بررسی اثر گروهی از آفت کش های شیمیایی مهم (ارگانوکلرین، ارگانوفسفات و کاربامات ) بر محیط زیست و انسان
محورهای موضوعی :
سم شناسی زیست محیطی
غلامرضا سبزقبائی
1
(استادیار گروه محیط زیست دانشگاه صنعتی خاتم الانبیاء (ص) بهبهان، بهبهان، ایران)
مرضیه رئیسی
2
(دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد رشته آلودگی محیط زیست دانشگاه صنعتی خاتم الانبیاء(ص) بهبهان)
تاریخ دریافت : 1395/11/01
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/03/05
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/07/01
کلید واژه:
انباشت زیستی,
پرندگان,
انسان,
حشره‌کش‌ها,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف : در سال های اخیر نگرانی فزآینده ای درباره اثرات آفت کش ها روی موجودات غیر هدف به وجود آمده است. بقایای ناشی از مصرف سموم شیمیایی آفت کش سبب آلودگی محیط زیست گردیده و سلامتی انسان ها و پرندگان را در معرض خطر جدی قرار داده است. هدفاصلی از این تحقیق بررسیو تحلیل مطالعات انجام شده در رابطه با اثر آفت کشهای ارگانو کلرین، ارگانو فسفات و کاربامات بر پرندگان، انسان و محیط زیست می باشد.
روش بررسی : روش جمع آوری اطلاعات در این تحقیق شامل بررسی کتابخانه ای و اسنادی و تحلیل محتوایی مطالعات انجام شده در این زمینه می باشد.
یافته ها: سه گروه اصلی از ترکیب آفت کش های شیمیایی شامل ارگانوکلرین، ارگانوفسفات و کاربامات است. ارگانو کلرین ها به دلیل پایداری طولانی مدت در طبیعت برای مدت طولانی در کشورهای مختلف استفاده نشدند. اما بعضی از آنها مانند آلدرین، لیندان و آندوسولفان هنوز هم در کشورهای در حال توسعه استفاده می شوند. اکثر ارگانوکلرین ها مهار کننده گیرنده های گاما آمینو بوتیریک اسید (GABA) در مغز هستند و سیستم عصبی مرکزی را تحت تأثیر قرار می دهند. ارگانوفسفات ها و کاربامات ها در زنجیره غذایی تجمع نمی یابند و پایداری کم تری دارند در نتیجه جایگزین ارگانوکلرین با پایداری بالا شدند. هر دو آفت کشهای ارگانوفسفات و کاربامات آنزیم استیل کولین استراز را مهار می کنند.
نتیجه گیری: آفت کش های شیمیایی شامل ارگانوکلرین، ارگانوفسفات و کاربامات باعث اختلال در غدد درون ریز در انسان و پرندگان و همچنین تغییرات رفتاری و به خطر افتادن سیستم ایمنی می شود.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Purpose: In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the effects of pesticides on non-target organisms. Residues from the use of chemical pesticides have polluted the environment and put the health of humans and birds at serious risk. The main purpose of this study is to review and analyze the studies on the effects of organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate pesticides on birds, humans and the environment.
Material and Methodology: The method of data collection in this study includes library and documentary review and content analysis of studies conducted in this field.
Results: The three main groups of chemical pesticides are organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate. Organochlorines were not used in different countries for a long time due to their long-term stability in the nature. But some of them, such as Aldrin, Lindane and Endosulfan, are still used in developing countries. Most organochlorines inhibit gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the brain and affect the central nervous system. Organophosphates and carbamates do not accumulate in the food chain and are less stable, thus replacing organochlorine with high stability. Both organophosphate and carbamate pesticides inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.
Discussion and Conclusion: Chemical pesticides, including organochlorine, organophosphate, and carbamate, cause endocrine disorders in humans and birds, as well as behavioral changes and compromise the immune system.
منابع و مأخذ:
Mandal, F.B., Nandi, N.C., 2009. Biodiversity: Concept, Conservation and Biofuture. Asian Book Pvt. Ltp., New Delhi, India.
Schulz, R. and M. Leiss, 1999. A field study of the effects of agriculturally derived insecticide input on stream invertebrate dynamics. Aquat. Toxicol., 46: 155–76.
Desneux, N., Decourtye, A., Delpuech, J.M., 2007. The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 52, 81–106.
Cloyd, R. A., Bethke, J. A., 2011.Impact of neonicotinoid insecticides on natural enemies in greenhouse and interiorscape environments. Pest Manag. Sci. 67: 3-9.
Fogel, MN., Desneux, N., Schneider, MI., Gonzalez, B., Ronco, A.E., 2013. Impact of the neonicotinoid acetamiprid on immature stages of the predator Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Ecotoxicology, 22: 1063-1071.
