Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Titanium/HA FGM for Dental Implantation

Subject Areas : Mechanical Engineering

Sina Sazesh ¹ , Aazam Ghassemi ² , Reza Ebrahimi ³ , Mohammad Khodaei ⁴

1 - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
2 - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
3 - Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
4 - Center for Advanced Engineering Research, Majlesi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

Received: 2016-09-06 Accepted : 2016-12-13 Published : 2017-03-01

Keywords: Functionally graded materials (FGM), Compressive yield stress, Dental implant, Finite element method (FEM),

Abstract :

FGM dental implants are a very good alternative with respect to homogenous implants. In this study by focusing on mechanical property as one of the most important factors in implant design, the static behaviour of Ti/Nanostructure HA (hydroxyapatite) FGM dental implant has been fabricated and investigated experimentally and numerically. At the first step, the nanostructure hydroxyapatite powders were synthesized by natural origin. At the second step, the initial powders were cold compacted in order to fabricate Ti/HA FGM samples for 4 different volume fraction exponents (N=1/3, 2/3, 1, 2). Then the compacted powders have been sintered using a vacuum furnace, in which compressive strength of each particular sample was finally assessed. A three-dimensional geometrical model of FGM dental implant system and surrounding bone was created by using the macro programming language in ANSYS software and then finite element analysis under static forces was performed. Finally the experimental results strength tests were compared with numerical solutions. According to the results, the FGM dental implants made of Ti/HA under static forces were sufficiently safe. As a result, FGM sample with volume fraction exponent of N=2/3 was chosen as the best sample.

References:

[1]     Mehrali, M., Shirazi, F. S., Mehrali, M., Metselaar, H. S. C., Kadri, N. A. B., and Osman, N. A. A., “Dental implants from functionally graded materials”, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, Vol. 101, No. 10, 2013, pp. 3046-3057.

[2]     Chu, C., Zhu, J., Yin, Z., and Wang, S, “Hydroxyapatite–Ti functionally graded biomaterial fabricated by powder metallurgy”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 271, No. 1, 1999, pp. 95-100.

[3]     Shen, H., “Functionally Graded Materials: Nonlinear Analysis of Plates and Shells”, Taylor & Francis Group, USA, 2009.

[4]     Sadollah, A., Bahreininejad, A., “Optimum gradient material for a functionally graded dental implant using metaheuristic algorithms”, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials,. Vol. 4, No. 7, 2011, pp. 1384-1395.

[5]     Watari, F., Yokoyama, A., Matsuno, H., Saso, F., Uo, M., and Kawasaki, T., “Biocompatibility of titanium/hydroxyapatite and titanium/cobalt functionally graded implants”, Materials science forum,Trans Tech Publ, Vol. 308, 1999, pp. 356-361.

[6]     Fujii, T., Tohgo, K., Araki, H., Wakazono, K., Ishikura, M., and Shimamura, Y., “Fabrication and strength evaluation of biocompatible ceramic-metal composite materials”, Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 11, 2010, pp. 1699-1710.

[7]     Watari, F., Yokoyama, A., Saso, F., Uo, M., and Kawasaki, T., “Fabrication and properties of functionally graded dental implant”, Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 28, No.1, 1997, pp. 5-11.

[8]     Watari, F., Yokoyama, A., Omori, M., Hirai, T., Kondo, H., Uo, M., and Kawasaki, T., “Biocompatibility of materials and development to functionally graded implant for bio-medical application”, Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 64, No. 6, 2004, pp. 893-908.

[9]     Watari, F., Yokoyama, A., Saso, F., Uo, M., Matsuno, H., and Kawasaki, T., “Imaging of gradient structure of titanium/apatite functionally graded dental implant”, Journal-Japam Insttute of Metals, Vol. 62, 1998, pp. 1095-1101.

[10]  Watari, F., Kondo, H., Miyao, R., Omori, M., Okubo, A., Hirai, T., Yokoyama, A., Uo, M., Tamura, Y., and Kawasaki, T., “Effect of spark plasma sintering pressure on the properties of functionally graded implant and its biocompatibility”, Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy(Japan), Vol. 49, No. 12, 2002, pp. 1063-1069.

[11]  Sasaki, H., Asaoka, T., “The fabrication of Ti alloy-hydroxy apatite(HAp) functionally graded material(FGM)”, Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 53, No. 6, 2006, pp. 510-514.

[12]  Chu, C., Zhu, J., Yin, Z., and Lin, P., “Structure optimization and properties of hydroxyapatite-Ti symmetrical functionally graded biomaterial”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 316, No. 1-2, 2001, pp. 205-210.

[13]  Chu, C., Zhu, J., Yin, Z., and Lin, P., “Optimal design and fabrication of hydroxyapatite-Ti asymmetrical functionally graded biomaterial”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 348, No. 1-2, 2003, pp. 244-250.

