, 8(30), 73-83. (In Persian)
Mohammadian, M., & Bakhshandeh, G. (2014). Exploring the Effective Factors on Consumers’ Attitude and Green Purchase Intention. Management Studies in Development and Evolution, 23(75), 39-68. (In Persian)
Shobeiri, S. M., Farajollahi, M., Koohi Aghdam, E., & Meiboudi, H. M. (2013). The Relationship between Using Mass Media (with Emphasis on TV) and Promotion of Teachers' Environmental Literacy. Information and Communication Technology in Educational Sciences, 4(1(13)), 23-40. (In Persian)
Michel-Guillou, E., & Moser, G. (2006). Commitment of farmers to environmental protection: From social pressure to environmental conscience. Journal of environmental psychology, 26(3), 227-235.
Cornelissen, G., Pandelaere, M., & Warlop, L. (2006, May). Cueing common ecological behaviors to increase environmental attitudes. In International Conference on Persuasive Technology (pp. 39-44). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 39 – 44.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, H. L., Zhang, J., & Cheng, S. (2014). Predicting residents' pro-environmental behaviors at tourist sites: The role of awareness of disaster's consequences, values, and place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 131-146.
Larijani, M., & Yeshodhara, K. (2008). An empirical study of environmental attitude among higher primary school teachers of India and Iran. Journal of human ecology, 24(3), 195-200.
Taskin, O. (2009). The environmental attitudes of Turkish senior high school students in the context of postmaterialism and the new environmental paradigm. International Journal of Science Education, 31(4), 481-502.
Frick, J., Kaiser, F. G., & Wilson, M. (2004). Environmental knowledge and conservation behavior: Exploring prevalence and structure in a representative sample. Personality and Individual differences, 37(8), 1597-1613.
khoshfar, G., Salehi, S., Vesal, Z., & Abaszade, M. R. (2015). Evaluate the Social factors affecting environmental awareness of villagers (Case study: The Village-city of Jagharq in Binalud county). Journal of Rural Research, 6(1), 137-158. doi: 10.22059/jrur.2015.54235. (In Persian)
Alavi Moghadam, M., Maknoon, R., Babazadeh naseri, A., Khanmohammadi Hzeveh, M., & Eftekhari Yegane, Y. (2012). Evaluation of awareness, attitude and action of Amirkabir University of Technology students on general aspects of environment. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 14(winter), 147-154. (In Persian)
Brown, P. R., & Khamphoukeo, K. (2010). Changes in farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices after implementation of ecologically-based rodent management in the uplands of Lao PDR. Crop protection, 29(6), 577-582.
Leonidou, L. C., Leonidou, C. N., & Kvasova, O. (2010). Antecedents and outcomes of consumer environmentally friendly attitudes and behaviour. Journal of Marketing Management, 26(13-14), 1319-1344.
Vicente-Molina, M. A., Fernández-Sáinz, A., & Izagirre-Olaizola, J. (2013). Environmental knowledge and other variables affecting pro-environmental behaviour: comparison of university students from emerging and advanced countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 61, 130-138.
Kalantari, K., & Asadi, A. (2010). Designing a structural model for explaining environmental attitude and behavior of urban residents (Case of Tehran). International Journal of Environmental Research, 4(2), 309-320.
Barr, S. (2007). Factors influencing environmental attitudes and behaviors a UK case study of household waste management. Environment and behavior, 39(4), 435-473.
Salehi, S., Ghaemi asl, Z. (2013). The Relationship between Environmental Education and Environmental Protection Behaviors (Case Study: High School Girls in Babol City). Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 1(3), 67-79. (In Persian)
Salehi, S.,& Karimzadeh, S.(2011). A Study on Relationship Between Environmental Knowledge and Environmental Behavior. Cultural and Communication Studies Quarterly, 24:160-173. (In Persian)
Hess-Quimbita, G., & Pavel, M. (1996). Assessing an Environmental Attitude Development Model: Factors Influencing the Environmental Attitudes of College Students. retrieved January30,2016, from http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED394438
Díaz-Siefer, P., Neaman, A., Salgado, E., Celis-Diez, J. L., & Otto, S. (2015). Human-environment system knowledge: A correlate of pro-environmental behavior. Sustainability, 7(11), 15510-15526.
Karatekin, K., & İmat, F. (2014). Evaluation of the Level of the Environment Knowledge of Teacher Candidates of Social Studies (Sample Turkey). Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 4436-4442.
