A Review on the Photovoltaic Panels: Applications, Modeling and Economic Evaluation with Focusing on the Phase Change Material Cooling Method
Subject Areas : Mechanical Engineering
1 - Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Aliabad Katoul Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul ,
Iran
Keywords: Solar Energy, photovoltaic (PV), Thermal resistance, Phase change material (PCM), Cooling techniques,
Abstract :
A photovoltaic (PV) panel consists of several photovoltaic cells designed to convert solar radiation into electrical energy. Cooling of PV cells is an important task to increase PV panel efficiency, improve output power and optimize performance parameters. There are various methods for PV cooling. Phase change materials (PCMs) can be used to cool PV panels. The integrated system is called PV-PCM system. This paper provides an overview of the history, applications, mathematical modeling and economic evaluation for PV-PCM systems. The focus of this study is on the cooling of the PV cells using PCMs. Furthermore, the other types of PV systems (hybrid systems) are investigated. The effects of main parameters on the performance of PV or PV-PCM systems are investigated, too. Mathematical modeling including thermal and electrical models are presented. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of PV-PCM system and its future overview are discussed. The results discover that the PV panel temperature up to 20 °C and electrical efficiency up to 5% can be reduced by PCM.. The results discover that the PV panel temperature up to 20 °C and electrical efficiency up to 5% can be reduced by PCM.
[1] Seyyedi SM. Thermoeconomic Analysis of a Steam Rankine Cycle Integrated with Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors. Journal of Applied Dynamic Systems and Control. 2021 Jun 1;4(1):1-7.
[2] Islam MM, Pandey AK, Hasanuzzaman M, Rahim NA. Recent progresses and achievements in photovoltaic-phase change material technology: A review with special treatment on photovoltaic thermal-phase change material systems. Energy Conversion and Management. 2016 Oct 15;126:177-204.
[3] Seyyedi SM, Hashemi-Tilehnoee M, Sharifpur M. Thermoeconomic analysis of a solar-driven hydrogen production system with proton exchange membrane water electrolysis unit. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress. 2022 May 1;30:101274
[4] Ma T, Yang H, Lu L. Solar photovoltaic system modeling and performance prediction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014 Aug 1;36:304-15.
[5] Enslin JH. Maximum power point tracking: a cost saving necessity in solar energy systems. In[Proceedings] IECON'90: 16th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society 1990 Nov 27 (pp. 1073-1077). IEEE.
[6] van Helden WG, van Zolingen RJ, Zondag HA. PV thermal systems: PV panels supplying renewable electricity and heat. Progress in photovoltaics: research and applications. 2004 Sep;12(6):415-26.
[7] Singh GK. Solar power generation by PV (photovoltaic) technology: A review. Energy. 2013 May 1;53:1-3.
[8] Zweibel Kenneth, Herch Paul. Basic photovoltaic principles and methods. New York: Van Nosstrand Reinhold Company, Inc.; 1984.
[9] Ma T, Yang H, Lu L. Development of a model to simulate the performance characteristics of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules/strings/arrays. Solar Energy. 2014 Feb 1;100:31-41.
[10] Tian Y, Zhao CY. A review of solar collectors and thermal energy storage in solar thermal applications. Applied energy. 2013 Apr 1;104:538-53.
[11] Skoplaki E, Palyvos JA. On the temperature dependence of photovoltaic module electrical performance: A review of efficiency/power correlations. Solar energy. 2009 May 1;83(5):614-24.
[12] Ma T, Yang H, Lu L. Performance evaluation of a stand-alone photovoltaic system on an isolated island in Hong Kong. Applied Energy. 2013 Dec 1;112:663-72.
[13] Armstrong S, Hurley WG. A thermal model for photovoltaic panels under varying atmospheric conditions. Applied thermal engineering. 2010 Aug 1;30(11-12):1488-95.
[14] Jones AD, Underwood CP. A thermal model for photovoltaic systems. Solar energy. 2001 Jan 1;70(4):349-59.
[15] Browne MC, Norton B, McCormack SJ. Phase change materials for photovoltaic thermal management. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015 Jul 1;47:762-82.
[16] Waqas A, Ji J, Xu L, Ali M, Alvi J. Thermal and electrical management of photovoltaic panels using phase change materials–A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018 Sep 1;92:254-71.
