Background: An untreated root canal in an endodontically treated tooth can cause periapical lesions and as a result necrosis and inflammation of the pulp or destruction of periodontal tissues. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of periapical radiolucency in endodontically treated teeth with untreated canals by CBCT.Materials & Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study,a total of 326 maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars with 775 root canals with previous root canal treatment obtained from CBCT images from the archives of the Radiology Center of Azad University of Isfahan (Khorasgan) were examined.The number of teeth and roots, presence/absence of periapical lesions, and presence/absence of untreated canals were recorded. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Fisher's exact testsResults: Untreated canals were observed in 38 cases . The most common type of untreated canal was the second mesiobuccal canal (57.9%) and the maxillary first molar had the highest untreated canal . Apical periodontitis lesions were observed in 125 canals.There was a significant difference between the frequency of untreated canals in the endodontically treated maxillary premolars and molars, mandibular premolars, and molars. There was a significant difference in the frequency of apical periodontitis between endodontically treated maxillary premolars and molars, and mandibular premolars and molars.Conclusion:The frequency of apical periodontitis is most likely higher in the second mesiobuccal canal of maxillary first molars with no successful root canal treatment than in other teeth. Manuscript profile

Background:Given the increasing applications of cyberspace and social media,their use has been developed to improve the health of people in society.The aim of this study was to determine the attitude of the people of Isfahan regarding the use of cyberspace and social media in the field of dentistry.Materials and Methods:In this descriptive analytical study,257people living in Isfahan in both genders,men and women,three age groups and three level of education groups were randomly selected from each of the 15districts of Isfahan municipality.The questionnaire used in this study included 2 parts of general information and attitude. Results:According to this study,the use of cyberspace in the field of dentistry in Isfahan was high,and the mean use was significantly higher in women,young age group and people with a bachelor's degree and master and Phd than other groups.The most common objective of using cyberspace related to dentistry was to obtain dental information and then select a dentist,which had a significant relationship with age,gender and level of education.In the content of a virtual page, the most important items for users were positive comments online or comments of other people, which had no significant relationship with gender and level of education,but in the young age group it was significantly more important. Conclusion:The attitude of the people of Isfahan regarding the use of cyberspace and social media in the field of dentistry was positive.Age,gender and level of education of people can affect the use of cyberspace for health training, and selecting the type and place of treatment. Manuscript profile

Background: Teledentistry is a valuable tool for the patient and the doctor, which can be used in various dental specialties. This study aimed to determine general dentists' awareness and attitude regarding remote dentistry in Isfahan City.Materials and methods: A total of 96 general dentists from Isfahan City were selected in this descriptive and analytical study. Each dentist was given a questionnaire to check the level of knowledge and attitude regarding teledentistry. The questionnaire consisted of 3 sections of general professional information, questions related to awareness, and questions related to attitude. Pearson and Mann-Whitney statistical tests analyzed data.Results: A total of 96 dentists, including 56 women (58.3 percent) and 40 men (41.7 percent) with an average age of 28.20±2.38 years and an average working experience in dentistry of 3.30±2.10 years, participated in the study. Concerning the knowledge about teledentistry, 62 people (64.6%) had no knowledge, and 34 people (35.4%) had knowledge. The level of knowledge of general dentists regarding teledentistry was moderate and was not related to age, gender, and work experience ((p>0.05). Also, the level of attitude of general dentists regarding teledentistry was moderate and was not related to age, gender, and work experience (p>0.05).Conclusion: This study's results showed that the knowledge and attitude of many general dentists is average. Therefore, more training is needed to create awareness among dentists regarding remote dentistry. Manuscript profile