Rahmani, S., Bandani, A.R., 2013. Sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam adversely affect life table parameters of the aphid predator, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Crop Protection, 54: 168-175.
Gontijo PC, Moscardini VF, Michaud JP, Carvalho GA. 2014. Non-target effects of chlorantraniliprole and thiamethoxam on Chrysoperla carnea when employed as sunflower seed treatments. Journal of Pest Science, 87: 711-719
Yao, Y. W., Chen, P. R., Li, S., Wang, L. J., Zhang, J. T., Yip, S. W., et al., 2015. Decision-making for risky gains and losses among college students with Internet gaming disorder. PLoS ONE 10:e0116471 10.1371/journal.pone.0116471 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref].
Galvan A, Hare TA, Parra CE, Penn J, Voss H, Glover G, et al., 2005. Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. J Neurosci. 26(25):6885–6892.
Kuenzel, W.J., 1994. Central neuroanatomical systems involved in the regulation of food intake in birds and mammals J.Nutr., 124: 1355S-1370S.
Khan, Z. R. ; Midega, C. A. O.; Wadhams, L. J. ; Pickett, J. A. ; Mumuni, A., 2007. Evaluation of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) varieties for use as trap plants for the management of African stemborer (Busseola fusca) in a push–pull strategy. Entomol. Exp. Applic., 124 (2): 201–211
Walker, C.H., S.P. Hopkin, R.M. Sibly and D.B. Peakall, 2001. Principles of Ecotoxicology, 2nd edition. Taylor and Francis, London.
Fry, D.M., 1995. Reproductive effects in birds exposed to pesticides and industrial chemicals, Environ, Health Persp., 103: 165-171.
Peakall, D.B., 1985. Behavioral responses of birds to pesticides and other contaminants, Residue rev, 96: 45-77.
US EPA, 2001. EFED risk assessment for the reregistration eligibility decision on Endosulfan.
Rawlings, N.C., Cook, S.J., Waldbillig, D., 1998. Effects of the pesticides carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, lindane, triallate, trifluralin, 2, 4-D and pentachlorophenol on the metabolic endocrine and reproductive endocrine system in ewes.J.Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 54: 21-36.
Herbst, M., Van Esch, G.J., 1991. Lindan. World health organization, Geneva.
Mandal, A., Chakraborty, S., Lahiri., 1986. Hematological changes produced by lindane (µ- HCH) in six species of birds. Toxicology, 40: 103-111.
Grasman, K.A., Fox, G.A., Scanlon, P.F., Ludwig,J.P., 1996. Organochlorine- associated immunosuppression in prefledgling Caspian terns and herring gulls from the great lakes: an ecoepidemiological study, Environ.Health perspect., 104: 829- 842.
Garg, U.K., Pal, A.K., Jha, G.J., Jadhao, S.B., 2004. Haemato-biochemical and immune pathophysiological effects of chronic toxicity with synthetic pyrethroid, organophosphate and chlorinated pesticides in broiler chicks. Int. Immunopharmacol, 4:1709-1722.
Bishop, C.A., Van Der Kraak, P.Ng, Smits, J.E.G., Hontela, A., 1998. health of tree swallows ( Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in Ontario, Canada. II. Sex and thyroid hormone concentrations and testes development. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A, 55: 561-581.
Parker, M.L., Goldstein, M.L., 2000. Differential toxicities of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in the nestling European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 39: 233-342.
Hill, E.F., 1992. Avian toxicology of anticholinesterases, In: clinicaland experimental toxicology of organophosphates and carbamate, Ballantyne, B. and T.C. Marrs(Eds.). Butterworth Heinemann Ltd., Oxford, ISBN- 13: 9780750602716, PP: 272-294.
Madison, W.L., 1993. A decade(1980-1990)of organophosphorous and carbamate related mortality in migratory birds. U.S. Fish and wildlife services, National wildlife health research center.
Prosser, D., Hart, A.D., 2005. Assessing potential exposure of birds to pesticide-treated seeds, Ecotoxicology, 14: 679-691.
Fleeger, J.W., Carmana, K.R., Nisbeth, R.M., 2003. Indirect effects of contaminats in aquatic ecosystem. Sci. Total environ., 317: 207-233.
Abrams, P.A., 1995. Implications of dynamically variable traits for identifying, classifying and measuring direct and indirect effects in ecological communities. Am.Vat., 146: 112-134.
Vyas, N.B., Hill, E.F., Sauer, J.R., Kuenzel, W.J., 1995. Acephate affects migratory orientation of the white-throated sparrow(Zonotrichiaalbicollis). Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 11: 1961-1965.
Hart, A.D.M., 1993. Relationships between behavior and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in birds exposed to organophosphotus pesticides. Environ.Toxicol. Chem, 12: 321-336.