[14]  Bishop, A., Lin, C. Y., Navaratnam, M., Rawlings, R.D., and McShane, H.B., “A functionally gradient material produced by a powder metallurgical process”, Journal of materials science letters, Vol. 12, No. 19, 1993, pp. 1516-1518.

[15]  Takahashi, H., “Mechanical properties of functional gradient materials of titanium-apatite and titanium zirconia for dental use”, Journal of the Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices, Vol. 12, No. 5, 1993, pp. 595-612.

[16]  Teng, L. D., Wang, F. M., and Li, W. C., “Thermodynamics and microstructure of Ti–ZrO2 metal–ceramic functionally graded materials”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 293, No. 1-2, 2000, pp. 130-136,.

[17]  Lin, K. L., Lin, C. C., “Reaction between titanium and zirconia powders during sintering at 1500 C”, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 90, No. 7, 2007, pp. 2220-2225.

[18]  Takahashi, H., Watari, F., Nishimura, F., and Nakamura, H., “Study of Functionally Gradient Materials of Titanium-apatite and Titanium-silica for Dental Use”, Journal of the Japanese Society for Dental Materials and Devices, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1992, pp. 462-468.

[19]  Kondo, H., Yokoyama, A., Omori, M., Ohkubo, A., Hirai, T., Watari, F., Uo, M., and Kawasaki, T., “Fabrication of titanium nitride/apatite functionally graded implants by spark plasma sintering”, Materials transactions, Vol. 45, No. 11, 2004, pp. 3156-3162.

[20]  Tamura, Y., Yokoyama, A., Watari, F., Uo, M., and Kawasaki, T., “Mechanical Properties of Surface Nitrided Titanium for Abrasion Resistant Implant Materials”, Materials Transactions, Vol. 43, No. 12, 2002, pp. 3043-3051.

[21]  Matsuno, T., Watanabe, K., Ono, K., and Koishi, M., “Preparation of laminated hydroxyapatite/ zirconia sintered composite with the gradient composition”, Journal of materials science letters, Vol. 17, No. 16, 1998, pp. 1349-1351.

[22]  Guo, H., Khor, K. A., Boey, Y. C., and Miao, X., “Laminated and functionally graded hydroxyapatite/ yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia composites fabricated by spark plasma sintering”, Biomaterials, Vol. 24, No. 4, 2003, pp. 667-675.

[23]  Park, J., Lakes, R. S., “Biomaterials: an introduction”, Springer Science & Business Media, 2007.

[24]  Fathi, M. H., Hanifi, A., “Nano Bio Ceramics”, Arkan Danesh, Isfahan, 2007.

[25]  Fathi, M. H., Mortazavi, V., “Medical Application of Bioceramic Coatings for Implants”, 2nd ed., Arkan Danesh, Isfahan, 2002.

[26]  Hirschhorn, J. S., Reynolds, J. T., and Korstoff, E., “Powder metallurgy fabrication of cobalt alloy surgical implant materials”, Research in Dental and Medical Materials, Plenum Press, New York, 1969, pp. 137-150.

[27]  Hirschhorn, J. S., McBeath, A. A., and Dustoor, M. R., “Porous titanium surgical implant materials”, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 5, No. 6, 1971, pp. 49-67.

[28]  Becker, B. S., Bolton, J. D., and Youseffi, M., “Production of Porous Sintered Co–Cr–Mo Alloys for Possible Surgical Implant Applications: Part 1: Compaction, Sintering Behaviour, and Properties”, Powder metallurgy, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1995, pp. 201-208.

[29]  Becker, B., Bolton, J., “Production of porous sintered Co–Cr–Mo alloys for possible surgical implant applications: part 2: corrosion behaviour”, Powder metallurgy, Vol. 38, No. 4, 1995, pp. 305-313.

[30]  Becker, B. S., D Bolton, J., “Corrosion behaviour and mechanical properties of functionally gradient materials developed for possible hard-tissue applications”, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 12, 1997, pp. 793-797.

[31]  Kawasaki, A., Watanabe, R., “Concept and P/M fabrication of functionally gradient materials”, Ceramics international, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1997, pp. 73-83.

[32]  Torabi, A., “Powder Metallurgy”, Amir-Kabir, Isfahan, 1992.

[33]  Misch, C. E., “Contemporary implant dentistry”, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2007.

[34]  Kayabaşı, O., Yüzbasıoğlu, E., and Erzincanlı, F., “Static, dynamic and fatigue behaviors of dental implant using finite element method”, Advances in Engineering Software, Vol. 37, No. 10, 2006, pp. 649-658.

[35]  Natali, A. N., Pavan, P. G., and Ruggero, A. L., “Analysis of bone–implant interaction phenomena by using a numerical approach”, Clinical oral implants research, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2006, pp. 67-74.