Introduction: By being aware of the need for orthodontic treatment in different population groups, one can have a correct vision for providing orthodontic treatments and also a correct planning regarding the provision of orthodontic services at the macro level of society. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of awareness of dental students in the last two years and general dentists in Isfahan city about orthodontic treatments.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study, 75 dental students in the last two years of Isfahan Azad University Faculty of Dentistry and 75 general dentists in Isfahan City were selected by non-random sampling method. A questionnaire with 2 parts, including questions related to background information and 25 questions related to determining awareness, was provided to them. Data were analyzed by chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman correlation tests.Results: There was no significant difference in the mean scores between the group of dental students and the group of general dentists (P=0.301). There was no significant increase in women's knowledge compared to men (P=0.002). There was no significant difference in the level of knowledge with age (P=0.124) and work experience of dentists (P=0.848). There was no significant difference between the mean scores of incoming students in 2015 and in incoming students in 2016 (P=0.91).Conclusion: The level of knowledge of general dentists and dental students in the last two years was average, women had a higher level of knowledge, but age, work experience, and year of entering the university did not affect the level of knowledge of people. Manuscript profile

Background:Accurate identification of anatomical landmarks in the posterior mandibular region before implant surgery is mandatory in order to avoid complications. The purpose of this study was to determine of the height, depth and angle of the submandibular gland fossa and its relationship with the mandibular canal using CBCT.Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 130 CBCT images of 60 men and 70 women (with age range of 70-40 years)were investigated. The height and the deepest points of the submandibular gland fossa and the starting point of concavity between the alveolar crest and the upper wall of the alveolar canal were measured.The status of the deepest fossa point compared to the inferior alveolar canal was classified into three groups.Data were analyzed using independent t, Fisher’s exact and chi-square tests.Results:The mean height and depth of the submandibular fossa in men were significantly higher than women. The mean depth of submandibular foss less than 2mm was seen in women more frequently than men and the cavity depth of 2-3 mm was seen in men more frequently than women. However,there was no significant difference between men and women in terms of the mean angle of the submandibular concavity and there was a direct and significant relationship between the depth and angle of the submandibular concavity.That is, as the depth of the submandibular fossa increased, the height and angle increased.There was no significant relationship between the position of the mandibular canal with the deepest point of the submandibular gland fossa and gender and between the starting point of the undercut on CBCT cross-sections and gender. Conclusion:It is important to evaluate the anatomy of the concavity and thickness of the alveolar bone in the submandibular fossa using CBCT during implant treatment, especially in men due to the greater depth of the concavity. Manuscript profile

Background: Dental caries is the most common oral and dental disease especially among preschool children. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is an inexpensive and topical medication that is used to stop caries in infants who do not have the necessary cooperation for receiving dentistry treatments. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Iranian pedodontists about SDF.Materials and methods: This analytical-descriptive study of cross-sectional type was done on 190 dentists who were members of Iranian association of pediatric dentistry. The questionnaire of this study included four sections (demographic information, items related to the knowledge, attitude, and practice), which was provided to the participants online. The data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney, Chi-squared, and Spearman statistical tests.Results: The level of knowledge of pedodontists with regards to SDF was good for 178 (93.7%) of specialists, and no specialist with poor knowledge was found. Among 93 (48.9%) of specialists in this research positive attitude was found with regards to SDF. among 190 pedodontists, use of SDF for treatment of carious lesions of deciduous teeth was observed in 85 (44.7%) of subjects.Conclusion: The level of knowledge and attitude of pediatric dentists about SDF was favorable, and had no relationship with age, gender, working background, and occupational status. An inverse significant relationship was seen between the score of attitude and working background of pedodontists; with increase in their working background, the positive attitude decreased among them. There was a direct relationship between level of knowledge and attitude of pedodontists. Regarding practice, the obtained results were relatively favorable. The practice had a significant relationship with age, gender, and working background. Manuscript profile