Bennett, R.S., Williams, B.A., Schmedding, D.W., Bennett, J.K., 1991. Effects of dietary exposure to methyl parathion on egg laying and incubation in mallards. Environ. Toxicol. Chem, 10: 501-507.
Grue, C.E., Hart, A.D.M., Mineau, P., 1991. Biological consequences of depressed brain cholinesterase activity in wildlife, In: Cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides, Mineau, P. (Ed.). Elsevier science, Netherland, pp: 151-209.
Patricia,S.M., 1998. Oregon state university BI301 human impacts on ecosystems, Department of botany and plant pathology.
جادی، یعقوب.، موحدینیا، عبدالعلی.، صفاهیه، علیرضا.، دژندیان، سهراب.، حلاجیان، علی. مطالعه اثرات تحت کشندگی آفت کش دیازینون بر برخی پارامترهای بیوشیمیایی سرم خون بچه ماهی سیم دریای خزر، 1394، شماره 3، 281-274.
Aebischer, N. J. and Potts, G. R., 1990. Long-term changes in numbers of cereal invertebrates assessed by monitoring. Proceedings of the 1990 Brighton Crop Protection Conference- Pests and Diseases. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, pp.163-172.
Ewald, J. A. and Aebischer, N. J., 1999. Pesticide Use, Avian Food Resources and Bird Densities in Sussex. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK.
Anindita,M., Chandranath, C., Fatic, B.M., 2011. Synthetic chemical pesticides and their effects on birds, Journal of Environmental Toxicology, ISSN 1819-3420 / Dol: 10.3923.
عقیلینژاد، ماشاءاله.، فرشاد، علیاصغر.، نقوی، محسن.، حقانی، حمیدرضا. بررسی رابطه میان مصرف سموم آفتکش و اثرات آن بر سلامت کشاورزان در استانهای مختلف کشور، 1385، شماره 1 و 2.
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Mandal, F.B., Nandi, N.C., 2009. Biodiversity: Concept, Conservation and Biofuture. Asian Book Pvt. Ltp., New Delhi, India.
Schulz, R. and M. Leiss, 1999. A field study of the effects of agriculturally derived insecticide input on stream invertebrate dynamics. Aquat. Toxicol., 46: 155–76.
Desneux, N., Decourtye, A., Delpuech, J.M., 2007. The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 52, 81–106.
Cloyd, R. A., Bethke, J. A., 2011.Impact of neonicotinoid insecticides on natural enemies in greenhouse and interiorscape environments. Pest Manag. Sci. 67: 3-9.
Fogel, MN., Desneux, N., Schneider, MI., Gonzalez, B., Ronco, A.E., 2013. Impact of the neonicotinoid acetamiprid on immature stages of the predator Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Ecotoxicology, 22: 1063-1071.
Rahmani, S., Bandani, A.R., 2013. Sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam adversely affect life table parameters of the aphid predator, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Crop Protection, 54: 168-175.
Gontijo PC, Moscardini VF, Michaud JP, Carvalho GA. 2014. Non-target effects of chlorantraniliprole and thiamethoxam on Chrysoperla carnea when employed as sunflower seed treatments. Journal of Pest Science, 87: 711-719
Yao, Y. W., Chen, P. R., Li, S., Wang, L. J., Zhang, J. T., Yip, S. W., et al., 2015. Decision-making for risky gains and losses among college students with Internet gaming disorder. PLoS ONE 10:e0116471 10.1371/journal.pone.0116471 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref].
Galvan A, Hare TA, Parra CE, Penn J, Voss H, Glover G, et al., 2005. Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. J Neurosci. 26(25):6885–6892.
Kuenzel, W.J., 1994. Central neuroanatomical systems involved in the regulation of food intake in birds and mammals J.Nutr., 124: 1355S-1370S.
Khan, Z. R. ; Midega, C. A. O.; Wadhams, L. J. ; Pickett, J. A. ; Mumuni, A., 2007. Evaluation of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) varieties for use as trap plants for the management of African stemborer (Busseola fusca) in a push–pull strategy. Entomol. Exp. Applic., 124 (2): 201–211
Walker, C.H., S.P. Hopkin, R.M. Sibly and D.B. Peakall, 2001. Principles of Ecotoxicology, 2nd edition. Taylor and Francis, London.
Fry, D.M., 1995. Reproductive effects in birds exposed to pesticides and industrial chemicals, Environ, Health Persp., 103: 165-171.
Peakall, D.B., 1985. Behavioral responses of birds to pesticides and other contaminants, Residue rev, 96: 45-77.
US EPA, 2001. EFED risk assessment for the reregistration eligibility decision on Endosulfan.