[17] Hasan A, McCormack SJ, Huang MJ, Norton B. Evaluation of phase change materials for thermal regulation enhancement of building integrated photovoltaics. Solar Energy. 2010 Sep 1;84(9):1601-12.
[18] Siecker J, Kusakana K, Numbi EB. A review of solar photovoltaic systems cooling technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017 Nov 1;79:192-203.
[19] Kenisarin M, Mahkamov K. Solar energy storage using phase change materials. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 2007 Dec 1;11(9):1913-65.
[20] Atkin P, Farid MM. Improving the efficiency of photovoltaic cells using PCM infused graphite and aluminium fins. Solar Energy. 2015 Apr 1;114:217-28.
[21] Ling Z, Zhang Z, Shi G, Fang X, Wang L, Gao X, Fang Y, Xu T, Wang S, Liu X. Review on thermal management systems using phase change materials for electronic components, Li-ion batteries and photovoltaic modules. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014 Mar 1;31:427-38.
[22] Gharbi S, Harmand S, Jabrallah SB. Experimental comparison between different configurations of PCM based heat sinks for cooling electronic components. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2015 Aug 5;87:454-62.
[23] Shalaby SM, Bek MA, El-Sebaii AA. Solar dryers with PCM as energy storage medium: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014 May 1;33:110-116.
[24] Agyenim F. The use of enhanced heat transfer phase change materials (PCM) to improve the coefficient of performance (COP) of solar powered LiBr/H2O absorption cooling systems. Renewable Energy. 2016 Mar 1;87:229-39.
[25] Maruoka N, Akiyama T. Thermal stress analysis of PCM encapsulation for heat recovery of high temperature waste heat. Journal of chemical engineering of Japan. 2003;36(7):794-8.
[26]Nomura T, Okinaka N, Akiyama T. Waste heat transportation system, using phase change material (PCM) from steelworks to chemical plant. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2010 Sep 1;54(11):1000-6.
[27] Tiari S, Qiu S, Mahdavi M. Numerical study of finned heat pipe-assisted thermal energy storage system with high temperature phase change material. Energy Conversion and Management. 2015 Jan 1;89:833-42.
[28] Tiari S, Qiu S, Mahdavi M. Discharging process of a finned heat pipe–assisted thermal energy storage system with high temperature phase change material. Energy Conversion and Management. 2016 Jun 15;118:426-37.
[29] Ghalambaz M, Chamkha AJ, Wen D. Natural convective flow and heat transfer of nano-encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs) in a cavity. International journal of heat and mass transfer. 2019 Aug 1;138:738-49.
[30] Leong KY, Saidur R, Kazi SN, Mamun AH. Performance investigation of an automotive car radiator operated with nanofluid-based coolants (nanofluid as a coolant in a radiator). Applied Thermal Engineering. 2010 Dec 1;30(17-18):2685-92.
[31] Saidur R, Leong KY, Mohammed HA. A review on applications and challenges of nanofluids. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 2011 Apr 1;15(3):1646-68.
[32] Yousefi T, Veysi F, Shojaeizadeh E, Zinadini S. An experimental investigation on the effect of Al2O3–H2O nanofluid on the efficiency of flat-plate solar collectors. Renewable Energy. 2012 Mar 1;39(1):293-8.
[33] Seyyedi SM, Hashemi-Tilehnoee M, Sharifpur M. Effect of inclined magnetic field on the entropy generation in an annulus filled with NEPCM suspension. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2021 Aug 14;2021:1-4.
[34] Mansour MA, Bakier MA. Free convection heat transfer in complex-wavy-wall enclosed cavity filled with nanofluid. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer. 2013 May 1;44:108-15.
[35] Dogonchi AS, Waqas M, Seyyedi SM, Hashemi-Tilehnoee M, Ganji DD. CVFEM analysis for Fe3O4–H2O nanofluid in an annulus subject to thermal radiation. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2019 Apr 1;132:473-83.
[36] Seyyedi SM, Dogonchi AS, Hashemi-Tilehnoee M, Waqas M, Ganji DD. Entropy generation and economic analyses in a nanofluid filled L-shaped enclosure subjected to an oriented magnetic field. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2020 Mar 5;168:114789.
