عملکرد گیاهان در کاهش اثرات آلودگی صوتی با تاکید بر ویژگی های بصری
محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی صدا
احمد حامی
1
(استادیار گروه مهندسی فضای سبز، دانشکده کشاورزی ،دانشگاه تبریز)
ندا خدایاری
2
(university of TAbriz)
کلید واژه: کاهنده های صوتی, شبیه سازی صوتی, جذابیت های بصری گیاهان, آلودگی صوتی, کمربندهای سبز,
چکیده مقاله :
بعلت گسترش سریع صنایع، شهرنشینی و جوامع دیگر و سیستم حمل و نقل ، آلودگی صوتی به میزان قابل توجهی در سال ها ی اخیر افزایش یافته است. گیاهان بعنوان ارزانترین و طبیعی ترین عناصر برای کاهش آلودگی صوتی محیط در مقایسه با عناصر سخت از جمله سیمان، فلز، پلاستیک و مصالح دیگر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. هدف نهایی کنترل صدا افزایش آسایش، رضایتمندی و سلامتی افراد ساکن شهرها می باشد. بعبارتی،کمربندهای سبز در شاهراه ها،خیابان ها به عنوان عوامل محافظت کننده اماکن مسکونی از آلودگی صوتی ناشی از تردد انواع وسایط نقلیه از مهمترین خدمات شهری فضای سبز به شمار می آید. براساس مطالعات انجام گرفته، درختان نسبت به سایر موانع هم ردیف خود در تقلیل آلودگی صدا از قابلیت بیشتری برخوردار بوده و موثر عمل می کنند. روش های متعددی برای اندازه گیری اثرات عناصر منظر بر کاهش صدا در سال های اخیر مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است این مطالعه تلاش دارد مهمترین روش های رایج در این زمینه را مورد بررسی قرار دهد. نتایج بدست آمده از روش های مورد بررسی نشان می دهد که عناصر سبز بعنوان یکی از عوامل مهم کاهنده صوت در محیط های شهری همچنین نقش مهم در افزایش جذابیت های بصری داشته و در نتیجه سطح تحمل افراد را نسبت به صوت های مزاحم افزایش می دهد و نحوه ترکیب و چیدمان این گونه ها وجنبه های زیباشناختی آن ها می تواند تاثیر مثبتی بر روی کاهش اثرات صوت های مزاحم بر روی افراد داشته باشد.
Because of the rapid industrialization, urbanization and other communication and transport systems, noise pollution has reached to a disturbing level over the years. Plants have been suggested as an affordable and natural construction to mitigate outdoor noise pollution in comparison to concrete, metal, plastic and other man-made materials. The goal of noise control is to promote relaxation, satisfaction and well-being in urban residents. Green belt is known as one of the most important and effective method in residential areas to reduce noise pollution caused by road traffic in urban areas. A row of trees may be an effective technique than other barrier in decreasing noise pollution. In recent years, several methods have been used for measuring the effects of landscape elements on noise reduction. This study attempts to review the applied methods herein. The results showed that green elements not only mitigate noise pollution but also play important role in creating attractive scenes for people which may enhance human tolerance for noise pollution. In addition, organization of plants and their aesthetic values may have positive role on noise reduction.
1- Wrightson K (2000). An introduction to acoustic ecology. Soundscape: The Journal of Acoustic Ecology .1: 10–13.
2- Stansfeld Stephan , Matheson Mark (2003). Noise pollution: non-auditory effects on health. British Medical Bulletin. 68: 243–257
3- Pudjowati U.R, Yanuwiyadi B, Sulistiono R, Suyadi (2013). Estimation of Noise Reduction by Different Vegetation Type as a Noise Barrier: A Survey in Highway along Waru – Sidoarjo in East Java, Indonesia . International Journal Of Engineering And Science. Vol.2, Issue11: 20-25 .
4- Pijanowski Bryan C, Villanueva-Rivera Luis j, Dumyahn sarah L, Farina Almo, Krause Bernie L, Napoletano Brian m, Gage stuart h, Pieretti Nadia (2011). Soundscape Ecology: The Science of Sound in the Landscape. 61 (3).
5- Khilman T (2004). Noise pollution in cities, Curitiba and Göteborg as examples’, in: Proceedings of the Seminar Environmental Aspects of Urbanization — Seminar in Honor of Dr. Mostafa Kamal Tolba, Gothenburg, Sweden, in CD.
6- Yılmaz H, Ozer S (1998). Evaluation of noise pollution in the respect of landscape planning and solution proposals. Atatürk Univ Agric Faculty Journal. 28(3): 515-53.
7- Yang Fan, Bao Zhi Yi, Zhu Jun Zhu ( 2011). An Assessment of Psychological Noise Reduction by Landscape Plants, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 8: 1032-1048.
8- Hami A (2009). Users’ Preferences of Usability of Urban Parks in Tabriz, Iran (Unpublished thesis). Universiti Putra Malaysia.
9- Hami A, Suhardi M, Manohar M, Shah hosseini H (2011). Users’ preferences of usability and sustainability of old urban park in Tabriz, Iran, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences.11 (5):1899-905.
