اثر متغیرهای کلان اقتصادی بر خشنودی: مطالعه بین کشوری با رهیافت تحلیل حدهای نهائی
محورهای موضوعی : اقتصاد کار و جمعیت
کلید واژه: خشنودی, اقتصاد خشنودی, خشنودی ذهنی, سطح خشنودی,
چکیده مقاله :
سطح خشنودی به عنوان میزان رضایتمندی از زندگی متاثر از عوامل ژنتیکی، محیطی و ارادی است. هدف این مقاله ارزیابی متغیرهای محیطی و ارادی بر سطح خشنودی در کشورهای توسعه یافته و در حال توسعه با استفاده از روش تحلیل حدهای نهایی و متوسط داده‌های تلفیقی در مقاطع 99-1990 و 2008-2000 می‌باشد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد عوامل محیطی (درآمد سرانه بالا و تورم و بیکاری اندک) و مراقبت بهداشتی (مانند امید به زندگی بالا به عنوان برآیندی از عوامل محیطی و ارادی) از عوامل کلیدی در توضیح تفاوت معنادار سطح خشنودی در دو گروه یاد شده می‌باشند.
The purpose of this paper is evaluating the effect of environmental and voluntary variables on level of happiness in developed and developing countries. In this paper, the effect of environmental and voluntary variables on happiness was estimated using extreme-bound analysis (EBA) and group panel data technique in 1990-99 and 2000-2008 periods. The level of happiness in developed countries (in average 7.1) is more than developing countries (in average 5.9). Environmental factors (high income per capita and low inflation and unemployment) and health care (such as high life expectancy as resultant of environmental and voluntary factors) are key factors which can explain the difference of happiness in developed and developing countries.
منابع
- Ahuvia, A. (2008). If money doesn’t make us happy, why do we act as if it does?. Journal of Economic Psychology 29; pp.491–507.
- Alesina, A., Di. Tella, R. and MacCulloch R. (2004). Inequality and happiness: Are Europeans and Americans different?. Journal of Public Economics. 88, 2009-20-42.
- Baltagi, B. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. John Wiley & Sons, Egland.
- Clark, A., Frijters, P., Shields, M. (2008(. Relative income, happiness and utility: an explanation for the easterlin paradox and other puzzles. Journal of Economic Literature 46 (1), 95–144.
- Diener E, Lucas R, Schimmack R, Helliwell J. (2009). Well-being for Public Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Diener E, Oishi S. (2000). Money and happiness: income and subjective well-being across nations. In: Diener E, Suh EM, editors. Culture and subjective well-being. Cambridge, MA: MIT press; p. 185–218.
- Di Tella, MacCulloch, R.J. (2006). Some uses of happiness data in economics. Journal of Economic Perspectives,No 20(1), 25–46.
- Frederick,S. Loewenstein G. Kahneman, Diener, S. (1999). Hedonic adaptation in well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press; p. 302–29.
- Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. and Frijters, P. (2004). How important is methodology for the estimates of the determinants of happiness? Economic Journal, 114, 641-659.
- Frey, B.S., Stutzer, A.) 2002(. Happiness and economics. Princeton University Press.
- Frey BS, Stutzer A. (2002). What can economists learn from happiness research? J Econ Lit; 40:402–35.
- Graham, C. and Felton, A. (2005). Does inequality matter to individual welfare? An initial exploration based on happiness surveys from Latin America. CSED Working Paper, No. 38.
- Graham, C. Felton, A. (2006). Does inequality matter to individual welfare: some evidence from happiness surveys for Latin America?. Journal of Economic Inequality 4 (1), 107–122.
- Grossarth-Maticek et al (2000). Interaction of psychosocial and physical risk factors in the causation of mammary cancer, and its prevention through psychological methods of treatment. J Clin Psychol; 56(1):33–50.
- Hawker MJ. (2003). Spirituality and clinical care—spiritual care based primarily, on happiness is dangerous. Br Med J; 326(7394):881.
- Inglehart R, Klingemann HD. (2000). Genes, culture, democracy and happiness. In: Diener E, Suh EM, editors. Culture and subjective well-being across cultures. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; p. 165–82.
- Johns, H., Ormerod, P. (2008). The unhappy thing about happiness economics. Real World Economics Review. (46), 139–146.
- Leamer, Edward E. (1983). Let’s Take the Con Out of Econometrics. American Economic Review. 73(1), 31-43.
- Leamer, Edward E. and Herman Leonard. (1983). Reporting the Fragility of Regression Estimates. Review of Economics and Statistics 65(2), May, 306-317.
- Levine, Ross; Renelt, David. (1992). A sensitivity analysis of cross-country growth regressions. The American Economic Review, Vol. 82, No. 4, pp. 942-963.
- Lyubomirsky S, Sheldon KM, Schkade D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: the architecture of sustainable change. Rev Gen Psychol; 9:111–31.
- Lyubomirsky S, Sheldon KM. (2006). Achieving sustainable gains in happiness: change your actions, not your circumstances. J Happiness Stud; 7:55–86.
- Luttmer, E. (2005). Neighbors as negatives: relative earnings and well-being. Quarterly Journal of Economics 120, 963–1002.
- Lyubomirsky S, King LA, Diener E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect. Psychol Bull; 131:803–55.
- McAleer, M. Pagan,A. and Volcker, P. (1985). What Will Take the Con Out of Econometrics. American Economic Review. 75(3), June, 293-307.
- McAllister F. (2005). Wellbeing concepts and challenges. Sustainable Development Research Network. London, UK.
- Myers DG. (2004). Psychology. 7th Ed. New York: Worth Publishers.
- Pouwels et al. (2008). Income, working hours, and happiness. Economics Letters 99, 72–74.
- Sheldon KM, Lyubomirsky S. (2006). Achieving sustainable gains in happiness: change your actions, not your circumstances. J Happiness Stud; 7:55–86.
- United Nations Division for Sustainable Development. (2001). Indicators of sustainable development. See also: /http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/ natlinfo/indicators/isdms2001/table_4.htmS.
- van Praag, B., Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2004). Happiness quantified: a satisfaction calculus approach. Oxford University Press.
- Veenhoven R. (1992). Happiness in nations. RISBO series: studies in sociocultural transformation nr. 2. Rotterdam: Erasmus University.
- Veenhoven R. (2004). Happy life years in 90 nations 1990–2000. World database of happiness. Rank report 2004/2b.
- Veenhoven, R. (2000). The four qualities of life: ordering concepts and measures of the good life Journal of Happiness Studies. 1, 1-39.
- Veenhoven, R. (2008). Measures of gross national happiness. OECD Publishing, ISBN 978-92-64-04323-7, chapter 16, pp 232-253.
- Veenhoven, R. (2009b). Average happiness in 143 nations 2000-2008 World Database of Happiness, collection of happiness in Nations, Finding Report 2009 Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands, http://worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl.
- Zidansˇek, A. (2007). Sustainable development and happiness in nations. Energy 32 p. 891–897