[37] Hashemi-Tilehnoee M, Tashakor S, Dogonchi AS, Seyyedi SM, Khaleghi M. Entropy generation in concentric annuli of 400 kV gas-insulated transmission line. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress. 2020 Oct 1;19:100614.
[38] Seyyedi SM, Dogonchi AS, Hashemi-Tilehnoee M, Ganji DD, Chamkha AJ. Second law analysis of magneto-natural convection in a nanofluid filled wavy-hexagonal porous enclosure. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow. 2020 Oct 15;30(11):4811-36.
[39] Hashemi-Tilehnoee M, Dogonchi AS, Seyyedi SM, Chamkha AJ, Ganji DD. Magnetohydrodynamic natural convection and entropy generation analyses inside a nanofluid-filled incinerator-shaped porous cavity with wavy heater block. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2020 Sep;141(5):2033-45.
[40] Seyyedi SM, Hashemi-Tilehnoee M, Palomo del Barrio E, Dogonchi AS, Ghadami SM, Sharifpur M. Electro-enhanced natural convection analysis for an Al2O3-water-filled enclosure by considering the effect of thermal radiation. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications. 2023 Aug 2:1-20.
[41] Seyyedi SM. On the entropy generation for a porous enclosure subject to a magnetic field: different orientations of cardioid geometry. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer. 2020 Jul 1;116:104712.
[42] Elmir M, Mehdaoui R, Mojtabi A. Numerical simulation of cooling a solar cell by forced convection in the presence of a nanofluid. Energy Procedia. 2012 Jan 1;18:594-603.
[43] Cui Y, Zhu Q. Study of photovoltaic/thermal systems with MgO-water nanofluids flowing over silicon solar cells. In 2012 Asia-pacific power and energy engineering conference 2012 Mar 27 (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
[44] Ho CJ, Tanuwijava AO, Lai CM. Thermal and electrical performance of a BIPV integrated with a microencapsulated phase change material layer. Energy and Buildings. 2012 Jul 1;50:331-8.
[45] Ho CJ, Chou WL, Lai CM. Thermal and electrical performance of a water-surface floating PV integrated with a water-saturated MEPCM layer. Energy Conversion and Management. 2015 Jan 1;89:862-72.
[46] Tanuwijava AO, Ho CJ, Lai CM, Huang CY. Numerical investigation of the thermal management performance of MEPCM modules for PV applications. Energies. 2013 Aug 6;6(8):3922-36.
[47] Hajjar A, Mehryan SA, Ghalambaz M. Time periodic natural convection heat transfer in a nano-encapsulated phase-change suspension. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2020 Jan 15;166:105243.
[48] Hashemi-Tilehnoee M, Dogonchi AS, Seyyedi SM, Sharifpur M. Magneto-fluid dynamic and second law analysis in a hot porous cavity filled by nanofluid and nano-encapsulated phase change material suspension with different layout of cooling channels. Journal of Energy Storage. 2020 Oct 1;31:101720.
[49] Hashem Zadeh SM, Mehryan SA, Sheremet M, Ghodrat M, Ghalambaz M. Thermo-hydrodynamic and entropy generation analysis of a dilute aqueous suspension enhanced with nano-encapsulated phase change material. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2020 Jul 15;178:105609.
[50] Hashem Zadeh SM, Mehryan SA, Islam MS, Ghalambaz M. Irreversibility analysis of thermally driven flow of a water-based suspension with dispersed nano-sized capsules of phase change material. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2020 Jul 1;155:119796.
[51] Seyyedi SM, Hashemi-Tilehnoee M, Sharifpur M. Impact of fusion temperature on hydrothermal features of flow within an annulus loaded with nanoencapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs) during natural convection process. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2021 Nov 10;2021:1-14.
[52] Stultz JWWL. Thermal performance testing and analysis of photovoltaic modules in natural sunlight. Pasadena (California): Jet Propulsion Laboratory; 1978.
[53] Huang MJ, Eames PC, Norton B. Thermal regulation of building-integrated photovoltaics using phase change materials. International Journal of heat and mass transfer. 2004 Jun 1;47(12-13):2715-33.
