Designing and Manufacturing a New Volleyball and Comparison of Kinetic Components with Other Volleyballs

Subject Areas : advanced manufacturing technology

Ehsan Fakhri Mirzanag ¹ , Mohsen barghamadi ² , Hedieyh Koohi ³

1 - Department. of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
2 - Associate of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran,
3 - Department. of English Language Teaching, Faculty of Literature and Humanities,

Received: 2024-04-18 Accepted : 2024-09-08 Published : 2024-10-20

Keywords: Ground Reaction Force, Kinetic, Technology ,

Abstract :

Sports equipment is widely available in the international market. The market's focus is on the design of sports equipment to prevent injury, and all equipment must be designed to enable performance without causing injury. The purpose of this study is to design and manufacture a new volleyball and comparison of kinetic components with other volleyballs. The present study is applied and developmental type. We used four full-size Federation International Volleyball (FIVB), official volleyballs (V200W MIKASA made in Japan, FOX volleyball, model Spain, made in the United States, BETA, and new volleyballs made in Iran) to determine the biomechanical components, such as stiffness and Ground Reaction Force (GRF) on that ball. Ground reaction force variables and stiffness of all samples were recorded by a force plate device (sampling rate: 1000 Hz) and Shore C (Newton’s per meter N/m), respectively. There was a significant difference in all groups between stiffness (P<0.001), vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) (P<0.001), and impulse (P=0.012), also the LSD Post Hoc test showed that stiffness, vGRF, and impulse in new volleyball and MIKASA volleyball were less than BETA and FOX volleyballs. The results indicate that the biomechanical components of the new volleyball with MIKASA were similar. Therefore, the new volleyball design appears to be suitable for an official competition. Nonetheless, more clinical studies are needed to evaluate the kinetic and kinematic parameters of using new volleyball.

References:

[1] Silva, M., Marcelino, R., Lacerda, D., and João, P.V., Match Analysis in Volleyball: a Systematic Review, Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2016, pp. 35.
[2] Reeser, J. C. J. H. O. S. M. Volleyball, S., Introduction: a Brief History of The Sport of Volleyball, 2023, pp. 1-7.
[3] Hendee, S. P., Greenwald, R. M., and Crisco, J. J., Static and Dynamic Properties of Various Baseballs, Journal of Applied Biomechanics, Vol. 14, No. 4, 1998, pp. 390-400.
[4] Chiu, L. Z., Von Gaza, G. L., Analysis of Different Volleyballs’ Collision Mechanics Across a Range Of Incident Velocities, Sports Biomechanics, Vol. 19, No. 6, 2020, pp. 817-830.
[5] Miura, K., Tsuda, E., Kogawa, M., and Ishibashi, Y., The Effects of Ball Impact Position on Shoulder Muscle Activation During Spiking in Male Volleyball Players, JSES International, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2020, pp. 302-309.
[6] Queen, R. M.,Weinhold, P. S., Kirkendall, D. T., and Yu, B., Theoretical Study of The Effect of Ball Properties on Impact Force in Soccer Heading, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 35, No, 12, 2003, pp. 2069-2076.
[7] Komi, E., Roberts, J., and Rothberg, S., Measurement and Analysis of Grip Force During a Golf Shot, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering, Technology, Vol. 222, No. 1, 2008, pp. 23-35.
[8] Rezaei, A.,Verhelst, R., and Van Paepegem, W., Degrieck, J., Finite Element Modelling and Experimental Study of Oblique Soccer Ball Bounce, Vol. 29, No. 11, 2011, pp. 1201-1213.
[9] Wiart, N., Kelley, J., James, D., and Allen, T., Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering, Technology, Effect of Temperature on the Dynamic Properties of Soccer Balls, Vol. 225, No. 4, 2011, pp. 189-198.
[10] Asai, T., Ito, S., Seo, K., and Hitotsubashi, A., Fundamental Aerodynamics of a New Volleyball, Sports Technology, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2010, pp. 235-239.
[11] Asai, T., Ito, S., Seo, K., and Hitotsubashi, A., Aerodynamics of a New Volleyball, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2010, pp. 2493-2498.
[12] Mehta, R., Alam, F., and Subic, A., Review of Tennis Ball Aerodynamics, Sports Technology, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2008, pp. 7-16.
[13] Asai, T., Seo, K., Aerodynamic Drag of Modern Soccer Balls, Springer Plus, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2013, pp. 1-5.
[14] Alam, F., Chowdhury, H., Stemmer, M., Wang, Z., and Yang, J., Effects of Surface Structure on Soccer Ball Aerodynamics, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 34, 2012, pp. 146-151.
[15] Hong, S., Ozaki, H., Watanabe, K., and Asai, T., Aerodynamic characteristics of New Volleyball for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 9, 2020, pp. 3256.
[16] Jiang, X., Napier, C., Hannigan, B., Eng, J. J., and Menon, C., Estimating Vertical Ground Reaction Force During Walking Using a Single Inertial Sensor, Sensors, Vol. 20, No. 15, 2020, pp. 4345.
[17] Ghasemlou, N., Kerr, B. J., and David, S., Tissue Displacement and Impact Force are Important Contributors to Outcome After Spinal Cord Contusion Injury, Experimental Neurology, Vol. 196, No., 2005, pp. 9-17.
[18] Hong, Y., Wang, S. J., Lam, W. K., and Cheung, J. T. M., Kinetics of Badminton Lunges in Four Directions, Journal of Applied Biomechanics, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2014, pp. 113-118.
[19] Munteanu, S. E., Barton, C. J., Lower Limb Biomechanics During Running in Individuals with Achilles Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review, Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, Vol. 4, 2011, pp. 1-17.
[20] Mousavi, S. H., Hijmans, J. M., Rajabi, R., Diercks, R., Zwerver, J., and Van der Worp, H., Kinematic Risk Factors for Lower Limb Tendinopathy in Distance Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Gait & posture, Vol. 69, 2019, pp. 13-24.
[21] Ho, C. S., Lin, K. C., Chen, K. C., Yan, Z. T., and Chang, C. H., Mechanical factors Associated with The Development of Training Volleyballs, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering, Technology, Vol. 230, No. 2, 2016, pp. 84-89.
[22] Knudson, D., Bahamonde, R., Effect of Endpoint Conditions on Position and Velocity Near Impact in Tennis, Vol. 19, No. 11, 2001, pp. 839-844.
[23] Smith, L. V., Duris, J. G., Progress and Challenges in Numerically Modelling Solid Sports Balls with Application to Softballs, Vol. 27, No. 4, 2009, pp. 353-360.
[24] Price, D., Jones, R., Harland, A., and Silberschmidt, V. V., Viscoelasticity of Multi-Layer Textile Reinforced Polymer Composites Used in Soccer Balls, Vol. 43, 2008, pp. 2833-2843.
[25] Jafarnezhadgero, A. A., Sorkhe, E., and Oliveira, A. S., Motion-Control Shoes Help Maintaining Low Loading Rate Levels During Fatiguing Running in Pronated Female Runners, Gait & posture, Vol. 73, 2019, pp. 65-70.
[26] Jafarnezhadgero, A., Fatollahi, A., Amirzadeh,N., Siahkouhian, M., and Granacher, U., Ground Reaction Forces and Muscle Activity while Walking on Sand Versus Stable Ground in Individuals with Pronated Feet Compared with Healthy Controls, PloS one, Vol. 14, No. 9, 2019, pp. e0223219.
[27] Zhao, H., Allanson, D., Ren, X. J., and Engineering, C., Use of Shore Hardness Tests for in-Process Properties Estimation/Monitoring of Silicone Rubbers, Vol. 3, No. 07, 2015, pp. 142-147.
[28] Mizuguchi, S., Sands, W. A., Wassinger, C. A., Lamont, H. S., and Stone, M. H., A New Approach to Determining Net Impulse and Identification of Its Characteristics in Countermovement Jumping: Reliability and Validity, Sports Biomechanics, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2015, pp. 258-272.
[29] Koizumi, A., Hong, S., Sakamoto, K., Sasaki, R., Asai, T., A Study of Impact Force on Modern Soccer Balls, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 72, 2014, pp. 423-428.
[30] Padua, D. A., DiStefano, L. J., Sagittal Plane Knee Biomechanics and Vertical Ground Reaction Forces are Modified Following ACL Injury Prevention Programs: A Systematic Review, Sports Health, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2009, pp. 165-173.
[31] Knowles, B. M., Dennison, C. R., Predicting Cumulative and Maximum Brain Strain Measures from HybridIII Head Kinematics: A Combined Laboratory Study and Post-Hoc Regression Analysis, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 45, 2017, pp. 2146-2158.
[32] Van der Worp, H.,Vrielink, J. W., Bredeweg, S. W., Do Runners Who Suffer Injuries Have Higher Vertical Ground Reaction Forces Than Those Who Remain Injury-Free? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, British Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 50, No. 8, 2016, pp. 450-457.
[33] Carre, M. E., James, D., Haake, S., Impact of a Non-Homogeneous Sphere on A Rigid Surface, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 218, No. 3, 2004, pp. 273-281.
[34] Chiu, L. Z., Analysis of Different Volleyballs’ Collision Mechanics Across a Range of Incident Velocities, Sports biomechanics, 2018.
[35] Ho, C. S., Lin, K. C., Chen, K. C., Chiu, P. K., and Chen, H. J., System Design and Application for Evaluation of Blocking Agility in Volleyball, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, Vol. 230, No. 3, 2016, pp. 195-202.