Power management in the network consisting of renewable resources and electric vehicle using soft open point switches by improved imperialist competitive algorithm

Subject Areas : Electrical Engineering

Mohamad Mahdi Erfani Majd ¹ , Mahmoud Samiei Moghaddam ^{2 *} , Reza Davarzani ³ , Ali Asghar Shojaei ⁴ , Mojtaba Vahedi ⁵

1 - Department of Electrical Engineering, Sha.C., Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
2 - داتشکده مهندسی برق، واحد دامغان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دامغان، ایران
3 - Department of Electrical Engineering, Sha.C., Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
4 - Department of Electrical Engineering, Ne.C., Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran
5 - دانشکده مهندسی برق- واحد شاهرود، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شاهرود، ایران

Received: 2025-05-27 Accepted : 2025-05-30 Published : 2025-05-11

Keywords: Soft open point (SOP) switch, imperialist competitive algorithm, voltage imbalance, electric vehicle, solar panel,

Abstract :

Today, serious concerns about the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the need to use clean resources, and government incentive plans have increased the penetration level of using renewable resources and using electric cars. In the meantime, the share of energy produced by solar photovoltaic panels is increasing significantly around the world. However, the expansion of the use of solar panels and electric vehicles on a large-scale causes problems such as voltage imbalance, excessive increase in its range and reverse power distribution, which makes the power quality indicators in the distribution network face serious risks.

Methods: In this study, the effects of the use of solar panels and the entry of electric vehicles into the distribution network have been evaluated in the percentage of different intrusions for a part of the distribution network in the city of Mashhad in Iran, and then soft open point (SOP) switches have been used to manage power distribution. In order to determine the optimal position of using SOPs, the imperialist competitive algorithm based on chaos has been used by MATLAB software, and DIgSILENT Power Factory software is used to evaluate the amount of violations in the voltage profile of network buses.

References:

[1] W. Chengshan, G. Song, P. Li, H. Ji, J. Zhao, and J. Wu. "Optimal siting and sizing of soft open points in active electrical distribution networks." Applied energy 189 (2017): 301-309.
[2] L. Hong-ze, S. Guo, C. Li, and J. Sun. "A hybrid annual power load forecasting model based on generalized regression neural network with fruit fly optimization algorithm." Knowledge-Based Systems 37 (2013): 378-387.
[3] A. Thomas, S. Cherevatskiy, T. Brown, R. Eriksson, A. Samadi, M. Ghandhari, L. Söder et al. "Smart modeling of optimal integration of high penetration of PV-Smooth PV." Final Report for Smooth PV Project under PV ERA NET Call (2013).
[4] L. Chao, J. Wu, L. Thomas, and N. Jenkins. "Optimal operation of soft open points in medium voltage electrical distribution networks with distributed generation." Applied Energy 184 (2016): 427-437.
[5] C. Wanyu, J. Wu, N. Jenkins, C. Wang, and T. Green. "Benefits analysis of soft open points for electrical distribution network operation." Applied Energy 165 (2016): 36-47.
[6] B. Saeid, and H. K. Fathy. "Cost-optimal charging of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles under time-varying electricity price signals." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 15, no. 5 (2014): 1958-1968.
[7] Z. Hua, R. Lu, C. Zhu, and Y. Zhao. "On-line measurement of internal resistance of lithium ion battery for EV and its application research." International Journal of u-and e-Service, Science and Technology 7, no. 4 (2014): 301-310.
[8] https://pushevs.com/2018/01/29/2018-nissan-leaf-battery-real-specs
[9] A. M. Sawkat, M. Haque, and P. Wolfs. "A review of topological ordering based voltage rise mitigation methods for LV distribution networks with high levels of photovoltaic penetration." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 103 (2019): 463-476.
[10] P. Piyadanai, and S. Kanprachar. "Voltage level management of low voltage radial distribution networks with high penetration of rooftop PV systems." GMSARN Int. J.11, no. 1 (2017): 16-22.
[11] O. Vazquez, M. A. "Optimal scheduling of electric vehicle charging and vehicle‐to‐grid services at household level including battery degradation and price uncertainty." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 8, no. 6 (2014): 1007-1016.
[12] Y. Cheng, C. Zhou, J. Yu, K. Xu, P. Li, and G. Song. "A sequential optimization method for soft open point integrated with energy storage in active distribution networks." Energy Procedia 145 (2018): 528-533.
[13] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nissan_Leaf_2018_(31874639158)_(cropped).jpg#/media/File:Nissan_Leaf_2018_(31874639158)_(cropped).jpg
[14] L. Chao, J. Wu, L. Thomas, and N. Jenkins. "Optimal operation of soft open points in medium voltage electrical distribution networks with distributed generation." Applied Energy 184 (2016): 427-437.
[15] Z. Mehdi, M. E. H. Golshan, and J. M. Guerrero. "Voltage quality improvement in low voltage distribution networks using reactive power capability of single-phase PV inverters." IEEE transactions on smart grid10, no. 5 (2018): 5057-5065.
[16] J. Haoran, C. Wang, P. Li, F. Ding, and J. Wu. "Robust operation of soft open points in active distribution networks with high penetration of photovoltaic integration." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 10, no. 1 (2018): 280-289.
[17] P. Yael. "Plug‐In Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington?." (2010): 806-808.
[18] M. T. H. Yang, and L. Lu. "A feasibility study of a stand-alone hybrid solar–wind–battery system for a remote island." Applied Energy 121 (2014): 149-158.
[19] A. Gargari, and C. Lucas. "Imperialist competitive algorithm: an algorithm for optimization inspired by imperialistic competition." In 2007 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation, pp. 4661-4667. IEEE, 2007.
[20] L. Doudou, and A. K. Raji. "Decision-making between a grid extension and a rural renewable off-grid system with hydrogen generation." International journal of hydrogen Energy 43, no. 20 (2018): 9535-9548.
[21] Z. Chengming, H. Cheng, L. Liu, H. Zhang, X. Zhang, and G. Li. "Coordination planning of wind farm, energy storage and transmission network with high-penetration renewable energy." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 120 (2020): 105944.
[22] H. Carsten, P. Fortenbacher, A. Fuchs, and G. Andersson. "PV-integration strategies for low voltage networks." In 2016 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON), pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2016.
[23] Y. J. H. Chin, J. Wong, Y. Seng Lim, and J. H. Tang. "Assessment on various allocations of energy storages systems on radial distribution network for maximum PV systems penetration." In 2018 International Conference on Smart Grid and Clean Energy Technologies (ICSGCE), pp. 89-94. IEEE, 2018.
[24] P. Rung, W. Ongsakul, and U. Schmidt. "Impact of high solar rooftop PV penetration on voltage profiles in distribution systems." In 2014 International Conference and Utility Exhibition on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE), pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2014.