Background: Peri-implantitis is an irreversible inflammation that leads to crestal bone loss around the implant. Its symptoms include radiographic bone loss, increased probing depth, bleeding on probing, and pus discharge. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between radiographic bone analysis and clinical factors in patients with peri-implantitis.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational clinical study was conducted on 38 patients with symptoms of peri-implantitis, referred to the private department and dental clinic of Isfahan Azad University. At first, by obtaining informed consent, periapical digital imaging was taken from the patient's implant with a parallel technique and the amount of vertical bone resorption was checked in millimeters. The amount of vertical bone resorption of the implant was divided into three categories: vertical bone resorption was less than 1.5 mm, between 1.5 and 3 mm, and more than 3 mm. Then, the amount of bleeding, the depth of probing, and the presence of pus were checked. Data were analyzed with t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficientResults: There was a significant and direct difference between bleeding on probing and vertical bone resorption (P<0.001, r=0.466). There was also a significant and direct difference between probing depth and vertical bone analysis (P<0.018, r=0.278). The pus variable was negative for all peopleConclusion: Bleeding on probing and depth of probing have a direct relationship with vertical bone resorption in patients with peri-implantitis and with the increase of radiographic bone resorption, depth of probing and bleeding on probing increases in patients. Manuscript profile

Background: This study assessed the effect of propolis and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) on push-out bond strength of fibre post-cemented with resin cement.Materials and Methods: This in-vitro, experimental study evaluated 36 extracted human mandibular premolars in three groups (n=12). After root canal cleaning and shaping, propolis and 2% CHX gel were applied as an intracanal medicament in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Group 3 received no medicament. The access cavity was sealed, and the teeth were incubated for one week. The root canals were obturated and post space was prepared using the #2 Angelus drill. After 72 h of incubation, the crowns were cut, and the roots were mounted in acrylic and incubated for one week. The roots were sectioned into apical, middle and coronal thirds and underwent a push-out test. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni and Tukey&rsquo;s tests.Results:Thepropolis group showed maximum and minimum bond strength in the middle and coronal thirds, respectively (P&gt;0.05). The CHX group showed the highest and the minimum bond strength in the coronal and middle thirds, respectively (P&gt;0.05). The control group showed maximum and minimum bond strength in the middle and coronal thirds, respectively (P&gt;0.05). The mean bond strength in the propolis group was significantly higher than the control group (P&lt;0.05).Conclusion: usingpropolis as intracanal medicament can increase the push-out bond strength of fibre post-cemented with resin cement in the middle third of the root while using CHX increases the push-out bond strength of fibre post in the coronal third. Manuscript profile

Backgrounds: Cryotherapy might help in reducing pain after root canal treatment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different methods of cryotherapy on post-endodontic pain of one-visit root canal treatment in mandibular molar teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis.Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study enrolled 60 patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in a mandibular molar tooth. Before obturating the root canals, teeth were divided into four groups. Group 1: Control (without cryotherapy) Group 2: intracanal cryotherapy with final canal irrigation with 2.5 &deg;C normal saline for 5 minutes, group 3: intraoral cryotherapy with the application of an ice pack 30 minutes inside the mouth and Group 4: extraoral cryotherapy. Patients&rsquo; post-endodontic pain was recorded on the first and third days. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance, Tukey, and LSD post hoc test at the error level of 5%.Results: Pain reduction was highest, respectively, in the intracanal, control, and extraoral cryotherapy groups on the first and third days, although not significant (p&gt;0.05). In each group, pain was reduced on the third day after treatment (P&lt;0.05). Pain showed no relation to gender (p&gt;0.05).Conclusion: Despite the limitations, based on the results of this study, the application of cryotherapy has a limited effect in reducing pain after root canal treatment. Time is more effective than cryotherapy in reducing pain. Manuscript profile

A 48-year&ndash;old female complained of a growing mass in the right buccal mucosa near maxillary molar teeth from 3 months ago. Clinical examination showed a pink-red sessile nodule (1.5&times;1&times;0.5 cm) with a smooth surface. The mass was generally firm and bony hard in palpation in some areas and had a purulent discharge. Clinical, radiographical and pathological evaluations showed that one of the roots of the first maxillary molar was in the lesion. In a review of the literature, there was no similar case report. Diagnostic assessment and clinical management of the lesion were discussed. The review of the literatures there was not even a single similar case report. Diagnostic assessment and clinical management were discussed. Manuscript profile