Ferdowsi, S., Mortazavi, Sh., & Rezvani, N. (2007). Investigating the relationship between environmental knowledge and environmental protection behaviors. Journal of Human Sciences, 53: 266-253. (In Persian)
Azmi, A. & Motiei Langroudi, H. (2011). Review on Rural Environmental Problems in Iran and Solutions in Resolving These Problems. 30 (133) :101-115. (In Persian)
Roknaddin Eftekhari A, Fazel Niya G.(2005). Theoretical Explanation of Effective Factors on Rural People’s Knowledge and Awareness of Their Potentials and Environment Capacities. MJSP 2005; 9 (1) :111-149. (In Persian)
Izadi, F., Karimian, A. A., & Sodayizadeh, H. (2013). Investigation about Environmental Awareness of Rural Students and its Correlation with Awareness of Their Parents and Teachers, Case study: Students in Secondary School of Villages in Jey Distric, Esfahan. Journal of Rural Research, 4(4), 777-792. doi: 10.22059/jrur.2013.50419. (In Persian)
Namdari, R., & Najafian, M. (2012). Investigating socio-economic factors affecting women's performance in environmental protection. Woman and Culture, 4(11), 89-98. (In Persian).
Khozani, M., Atta, B., Dehghani, H., & Musa Zadeh, H. (2014).Investigation of the role of social capital in Birjand city with emphasis on the dimension of participation from the perspective of citizens and city managers. The 7th Congress of Iran Geopolitical Association (Political Geography of the City). Birjand. Available online at: http://www.civilica.com/Paper-GEOPOLITICS07 . (In Persian).
Fathi, S. (2012). An analysis of the role of social capital on rural development. Scientific-Research Quarterly of Geography. 2(25): 195-214. (In Persian).
Mohseni Tabrizi, A. & Agha Mohseni, M. (2010). Examining the role of social capital in urban development; Study case: Mahalat city. Journal of urban management. 26: 147-162. (In Persian)
Ganji, V., & Ganji, I. (2010). Investigation of the relationship between social capital and environmental health of Tabriz city from the perspective of Tabriz University students in 2010. The first national student conference on social factors affecting health, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Ghanadzadeh, M. j., Bolhasani, A., Akhavan Malayeri, N., Eshrati,B.& Shamsi,M.(2013). The Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Student and Teacher About Waste Management for Developing Methods of Educational in 2012. J Arak Uni Med Sci. 2013; 16 (9) :36-49. (In Persian)
Sheikh Goodarzi,M., Alizadeh shabani, A., Salman mahini, A.,Feghhi, J.(2012).Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Korganroud Watershed, Using Landscape Degradation Journal of natural environment, 65(2): 223-234. (In Persian)
soleymani haroun, K., khosravai pour, B., baradaran, M., & ghanian, M. (2010). Residents’ Attitude Regarding the Effects of Rural Tourism. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 2-41(2), 213-218. (In Persian)
Abdollahi, O., & Faryadi, M. (2010). Legal Challenges facing Iran’s Department of Environment. Environmental Sciences, 7(4):143-180. (In Persian)
Mirdamadi, M., Bagheri varkaneh, A., & Smaeili, S. (2010). Research on the Degree of Awareness of High School Students about Environmental Protection (a case study in city of Tehran). Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(1), 201-216. (In Persian)
Bostan Budak, D., Budak, F., Zaimo Lu, Z., Kekeç, S., & Yavuz Sucu, M. (2005). Behaviour and attitudes of students towards environmental issues at Faculty of Agriculture, Turkey.Journal of Applied sciences, 5, 1224-1227.
Aydin, F. (2010). University student’s attitudes towards environmental problems: A case study from Turkey. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 5(17), 2715-2720.
Johnson, C. Y., Bowker, J. M., & Cordell, H. K. (2004). Ethnic variation in environmental belief and behavior an examination of the new ecological paradigm in a social psychological context. Environment and behavior, 36(2), 157-186.
Kilbourne, W. E., & Carlson, L. (2008). The dominant social paradigm, consumption, and environmental attitudes: can macromarketing education help?. Journal of Macromarketing, 28(2), 106-121.
Karimi, Y., & Saffarinia, M.(2005). Social psychology and changing the attitude of energy consumers, Iranian Journal of Energy. 9(22): 69-83. (In Persian).
Deng, J., Walker, G. J., & Swinnerton, G. (2006). A comparison of environmental values and attitudes between Chinese in Canada and Anglo-Canadians. Environment and Behavior, 38(1), 22-47.
Hussey, D. M., & Eagan, P. D. (2007). Using structural equation modeling to test environmental performance in small and medium-sized manufacturers: can SEM help SMEs?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(4), 303-312.