10- Grey G.W, Deneke F.J (1978). Urban Forestry (John Willey and Sons, New York).
11- Egan, M.D )1976 .( Concept in Architectural Acoustics (Mc-Graw Hill Inc, United States of America).
12- عرفانی محمد (1387). آلودگی صوتی و روشهای کنترل آن با تاکید بر طراحی فضای سبز. معاون فنی اداره کل حفاظت محیط زیست خراسان شمالی. 77 صفحه.
13- Evans G.W, Hygge S (2000). Noise and performance in children and adults. In Prasher D, (Eds.), Handbook of Noise and Health.
14- Hong J. Y, Jeon J. Y (2017). Exploring spatial relationships among soundscape variables in urban areas: A spatial statistical modelling approach. Landscape and Urban Planning.157: 352–364.
15- Langdon F.J (1976). Noise nuisance caused by road traffic in residential areas: Part I and II. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 47: 243–282.
16- Anderson L.M, Mulligan B.E, Goodman L.S (1984). Effects of vegetation on human response to sound. Journal of Arboriculture 10(2).
17- Nasiri Mehran , Fallah Asghar, Nasiri Behnam (2015). The Effects of tree species on reduction of the rate of noise pollution at the edge of hyracanian forest roads, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal. 14(5):1021-1026.
18- Lyon R (1977). Evaluating Effects of Vegetation on the Acoustical Environment by Physical Scale Modeling, Proc. of the Conference on Metropolitan Physical Environment, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report.
19- Tang S, Ong P, Woon H (1986). Monte-Carlo simulation of sound-propagation through leafy foliage using experimentally obtained leaf resonance parameters, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 80: 1740–1744.
20- Van Renterghem T, Botteldooren D, Verheyen K (2012). Road traffic noise shielding by vegetation belts of limited depth, Journal of Sound and Vibration. 331: 2404–2425.
21- مجنونیان هنریک (1369). درختان و محیط زیست. انتشارات سازمان حفاظت از محیط زیست.
22- Kragh J. (1981). Road traffic noise attenuation by belts of tress, Journal of Sound and Vibration. 74(2): 235-241.
23- Cook D.I, Haverbeke D.F.V (1974). Trees and shrubs for noise abatement. University of Nebraska College of Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin, RB 246.
24- Eyring C.F (1946). Jungle acoustics. J. Acoustic. Soc. Am. 18 (2): 257–270.
25- Fang Fang Chih, Ling Der-Lin (2005). Guidance for noise reduction provided by tree belts. Landscape and Urban Planning. 71: 29–34.
26- ملکی کبری، حسینی سید محسن، ورامش سعید (1387). اهمیت فضای سبز شهری در کاهش آلودگی صوتی، همایش ملی سوخت انرژی محیط زیست.
27- Beranek L.L, Vèr I.L (1992). Noise and Vibration Control Engineering. Wiley/ Interscience, New York.
28- Beranek L.L, Vèr I.L (1976). Noise and Vibration Control Engineering: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
29- Tamura A (2002). Recognition of sounds in residential areas—an indicator of our ambiguous sound environment. J. Asian Architect. Build. Eng. 48: 41-48.
30- Viollon S, Lavandier C, Drake C (2002). Influence of visual setting on sound ratings in an urban environment. Appl. Acoust. 63: 493-511.
31- Ge J, Hokao K (2005). Applying the methods of image evaluation and spatial analysis to study the sound environment of urban street areas. J. Environ. Psychol. 25: 455-466.
32- Hunashal Rajiv B, Patil Yogesh B. .(2012). Assessment of Noise Pollution Indices in the City of Kolhapur, India. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. Volume 37:448-457
33- Young,Joo Jin , Jeon Yong(2017). Exploring spatial relationships among soundscape variables in urban areas: A spatial statistical modelling approach. Landsc Urban Plan. Volume 157 352-364
34- Fang, Zhiyi, Zhujun, Jiani(2010). The investigation of noise attenuation by plants and corresponding Noise-Reducing Spectrum. J Environ Health.;72(8):8-15.
35- Chih-FangFangDer-LinLin.(2003). Investigation of the noise reduction provided by tree belts. Landsc Urban Plan :187-195
_||_1- Wrightson K (2000). An introduction to acoustic ecology. Soundscape: The Journal of Acoustic Ecology .1: 10–13.
2- Stansfeld Stephan , Matheson Mark (2003). Noise pollution: non-auditory effects on health. British Medical Bulletin. 68: 243–257
3- Pudjowati U.R, Yanuwiyadi B, Sulistiono R, Suyadi (2013). Estimation of Noise Reduction by Different Vegetation Type as a Noise Barrier: A Survey in Highway along Waru – Sidoarjo in East Java, Indonesia . International Journal Of Engineering And Science. Vol.2, Issue11: 20-25 .
4- Pijanowski Bryan C, Villanueva-Rivera Luis j, Dumyahn sarah L, Farina Almo, Krause Bernie L, Napoletano Brian m, Gage stuart h, Pieretti Nadia (2011). Soundscape Ecology: The Science of Sound in the Landscape. 61 (3).
