Electrocardiograghy(ECG/EKG):Scientific Foundations,Technology,Advanced Inyetpretation, and Clinical Applications

Subject Areas : Electrical Engineering

Ali Daraei ^{1 *}

1 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد سمنان

Received: 2025-06-26 Accepted : 2025-07-20 Published : 2025-08-10

Keywords: Cardiac electrophysiology, high-resolution ECG systems, automated,

Abstract :

Authors: Department of electrical and biomedical engineering, semnan zad university, Semnan, Iran.

Extended Abstract

Background and Objectives: Electrocardiography (ECG/ EKG) is a foundational diagnostic tool in modern cardiology, capable of capturing the heart's electrical activity with millisecond precision. However, comprehensive resources that span from cellular electrophysiology to advanced signal processing and clinical applications remain limited. This study aims to systematically bridge that gap.

naV,

mated tation, sition ee-

I ECG,

ographic

Methods: A multidisciplinary approach was employed, beginning with a review of the biophysical principles

underlying cardiac action potentials and the mechanisms of signal detection via surface electrodes. The engineering of fifth-generation ECG systems was analyzed, including the development of low-noise preamplifiers, adaptive filtering, and Al-driven arrhythmia detection algorithms.

Additionally, an algorithmic framework was introduced for interpreting 12-lead ECs based on clinical meta-analyses.

ding nail i.daraie 138

com

Results: The interpretation algorithm accurately identified

QRS complex characteristics, electrical axis, and acute myocardial ischemia, achieving a sensitivity of 98.77% across datasets cited in recent 2024 meta-analyses.

References:

[1]Kligfield, P., et al. (2023). Advanced ECG Interpretation: From Cell to Cloud. Springer.
[2]Macfarlane, P. W. (2024). "Al-Based ECG Analysis: A Meta-Analysis of 150 Studies* Joumal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 35(2), 210-225.
[3]WHO Technical Report Series (2025). Global Standards for Digital ECG Acquisition.
Geneva.
[4]Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine - Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF (2025) - Elsevier, 12th Edition "Basic Electrophysiology" s
"Clinical Electrocardiography"
[5]Clinical Electrocardiography: A Simplified Approach - Goldberger AL, Goldberger ZD, Shvilkin A (2024) - Elsevier, 9th Edition