Background: This study aimed to assess MOB1A and B gene polymorphisms in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP. Several of premalignant lesions such as, leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral lichen planus (OLP), and submucosal fibrosis can undergo malignant transformation and lead to oral cancer and non-invasive screening of patients to find those susceptible to SCC before progression to cancer would be highly beneficial.Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 35 OLP patients and 35 healthy controls presenting to the Oral Medicine Department of Zahedan Dental School 2015 -2017. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from both groups, and MOB1A and B gene polymorphisms were assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The two groups were compared by the Chi-square test (alpha=0.05).Results: Two groups had no significant difference in the frequency of T and G alleles for MOB1A gene polymorphisms. (P&gt;0.05) and either two groups had no significant difference in the frequency of A and C alleles for MOB1B gene polymorphism's (P&gt;0.05).Conclusion: The present results showed no significant difference between the case and control groups regarding MOB1A and B gene polymorphisms; thus, MOB1A and B gene polymorphisms do not appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of OLP. Manuscript profile

Backgrounds: Pulp stones are ectopic calcifications, which might be related to the calcification of other organs with a similar pathogenesis. Therefore, dental radiographs might function as a rapid screening method for the early detection of systemic conditions. The present study aimed to compare blood cell factors in patients with pulp calcification.Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study enrolled 90 individuals in three groups: significant pulp calcification, partial and without pulp calcification. Blood factors were obtained and evaluated for and between samples of each group. Data were analyzed by chi-square test and one-way ANOVA.Results: Based on the results, the prevalence of pulp calcification was not related to studied blood variables (p&gt;0.05) and gender (p=0.147). But it was related to age (p=0.024).Conclusion: The results represented no significant difference in the Plt, MCHC, MCV, Hct, Hb, RBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, EOS, and BAS levels of the three groups. The studied blood factors are not contributing factors to the occurrence of pulp calcification. Manuscript profile

Background: Conservative treatment of adhesive dentistry considers demineralized dentin as a bonding substrate, and utilizing silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on demineralized dentin before composite restoration, probably can be beneficial.To evaluate the effect of SDF and potassium iodide (KI) on nano leakage plus the micro tensile bond strength of composite to demineralized dentin in primary teeth.Materials and Methods: In this experimental- laboratory study, seventy-eight teeth in the micro tensile group and ninety teeth in the nano leakage group were divided into two groups with sound and demineralized dentin. Each group of teeth was divided into three separate groups. In the first group, bonding was used without pre-treatment. In the second group, the SDF was used before the bonding agent and SDF and, KI was used in the third group. Two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni's post hoc test, Mann-Whitney test and Fisher's exact test were used for data analysis. (&alpha;&lt;0.05)Results: The lowest mean bond strength was in the SDF and KI groups in both sound (10.0 &plusmn; 1.9) and demineralized (6.8 &plusmn; 2.3) dentin groups. Using KI significantly reduced bond strength (P &lt;0.05). Nano leakage in teeth with sound and demineralized dentin in both SDF and SDF and KI groups was significantly lower than in the control groups (P &lt;0.05).Conclusion: Using SDF does not harm composite bond strength to primary teeth, but using KI after SDF reduces composite bond strength. The use of SDF and KI significantly reduces composite nano leakage. Manuscript profile

Background:Given the increasing applications of cyberspace and social media,their use has been developed to improve the health of people in society.The aim of this study was to determine the attitude of the people of Isfahan regarding the use of cyberspace and social media in the field of dentistry.Materials and Methods:In this descriptive analytical study,257people living in Isfahan in both genders,men and women,three age groups and three level of education groups were randomly selected from each of the 15districts of Isfahan municipality.The questionnaire used in this study included 2 parts of general information and attitude. Results:According to this study,the use of cyberspace in the field of dentistry in Isfahan was high,and the mean use was significantly higher in women,young age group and people with a bachelor's degree and master and Phd than other groups.The most common objective of using cyberspace related to dentistry was to obtain dental information and then select a dentist,which had a significant relationship with age,gender and level of education.In the content of a virtual page, the most important items for users were positive comments online or comments of other people, which had no significant relationship with gender and level of education,but in the young age group it was significantly more important. Conclusion:The attitude of the people of Isfahan regarding the use of cyberspace and social media in the field of dentistry was positive.Age,gender and level of education of people can affect the use of cyberspace for health training, and selecting the type and place of treatment. Manuscript profile

Introduction: By being aware of the need for orthodontic treatment in different population groups, one can have a correct vision for providing orthodontic treatments and also a correct planning regarding the provision of orthodontic services at the macro level of society. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of awareness of dental students in the last two years and general dentists in Isfahan city about orthodontic treatments.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study, 75 dental students in the last two years of Isfahan Azad University Faculty of Dentistry and 75 general dentists in Isfahan City were selected by non-random sampling method. A questionnaire with 2 parts, including questions related to background information and 25 questions related to determining awareness, was provided to them. Data were analyzed by chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman correlation tests.Results: There was no significant difference in the mean scores between the group of dental students and the group of general dentists (P=0.301). There was no significant increase in women's knowledge compared to men (P=0.002). There was no significant difference in the level of knowledge with age (P=0.124) and work experience of dentists (P=0.848). There was no significant difference between the mean scores of incoming students in 2015 and in incoming students in 2016 (P=0.91).Conclusion: The level of knowledge of general dentists and dental students in the last two years was average, women had a higher level of knowledge, but age, work experience, and year of entering the university did not affect the level of knowledge of people. Manuscript profile

Background: Teledentistry is a valuable tool for the patient and the doctor, which can be used in various dental specialties. This study aimed to determine general dentists' awareness and attitude regarding remote dentistry in Isfahan City.Materials and methods: A total of 96 general dentists from Isfahan City were selected in this descriptive and analytical study. Each dentist was given a questionnaire to check the level of knowledge and attitude regarding teledentistry. The questionnaire consisted of 3 sections of general professional information, questions related to awareness, and questions related to attitude. Pearson and Mann-Whitney statistical tests analyzed data.Results: A total of 96 dentists, including 56 women (58.3 percent) and 40 men (41.7 percent) with an average age of 28.20&plusmn;2.38 years and an average working experience in dentistry of 3.30&plusmn;2.10 years, participated in the study. Concerning the knowledge about teledentistry, 62 people (64.6%) had no knowledge, and 34 people (35.4%) had knowledge. The level of knowledge of general dentists regarding teledentistry was moderate and was not related to age, gender, and work experience ((p&gt;0.05). Also, the level of attitude of general dentists regarding teledentistry was moderate and was not related to age, gender, and work experience (p&gt;0.05).Conclusion: This study's results showed that the knowledge and attitude of many general dentists is average. Therefore, more training is needed to create awareness among dentists regarding remote dentistry. Manuscript profile

Background: Dental caries is the most common oral and dental disease especially among preschool children. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is an inexpensive and topical medication that is used to stop caries in infants who do not have the necessary cooperation for receiving dentistry treatments. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Iranian pedodontists about SDF.Materials and methods: This analytical-descriptive study of cross-sectional type was done on 190 dentists who were members of Iranian association of pediatric dentistry. The questionnaire of this study included four sections (demographic information, items related to the knowledge, attitude, and practice), which was provided to the participants online. The data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney, Chi-squared, and Spearman statistical tests.Results: The level of knowledge of pedodontists with regards to SDF was good for 178 (93.7%) of specialists, and no specialist with poor knowledge was found. Among 93 (48.9%) of specialists in this research positive attitude was found with regards to SDF. among 190 pedodontists, use of SDF for treatment of carious lesions of deciduous teeth was observed in 85 (44.7%) of subjects.Conclusion: The level of knowledge and attitude of pediatric dentists about SDF was favorable, and had no relationship with age, gender, working background, and occupational status. An inverse significant relationship was seen between the score of attitude and working background of pedodontists; with increase in their working background, the positive attitude decreased among them. There was a direct relationship between level of knowledge and attitude of pedodontists. Regarding practice, the obtained results were relatively favorable. The practice had a significant relationship with age, gender, and working background. Manuscript profile