Rawlings, N.C., Cook, S.J., Waldbillig, D., 1998. Effects of the pesticides carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, lindane, triallate, trifluralin, 2, 4-D and pentachlorophenol on the metabolic endocrine and reproductive endocrine system in ewes.J.Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 54: 21-36.
Herbst, M., Van Esch, G.J., 1991. Lindan. World health organization, Geneva.
Mandal, A., Chakraborty, S., Lahiri., 1986. Hematological changes produced by lindane (µ- HCH) in six species of birds. Toxicology, 40: 103-111.
Grasman, K.A., Fox, G.A., Scanlon, P.F., Ludwig,J.P., 1996. Organochlorine- associated immunosuppression in prefledgling Caspian terns and herring gulls from the great lakes: an ecoepidemiological study, Environ.Health perspect., 104: 829- 842.
Garg, U.K., Pal, A.K., Jha, G.J., Jadhao, S.B., 2004. Haemato-biochemical and immune pathophysiological effects of chronic toxicity with synthetic pyrethroid, organophosphate and chlorinated pesticides in broiler chicks. Int. Immunopharmacol, 4:1709-1722.
Bishop, C.A., Van Der Kraak, P.Ng, Smits, J.E.G., Hontela, A., 1998. health of tree swallows ( Tachycineta bicolor) nesting in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in Ontario, Canada. II. Sex and thyroid hormone concentrations and testes development. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A, 55: 561-581.
Parker, M.L., Goldstein, M.L., 2000. Differential toxicities of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in the nestling European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 39: 233-342.
Hill, E.F., 1992. Avian toxicology of anticholinesterases, In: clinicaland experimental toxicology of organophosphates and carbamate, Ballantyne, B. and T.C. Marrs(Eds.). Butterworth Heinemann Ltd., Oxford, ISBN- 13: 9780750602716, PP: 272-294.
Madison, W.L., 1993. A decade(1980-1990)of organophosphorous and carbamate related mortality in migratory birds. U.S. Fish and wildlife services, National wildlife health research center.
Prosser, D., Hart, A.D., 2005. Assessing potential exposure of birds to pesticide-treated seeds, Ecotoxicology, 14: 679-691.
Fleeger, J.W., Carmana, K.R., Nisbeth, R.M., 2003. Indirect effects of contaminats in aquatic ecosystem. Sci. Total environ., 317: 207-233.
Abrams, P.A., 1995. Implications of dynamically variable traits for identifying, classifying and measuring direct and indirect effects in ecological communities. Am.Vat., 146: 112-134.
Vyas, N.B., Hill, E.F., Sauer, J.R., Kuenzel, W.J., 1995. Acephate affects migratory orientation of the white-throated sparrow(Zonotrichiaalbicollis). Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 11: 1961-1965.
Hart, A.D.M., 1993. Relationships between behavior and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in birds exposed to organophosphotus pesticides. Environ.Toxicol. Chem, 12: 321-336.
Bennett, R.S., Williams, B.A., Schmedding, D.W., Bennett, J.K., 1991. Effects of dietary exposure to methyl parathion on egg laying and incubation in mallards. Environ. Toxicol. Chem, 10: 501-507.
Grue, C.E., Hart, A.D.M., Mineau, P., 1991. Biological consequences of depressed brain cholinesterase activity in wildlife, In: Cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides, Mineau, P. (Ed.). Elsevier science, Netherland, pp: 151-209.
Patricia,S.M., 1998. Oregon state university BI301 human impacts on ecosystems, Department of botany and plant pathology.
جادی، یعقوب.، موحدینیا، عبدالعلی.، صفاهیه، علیرضا.، دژندیان، سهراب.، حلاجیان، علی. مطالعه اثرات تحت کشندگی آفت کش دیازینون بر برخی پارامترهای بیوشیمیایی سرم خون بچه ماهی سیم دریای خزر، 1394، شماره 3، 281-274.
Aebischer, N. J. and Potts, G. R., 1990. Long-term changes in numbers of cereal invertebrates assessed by monitoring. Proceedings of the 1990 Brighton Crop Protection Conference- Pests and Diseases. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, pp.163-172.
Ewald, J. A. and Aebischer, N. J., 1999. Pesticide Use, Avian Food Resources and Bird Densities in Sussex. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK.
Anindita,M., Chandranath, C., Fatic, B.M., 2011. Synthetic chemical pesticides and their effects on birds, Journal of Environmental Toxicology, ISSN 1819-3420 / Dol: 10.3923.
عقیلینژاد، ماشاءاله.، فرشاد، علیاصغر.، نقوی، محسن.، حقانی، حمیدرضا. بررسی رابطه میان مصرف سموم آفتکش و اثرات آن بر سلامت کشاورزان در استانهای مختلف کشور، 1385، شماره 1 و 2.