Rezvani, N.(2005).Investigating the relationship between environmental knowledge and attitudes with environmental protection behaviors. Master's thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Humanities. . (In Persian).
Salehi, S. )2008(. A Study of Factors Underpinning Environmental Attitudes and The University of Leeds .retrieved January30,2016, from https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct
Milfont, T. L., & Duckitt, J. (2010). The environmental attitudes inventory: A valid and reliable measure to assess the structure of environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 80-94.
. Sadeghi, S. (2010). New Environmental Paradigm and Energy Consumption. Cultural Studies & Communication, 6(20), 225-248. (In Persian).
Harun, R., Lim, K. H., & Othman, F. (2011). Environmental knowledge and attitude among students in Sabah. World Applied Sciences Journal, 14(5), 83-87.
Pazokinejad, Z., & Salehi, S. (2014). An Analysis of Social Factors Influencing Studentsâ Environmental Attitudes and Performance. Journal of Applied Sociology, 25(3), 71-88. (In Persian).
Thapa, B. (1999). Environmentalism: The relation of environmental attitudes and environmentally responsible behaviors among undergraduate students. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 19(5), 426-438.
Thapa, B., & Graefe, A. R. (2003). Forest recreationists and environmentalism. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 21(1), 75-103.
Lee, E. B. (2008). Environmental attitudes and information sources among African American college students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 40(1), 29-42.
Abedi Sarvestani, A., Shah Vali, M., & Mohaghegh Damad, M. (2007). The Nature and Perspectives of the Environment with an Emphasis on the Islamic Perspective. Ethics in Science and Technology Quarterly, 2(2): 59-72. (In Persian).
Salehi, S., & Emamgholi, L. (2013). Effect of Social Capital on Environmental Behavior Case Study: Kurdistan Province. Iranian Journal of Sociology, 13(4), 90-115. (In Persian).
Karimizadeh, K., Ghafari, G., & Youniszadeh Jalili, S. (2008). The role of public participation in watershed projects. the first international conference on water crisis, Zabul, Zabul University, Hamoon International Wetland Research Institute. Available online at: http://www.civilica.com/Paper-ICWC01-ICWC01_180.html. (In Persian).
Hawcroft, L. J., & Milfont, T. L. (2010). The use (and abuse) of the new environmental paradigm scale over the last 30 years: A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental psychology, 30(2), 143-158.
Sotoudeh, H.A. (2009). Social Psychology, Avai Noor Publications, second edition. P 271. (In Persian)
Soltani, A., Arbabi Sarjou, A., Dehghani Khozani, A. & Rezaei, M.(2011). A Study of Attitudes Toward Science and Technology, School Science and Environmental Issues from 3rd Grade Middle School Students of Isfahan citizens Points of View. Research in Curriculum Planning, 8(30), 73-83. (In Persian)
Mohammadian, M., & Bakhshandeh, G. (2014). Exploring the Effective Factors on Consumers’ Attitude and Green Purchase Intention. Management Studies in Development and Evolution, 23(75), 39-68. (In Persian)
Shobeiri, S. M., Farajollahi, M., Koohi Aghdam, E., & Meiboudi, H. M. (2013). The Relationship between Using Mass Media (with Emphasis on TV) and Promotion of Teachers' Environmental Literacy. Information and Communication Technology in Educational Sciences, 4(1(13)), 23-40. (In Persian)
Michel-Guillou, E., & Moser, G. (2006). Commitment of farmers to environmental protection: From social pressure to environmental conscience. Journal of environmental psychology, 26(3), 227-235.
Cornelissen, G., Pandelaere, M., & Warlop, L. (2006, May). Cueing common ecological behaviors to increase environmental attitudes. In International Conference on Persuasive Technology (pp. 39-44). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 39 – 44.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, H. L., Zhang, J., & Cheng, S. (2014). Predicting residents' pro-environmental behaviors at tourist sites: The role of awareness of disaster's consequences, values, and place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 131-146.
Larijani, M., & Yeshodhara, K. (2008). An empirical study of environmental attitude among higher primary school teachers of India and Iran. Journal of human ecology, 24(3), 195-200.
Taskin, O. (2009). The environmental attitudes of Turkish senior high school students in the context of postmaterialism and the new environmental paradigm. International Journal of Science Education, 31(4), 481-502.