[36]  Kalanović, M., Zdravković-Petrović, N., Milošević, M., Nikolić, D., Zdravković, N., Filipović, N., and Kojić, M., “Three-dimensional finite element stress analysis of SKY implant system”, Journal of the Serbian Society for Computational Mechanics, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2010, pp. 87-96.

[37]  Chen, L. J., Hao, H. E., Li, Y. M., Ting, L., Guo, X. P., and Wang, R. F., “Finite element analysis of stress at implant–bone interface of dental implants with different structures”, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol. 21, No. 7, 2011, pp. 1602-1610.

[38]  Lin, C. L., Wang, J. C., and Kuo, Y. C., “Numerical simulation on the biomechanical interactions of tooth/implant-supported system under various occlusal forces with rigid/non-rigid connections”, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2006, pp. 453-463,.

[39]  Meijer, H. J. A., Starmans, F. J. M., Steen, W. H. A., and Bosman, F., “A three-dimensional, finite-element analysis of bone around dental implants in an edentulous human mandible”, Archives of Oral Biology, Vol. 38, No. 6, 1993, pp. 491-496.

[40]  Williams, K. R., Williams, A. D. C., “Impulse response of a dental implant in bone by numerical analysis”, Biomaterials, Vol. 18, No. 10, 1997, pp. 715-719.

[41]  Huang, H. M., Lee, S. Y., Yeh, C. Y., and Lin, C. T., “Resonance frequency assessment of dental implant stability with various bone qualities: a numerical approach”, Clinical Oral Implants Research, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2002, pp. 65-74.

[42]  Hedia, H. S., Mahmoud, N. A., “Design optimization of functionally graded dental implant, Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering”, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2004, pp. 133-143.

[43]  Hedia, H. S., “Design of functionally graded dental implant in the presence of cancellous bone”, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, Vol. 75, No. 1, 2005, pp. 74-80.

[44]  Yang, J., Xiang, H. J., “A three-dimensional finite element study on the biomechanical behavior of an FGBM dental implant in surrounding bone”, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 40, No. 11, 2007, pp. 2377-2385.

[45]  Lin, D., Li, Q., Li, W., and Swain, M., “Bone remodeling induced by dental implants of functionally graded materials”, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, Vol. 92, No. 2, 2010, pp. 430-438.

[46]  Lin, D., Li, Q., Li, W., Zhou, S., and Swain, M.V., “Design optimization of functionally graded dental implant for bone remodeling”, Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 7, 2009, pp. 668-675.

[47]  Koudarian, R., Hafez-Quran, A., “Finite element analysis in dental implants”, Shayan Nemoudar, Tehran, 2012.

[48]  Fathi, M. H., Mortazavi, V., “Properties and applications of metallic biomaterials”, Arkan, Isfahan, 2003.

[49]  Khodaei, M.,  Meratian, M., and Savabi, O., “Effect of spacer type and cold compaction pressure on structural and mechanical properties of porous titanium scaffold”, Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 58, No. 2, 2015, pp. 152-160.

[50]  Ivanoff, C. J., Grondahl, K., Sennerby, L., Bergstrom, C., and Lekholm, U., “Influence of variations in implant diameters: a 3-to 5-year retrospective clinical report ,” International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1999, pp. 173-180.

[51]  Steigenga, J. T., Al-Shammari, K. F., Nociti, F. H., Misch, C. E., and Wang, H. L., “Dental implant design and its relationship to long-term implant success”, Implant dentistry, Vol. 12, No. 4, 2003, pp. 306-317.

[52]  Kong, L., Liu, B., Li, D., Song, Y., Zhang, A.,  Dang, F., Qin, X., and Yang, J., “Comparative study of 12 thread shapes of dental implant designs: a three-dimensional finite element analysis”, World Journal of Modelling and Simulation, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2006, pp. 134-140.

[53]  Rho, J. Y., Ashman, R. B., and Turner, C. H., “Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: Ultrasonic and microtensile measurements”, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 26, No. 2, 1993, pp. 111-119.

[54]  Benzing, U. R., Gall, H., and Weber, H., “Biomechanical aspects of two different implant-prosthetic concepts for edentulous maxillae”, International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1995, pp. 188-198.

[55]  ANSYS, Multiphysics, Software Help, Ver. 14.0, United States, 2011.

[56]  Mericske‐stern, R., Piotti, M., and Sirtes, G., “3‐D in vivo force measurements on mandibular implants supporting overdentures. A comparative study”, Clinical oral implants research, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1996, pp. 387-396.

[57]  Chun, H. J., Cheong, S. Y., Han, J. H., Heo, S. J., Chung, J. P., Rhyu, I. C., Choi, Y. C., Baik, H. K., Ku, Y., and Kim, M. H., “Evaluation of design parameters of osseointegrated dental implants using finite element analysis”, Journal of oral rehabilitation, Vol. 29, No. 6, 2002, pp. 565-574.