5- Khilman T (2004). Noise pollution in cities, Curitiba and Göteborg as examples’, in: Proceedings of the Seminar Environmental Aspects of Urbanization — Seminar in Honor of Dr. Mostafa Kamal Tolba, Gothenburg, Sweden, in CD.
6- Yılmaz H, Ozer S (1998). Evaluation of noise pollution in the respect of landscape planning and solution proposals. Atatürk Univ Agric Faculty Journal. 28(3): 515-53.
7- Yang Fan, Bao Zhi Yi, Zhu Jun Zhu ( 2011). An Assessment of Psychological Noise Reduction by Landscape Plants, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 8: 1032-1048.
8- Hami A (2009). Users’ Preferences of Usability of Urban Parks in Tabriz, Iran (Unpublished thesis). Universiti Putra Malaysia.
9- Hami A, Suhardi M, Manohar M, Shah hosseini H (2011). Users’ preferences of usability and sustainability of old urban park in Tabriz, Iran, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences.11 (5):1899-905.
10- Grey G.W, Deneke F.J (1978). Urban Forestry (John Willey and Sons, New York).
11- Egan, M.D )1976 .( Concept in Architectural Acoustics (Mc-Graw Hill Inc, United States of America).
12- عرفانی محمد (1387). آلودگی صوتی و روشهای کنترل آن با تاکید بر طراحی فضای سبز. معاون فنی اداره کل حفاظت محیط زیست خراسان شمالی. 77 صفحه.
13- Evans G.W, Hygge S (2000). Noise and performance in children and adults. In Prasher D, (Eds.), Handbook of Noise and Health.
14- Hong J. Y, Jeon J. Y (2017). Exploring spatial relationships among soundscape variables in urban areas: A spatial statistical modelling approach. Landscape and Urban Planning.157: 352–364.
15- Langdon F.J (1976). Noise nuisance caused by road traffic in residential areas: Part I and II. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 47: 243–282.
16- Anderson L.M, Mulligan B.E, Goodman L.S (1984). Effects of vegetation on human response to sound. Journal of Arboriculture 10(2).
17- Nasiri Mehran , Fallah Asghar, Nasiri Behnam (2015). The Effects of tree species on reduction of the rate of noise pollution at the edge of hyracanian forest roads, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal. 14(5):1021-1026.
18- Lyon R (1977). Evaluating Effects of Vegetation on the Acoustical Environment by Physical Scale Modeling, Proc. of the Conference on Metropolitan Physical Environment, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report.
19- Tang S, Ong P, Woon H (1986). Monte-Carlo simulation of sound-propagation through leafy foliage using experimentally obtained leaf resonance parameters, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 80: 1740–1744.
20- Van Renterghem T, Botteldooren D, Verheyen K (2012). Road traffic noise shielding by vegetation belts of limited depth, Journal of Sound and Vibration. 331: 2404–2425.
21- مجنونیان هنریک (1369). درختان و محیط زیست. انتشارات سازمان حفاظت از محیط زیست.
22- Kragh J. (1981). Road traffic noise attenuation by belts of tress, Journal of Sound and Vibration. 74(2): 235-241.
23- Cook D.I, Haverbeke D.F.V (1974). Trees and shrubs for noise abatement. University of Nebraska College of Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin, RB 246.
24- Eyring C.F (1946). Jungle acoustics. J. Acoustic. Soc. Am. 18 (2): 257–270.
25- Fang Fang Chih, Ling Der-Lin (2005). Guidance for noise reduction provided by tree belts. Landscape and Urban Planning. 71: 29–34.
26- ملکی کبری، حسینی سید محسن، ورامش سعید (1387). اهمیت فضای سبز شهری در کاهش آلودگی صوتی، همایش ملی سوخت انرژی محیط زیست.
27- Beranek L.L, Vèr I.L (1992). Noise and Vibration Control Engineering. Wiley/ Interscience, New York.
28- Beranek L.L, Vèr I.L (1976). Noise and Vibration Control Engineering: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
29- Tamura A (2002). Recognition of sounds in residential areas—an indicator of our ambiguous sound environment. J. Asian Architect. Build. Eng. 48: 41-48.
30- Viollon S, Lavandier C, Drake C (2002). Influence of visual setting on sound ratings in an urban environment. Appl. Acoust. 63: 493-511.
31- Ge J, Hokao K (2005). Applying the methods of image evaluation and spatial analysis to study the sound environment of urban street areas. J. Environ. Psychol. 25: 455-466.
32- Hunashal Rajiv B, Patil Yogesh B. .(2012). Assessment of Noise Pollution Indices in the City of Kolhapur, India. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. Volume 37:448-457
33- Young,Joo Jin , Jeon Yong(2017). Exploring spatial relationships among soundscape variables in urban areas: A spatial statistical modelling approach. Landsc Urban Plan. Volume 157 352-364
34- Fang, Zhiyi, Zhujun, Jiani(2010). The investigation of noise attenuation by plants and corresponding Noise-Reducing Spectrum. J Environ Health.;72(8):8-15.
35- Chih-FangFangDer-LinLin.(2003). Investigation of the noise reduction provided by tree belts. Landsc Urban Plan :187-195