Frick, J., Kaiser, F. G., & Wilson, M. (2004). Environmental knowledge and conservation behavior: Exploring prevalence and structure in a representative sample. Personality and Individual differences, 37(8), 1597-1613.
khoshfar, G., Salehi, S., Vesal, Z., & Abaszade, M. R. (2015). Evaluate the Social factors affecting environmental awareness of villagers (Case study: The Village-city of Jagharq in Binalud county). Journal of Rural Research, 6(1), 137-158. doi: 10.22059/jrur.2015.54235. (In Persian)
Alavi Moghadam, M., Maknoon, R., Babazadeh naseri, A., Khanmohammadi Hzeveh, M., & Eftekhari Yegane, Y. (2012). Evaluation of awareness, attitude and action of Amirkabir University of Technology students on general aspects of environment. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 14(winter), 147-154. (In Persian)
Brown, P. R., & Khamphoukeo, K. (2010). Changes in farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices after implementation of ecologically-based rodent management in the uplands of Lao PDR. Crop protection, 29(6), 577-582.
Leonidou, L. C., Leonidou, C. N., & Kvasova, O. (2010). Antecedents and outcomes of consumer environmentally friendly attitudes and behaviour. Journal of Marketing Management, 26(13-14), 1319-1344.
Vicente-Molina, M. A., Fernández-Sáinz, A., & Izagirre-Olaizola, J. (2013). Environmental knowledge and other variables affecting pro-environmental behaviour: comparison of university students from emerging and advanced countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 61, 130-138.
Kalantari, K., & Asadi, A. (2010). Designing a structural model for explaining environmental attitude and behavior of urban residents (Case of Tehran). International Journal of Environmental Research, 4(2), 309-320.
Barr, S. (2007). Factors influencing environmental attitudes and behaviors a UK case study of household waste management. Environment and behavior, 39(4), 435-473.
Salehi, S., Ghaemi asl, Z. (2013). The Relationship between Environmental Education and Environmental Protection Behaviors (Case Study: High School Girls in Babol City). Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 1(3), 67-79. (In Persian)
Salehi, S.,& Karimzadeh, S.(2011). A Study on Relationship Between Environmental Knowledge and Environmental Behavior. Cultural and Communication Studies Quarterly, 24:160-173. (In Persian)
Hess-Quimbita, G., & Pavel, M. (1996). Assessing an Environmental Attitude Development Model: Factors Influencing the Environmental Attitudes of College Students. retrieved January30,2016, from http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED394438
Díaz-Siefer, P., Neaman, A., Salgado, E., Celis-Diez, J. L., & Otto, S. (2015). Human-environment system knowledge: A correlate of pro-environmental behavior. Sustainability, 7(11), 15510-15526.
Karatekin, K., & İmat, F. (2014). Evaluation of the Level of the Environment Knowledge of Teacher Candidates of Social Studies (Sample Turkey). Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 4436-4442.
Ferdowsi, S., Mortazavi, Sh., & Rezvani, N. (2007). Investigating the relationship between environmental knowledge and environmental protection behaviors. Journal of Human Sciences, 53: 266-253. (In Persian)
Azmi, A. & Motiei Langroudi, H. (2011). Review on Rural Environmental Problems in Iran and Solutions in Resolving These Problems. 30 (133) :101-115. (In Persian)
Roknaddin Eftekhari A, Fazel Niya G.(2005). Theoretical Explanation of Effective Factors on Rural People’s Knowledge and Awareness of Their Potentials and Environment Capacities. MJSP 2005; 9 (1) :111-149. (In Persian)
Izadi, F., Karimian, A. A., & Sodayizadeh, H. (2013). Investigation about Environmental Awareness of Rural Students and its Correlation with Awareness of Their Parents and Teachers, Case study: Students in Secondary School of Villages in Jey Distric, Esfahan. Journal of Rural Research, 4(4), 777-792. doi: 10.22059/jrur.2013.50419. (In Persian)
Namdari, R., & Najafian, M. (2012). Investigating socio-economic factors affecting women's performance in environmental protection. Woman and Culture, 4(11), 89-98. (In Persian).
Khozani, M., Atta, B., Dehghani, H., & Musa Zadeh, H. (2014).Investigation of the role of social capital in Birjand city with emphasis on the dimension of participation from the perspective of citizens and city managers. The 7th Congress of Iran Geopolitical Association (Political Geography of the City). Birjand. Available online at: http://www.civilica.com/Paper-GEOPOLITICS07 . (In Persian).
Fathi, S. (2012). An analysis of the role of social capital on rural development. Scientific-Research Quarterly of Geography. 2(25): 195-214. (In Persian).
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