[54] Huang MJ, Eames PC, Norton B. Phase change materials for limiting temperature rise in building integrated photovoltaics. Solar energy. 2006 Sep 1;80(9):1121-30.
[55] Stritih U. Increasing the efficiency of PV panel with the use of PCM. Renewable Energy. 2016 Nov 1;97:671-9.
[56] Browne MC, Norton B, McCormack SJ. Heat retention of a photovoltaic/thermal collector with PCM. Solar Energy. 2016 Aug 1;133:533-48.
[57] Hasan A, Alnoman H, Rashid Y. Impact of integrated photovoltaic-phase change material system on building energy efficiency in hot climate. Energy and Buildings. 2016 Oct 15;130:495-505.
[58] Huang MJ, Eames PC, Norton B. Comparison of predictions made using a new 3D phase change material thermal control model with experimental measurements and predictions made using a validated 2D model. Heat Transfer Engineering. 2007 Jan 1;28(1):31-7.
[59] Huang MJ, Eames PC, Norton B. Comparison of a small-scale 3D PCM thermal control model with a validated 2D PCM thermal control model. Solar energy materials and solar cells. 2006 Aug 15;90(13):1961-72.
[60] Huang MJ, Eames PC, Norton B, Hewitt NJ. Natural convection in an internally finned phase change material heat sink for the thermal management of photovoltaics. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 2011 Jul 1;95(7):1598-603.
[61] Nizetic, S., A. M. Papadopoulos, and E. Giama. 2017. Comprehensive analysis and general economic-environmental evaluation of cooling techniques for photovoltaic panels, part I: Passive cooling techniques. Energy Conversion and Management 149:334–54. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.07.022.
[62] Nizetic, S., M. Jurcevic, D. Coko, and M. Arici. 2021. A novel and effective passive cooling strategy for photovoltaic panel. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 145. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111164.
[63] Aneli S, Arena R, Gagliano A. Numerical Simulations of a PV Module with Phase Change Material (PV-PCM) under Variable Weather Conditions. International Journal of Heat & Technology. 2021 Apr 1;39(2).
[64] Hasan A, McCormack SJ, Huang MJ, Norton B. Energy and cost saving of a photovoltaic-phase change materials (PV-PCM) system through temperature regulation and performance enhancement of photovoltaics. Energies. 2014 Mar 5;7(3):1318-31.
[65] Park J, Kim T, Leigh SB. Application of a phase-change material to improve the electrical performance of vertical-building-added photovoltaics considering the annual weather conditions. Solar Energy. 2014 Jul 1;105:561-74.
[66] Hasan A, Sarwar J, Alnoman H, Abdelbaqi ES. Yearly energy performance of a photovoltaic-phase change material (PV-PCM) system in hot climate. Solar Energy. 2017 Apr 1;146:417-29.
[67] Vidalain G, Gosselin L, Lacroix M. An enhanced thermal conduction model for the prediction of convection dominated solid–liquid phase change. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2009 Mar 1;52(7-8):1753-60.
[68] Hendricks J, Sark W. Annual performance enhancement of building integrated photovoltaic modules by applying phase change materials. ProgPhotovolt Res Appl2013;21:620–30.
[69] Kuravi S, Trahan J, Goswami DY, Rahman MM, Stefanakos EK. Thermal energy storage technologies and systems for concentrating solar power plants. Progress in energy and combustion science. 2013 Aug 1;39(4):285-319.
[70] Du D, Darkwa J, Kokogiannakis G. Thermal management systems for photovoltaics (PV) installations: a critical review. Solar Energy. 2013 Nov 1;97:238-54.
[71] Ciulla G, Brano VL, Cellura M, Franzitta V, Milone D. A finite difference model of a PV-PCM system. Energy Procedia. 2012 Jan 1;30:198-206.
[72] Brano VL, Ciulla G, Piacentino A, Cardona F. Finite difference thermal model of a latent heat storage system coupled with a photovoltaic device: description and experimental validation. Renewable Energy. 2014 Aug 1;68:181-93.
[73] Zhou Z, Zhang Z, Zuo J, Huang K, Zhang L. Phase change materials for solar thermal energy storage in residential buildings in cold climate. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015 Aug 1;48:692-703.
[74] Ma T, Yang H, Zhang Y, Lu L, Wang X. Using phase change materials in photovoltaic systems for thermal regulation and electrical efficiency improvement: A review and outlook. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015 Mar 1;43:1273-84.
[75] Kant K, Shukla A, Sharma A, Biwole PH. Heat transfer studies of photovoltaic panel coupled with phase change material. Solar Energy. 2016 Dec 15;140:151-61.
[76] Bahaidarah HM, Baloch AA, Gandhidasan P. Uniform cooling of photovoltaic panels: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016 May 1;57:1520-44.
[77] Ma T, Zhao J, Han J. A parametric study about the potential to integrate phase change material into photovoltaic panel. Energy Procedia. 2017 Dec 1;142:648-54.
[78] Ma T, Zhao J, Li Z. Mathematical modelling and sensitivity analysis of solar photovoltaic panel integrated with phase change material. Applied Energy. 2018 Oct 15;228:1147-58.
[79] Zhao J, Ma T, Li Z, Song A. Year-round performance analysis of a photovoltaic panel coupled with phase change material. Applied Energy. 2019 Jul 1;245:51-64.
[80] Ma T, Li Z, Zhao J. Photovoltaic panel integrated with phase change materials (PV-PCM): technology overview and materials selection. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019 Dec 1;116:109406.
[81] Savvakis N, Dialyna E, Tsoutsos T. Investigation of the operational performance and efficiency of an alternative PV- PCM concept. Solar Energy. 2020 Nov 15;211:1283-300.
[82] Sharma NK, Gaur MK, Malvi CS. Application of phase change materials for cooling of solar photovoltaic panels: A review. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021 Jan 1;47:6759-65.
[83] Huang MJ. The effect of using two PCMs on the thermal regulation performance of BIPV systems. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 2011 Mar 1;95(3):957-63.
[84] Hudisteanu S, Mateescu TD, Chereches NC, Popovici CG. Numerical study of air cooling photovoltaic panels using heat sinks. RevistaRomana de InginerieCivila. 2015;6(1):11.
[85] Japs E, Sonnenrein G, Krauter S, Vrabec J. Experimental study of phase change materials for photovoltaic modules: Energy performance and economic yield for the EPEX spot market. Solar energy. 2016 Dec 15;140:51-9.
[86] Barroso JS, Barth N, Correia JP, Ahzi S, Khaleel MA. A computational analysis of coupled thermal and electrical behavior of PV panels. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 2016 Apr 1;148:73-86.
[87] Sharfabadi M, Ghiasi MI, Seraj A. Energy and Exergy Analysis of 190 W Photovoltaic Cell. Mechanical Engineering. 2021 Jan 1;21(11):743-55.
[88] Siddiqui MU, Arif AF, Kelley L, Dubowsky S. Three-dimensional thermal modeling of a photovoltaic module under varying conditions. Solar energy. 2012 Sep 1;86(9):2620-31.
[89] Tsai HL. Complete PV model considering its thermal dynamics. Journal of the Chinese institute of engineers. 2013 Dec 1;36(8):1073-82.
[90] Sarhaddi F, Farahat S, Ajam H, Behzadmehr A. Exergetic optimization of a solar photovoltaic array. Journal of Thermodynamics 2009;2009:1-11.
[91] Skoplaki E, Boudouvis AG, Palyvos JA. A simple correlation for the operating temperature of photovoltaic modules of arbitrary mounting. Solar energy materials and solar cells. 2008 Nov 1;92(11):1393-402.
[92] W. De Soto, Improvement and validation of a model for photovoltaic array performance, M.S. thesis, Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wis, USA, 2004.
[93] Sahin AD, Dincer I, Rosen MA. Thermodynamic analysis of solar photovoltaic cell systems. Solar energy materials and solar cells. 2007 Jan 23;91(2-3):153-9.
[94] A. S. Joshi, I. Dincer, and B. V. Reddy, “Thermodynamic assessment of photovoltaic systems,” Solar Energy, vol. 83, no8, pp. 1139–1149, 2009.
[95] Seyyedi SM, Ajam H, Farahat S. A new criterion for the allocation of residues cost in exergoeconomic analysis of energy systems. Energy. 2010 Aug 1;35(8):3474-82.
[96] T. J. Kotas, The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis, Krieger, Malabar, Fla, USA, 1995.
[97] Petela R. An approach to the exergy analysis of photosynthesis. Solar Energy. 2008 Apr 1;82(4):311-28.
[98] Petela R. Exergy of undiluted thermal radiation. Solar energy. 2003 Jun 1;74(6):469-88.
[99] Holmberg J, Flynn C, Portinari L. The colours of the Sun. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2006 Apr 1;367(2):449-53.
[100] Farahat S, Sarhaddi F, Ajam H. Exergetic optimization of flat plate solar collectors. Renewable energy. 2009 Apr 1;34(4):1169-74.
[101] Ajam H, Farahat S, Sarhaddi F. Exergetic optimization of solar air heaters and comparison with energy analysis. International Journal of Thermodynamics. 2005;8(4):183-90.
[102] J.A. Duffie, W.A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, fourth ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S.A, 2013.
[103] Kaplani E, Kaplanis S. Thermal modelling and experimental assessment of the dependence of PV module temperature on wind velocity and direction, module orientation and inclination. Solar Energy. 2014 Sep 1;107:443-60.
[104] Mattei M, Notton G, Cristofari C, Muselli M, Poggi P. Calculation of the polycrystalline PV module temperature using a simple method of energy balance. Renewable energy. 2006 Apr 1;31(4):553-67.
[105] Khanna S, Reddy KS, Mallick TK. Performance analysis of tilted photovoltaic system integrated with phase change material under varying operating conditions. Energy. 2017 Aug 15;133:887-99.
[106] Aelenei L, Pereira R, Gonçalves H, Athienitis A. Thermal performance of a hybrid BIPV-PCM: modeling, design and experimental investigation. Energy Procedia. 2014 Jan 1;48:474-83.
[107] Biwole PH, Eclache P, Kuznik F. Phase-change materials to improve solar panel's performance. Energy and Buildings. 2013 Jul 1;62:59-67.
[108] Notton G, Cristofari C, Mattei M, Poggi P. Modelling of a double-glass photovoltaic module using finite differences. Applied thermal engineering. 2005 Dec 1;25(17-18):2854-77.
[109] Cole RJ, Sturrock NS. The convective heat exchange at the external surface of buildings. Building and Environment. 1977 Jan 1;12(4):207-14.
[110] Test FL, Lessmann RC, Johary A., Heat transfer during wind flow over rectangular bodies in the natural environment, J. Heat Transf. 103 (1981) 262–267, http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3244451.
[111] A. Bejan, A.D. Kraus, Heat Transfer Handbook. Wiley-IEEE, 2003.801-808.
[112] F.P. Incropera, D.P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
[113] Li Z, Ma T, Zhao J, Song A, Cheng Y. Experimental study and performance analysis on solar photovoltaic panel integrated with phase change material. Energy. 2019 Jul 1;178:471-86.
[114] Hachem F, Abdulhay B, Ramadan M, El Hage H, El Rab MG, Khaled M. Improving the performance of photovoltaic cells using pure and combined phase change materials–Experiments and transient energy balance. Renewable Energy. 2017 Jul 1;107:567-75.
[115] Hasan A, McCormack SJ, Huang MJ, Sarwar J, Norton B. Increased photovoltaic performance through temperature regulation by phase change materials: Materials comparison in different climates. Solar Energy. 2015 May 1;115:264-76.
[116] Kibria MA, Saidur R, Al-Sulaiman FA, Aziz MM. Development of a thermal model for a hybrid photovoltaic module and phase change materials storage integrated in buildings. Solar Energy. 2016 Feb 1;124:114-23.
[117] Klugmann-Radziemska E, Wcisło-Kucharek P. Photovoltaic module temperature stabilization with the use of phase change materials. Solar Energy. 2017 Jul 1;150:538-45.
[118] Zalba B, Marı́n JM, Cabeza LF, Mehling H. Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications. Applied thermal engineering. 2003 Feb 1;23(3):251-83.
[119] Sarhaddi F, Farahat S, Ajam H, Behzadmehr A. Exergetic performance assessment of a solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collector. Energy and Buildings. 2010 Nov 1;42(11):2184-99.
[120] Brahim T, Jemni A. Economical assessment and applications of photovoltaic/thermal hybrid solar technology: A review. solar Energy. 2017 Sep 1;153:540-61.
[121] Hissouf M, Najim M, Charef A. Numerical study of a covered Photovoltaic-Thermal Collector (PVT) enhancement using nanofluids. Solar Energy. 2020 Mar 15;199:115-27.
[122] Gu W, Ma T, Song A, Li M, Shen L. Mathematical modelling and performance evaluation of a hybrid photovoltaic-thermoelectric system. Energy Conversion and Management. 2019 Oct 15;198:111800.
[123] Luo Z, Zhu N, Hu P, Lei F, Zhang Y. Simulation study on performance of PV-PCM-TE system for year-round analysis. Renewable Energy. 2022 Aug 1;195:263-73.
[124] Lazaroiu GC, Longo M, Roscia M, Pagano M. Comparative analysis of fixed and sun tracking low power PV systems considering energy consumption. Energy Conversion and Management. 2015 Mar 1;92:143-8.
[125] Rahman MM, Hasanuzzaman M, Abd Rahim N. Effects of operational conditions on the energy efficiency of photovoltaic modules operating in Malaysia. Journal of cleaner production. 2017 Feb 1;143:912-24.
[126] Akal D, Türk S. Increasing energy and exergy efficiency in photovoltaic panels by reducing the surface temperature with thermoelectric generators. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. 2022 Jun 15;44(2):4062-82.
[127] Badescu V. Simple optimization procedure for silicon-based solar cell interconnection in a series–parallel PV module. Energy Conversion and Management. 2006 Jun 1;47(9-10):1146-58.
[128] Friling N, Jiménez MJ, Bloem H, Madsen H. Modelling the heat dynamics of building integrated and ventilated photovoltaic modules. Energy and Buildings. 2009 Oct 1;41(10):1051-7.
[129] Ikegami T, Maezono T, Nakanishi F, Yamagata Y, Ebihara K. Estimation of equivalent circuit parameters of PV module and its application to optimal operation of PV system. Solar energy materials and solar cells. 2001 Mar 1;67(1-4):389-95.
[130] De Soto W, Klein SA, Beckman WA. Improvement and validation of a model for photovoltaic array performance. Solar energy. 2006 Jan 1;80(1):78-88.
[131] Van Dyk EE, Gxasheka AR, Meyer EL. Monitoring current–voltage characteristics and energy output of silicon photovoltaic modules. Renewable Energy. 2005 Mar 1;30(3):399-411.
[132] Tiba C, Beltrão RE. Siting PV plant focusing on the effect of local climate variables on electric energy production–Case study for Araripina and Recife. Renewable Energy. 2012 Dec 1;48:309-17.
[133] Burns JE, Kang JS. Comparative economic analysis of supporting policies for residential solar PV in the United States: Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) potential. Energy policy. 2012 May 1;44:217-25.
[134] Andrews RW, Pollard A, Pearce JM. Improved parametric empirical determination of module short circuit current for modelling and optimization of solar photovoltaic systems. Solar Energy. 2012 Sep 1;86(9):2240-54.
[135] Rehman S, El-Amin I. Performance evaluation of an off-grid photovoltaic system in Saudi Arabia. Energy. 2012 Oct 1;46(1):451-8.
[136] Sopian K, Ibrahim MZ, Daud WR, Othman MY, Yatim B, Amin N. Performance of a PV–wind hybrid system for hydrogen production. Renewable Energy. 2009 Aug 1;34(8):1973-8.
[137] Notton G, Diaf S, Stoyanov L. Hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy systems for remote locations. Energy Procedia. 2011 Jan 1;6:666-77.
[138] Vick BD, Neal BA. Analysis of off-grid hybrid wind turbine/solar PV water pumping systems. Solar Energy. 2012 May 1;86(5):1197-207.
[139] Masoum MA, Dehbonei H, Fuchs EF. Theoretical and experimental analyses of photovoltaic systems with voltageand current-based maximum power-point tracking. IEEE Transactions on energy conversion. 2002 Dec;17(4):514-22.
[140] Esram T, Chapman PL. Comparison of photovoltaic array maximum power point tracking techniques. IEEE Transactions on energy conversion. 2007 May 21;22(2):439-49.
[141] