Nanoparticle Approaches Against E. coli Biofilms: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Future Directions
Subject Areas : Biotechnological Journal of Environmental Microbiology
Arman Moradi
1
,
Ali Pabousi Sadatmahale
2
*
1 - Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Lahijan, Iran
2 - Department of Microbiology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
Keywords: Escherichia coli , Nanoparticles , Biofilm , Mechanisms , ROS,
Abstract :
Biofilms formed by Escherichia coli present a significant challenge in medical and industrial settings, as their protective extracellular polymeric matrix confers high resistance to conventional antibiotics, leading to persistent infections and contamination. Nanoparticles (NPs), with their minute size and reactive surfaces, offer a promising strategy to overcome this resistance. This review examines current NP-based approaches for combating E. coli biofilms, with a focus on their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and future potential.
A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and ScienceDirect databases. Key search terms included “nanoparticles,” “Escherichia coli,” and “biofilms,” prioritizing studies from the last five years. The review focuses on metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles—such as silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and titanium dioxide (TiO₂)—evaluating their antibiofilm efficacy and mechanistic pathways.
Nanoparticles disrupt E. coli biofilms through multiple mechanisms, including physical disruption of the extracellular matrix, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interference with quorum sensing. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit strong antibacterial activity by releasing silver ions and inducing oxidative stress. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles demonstrate significant biofilm eradication, especially upon light activation. Synergistic combinations of NPs with antibiotics enhance efficacy by improving biofilm penetration. However, challenges such as potential cytotoxicity, emerging microbial resistance, and environmental impact must be addressed. Future directions include developing advanced, targeted nanoparticle systems with controlled release mechanisms to maximize safety and antibiofilm performance.
Nanoparticle-based interventions represent a highly promising avenue for effectively treating E. coli biofilms by simultaneously targeting structural and functional biological pathways. Further research is essential to optimize NP design, mitigate associated risks, and translate these innovative strategies from the laboratory to practical clinical and industrial applications.
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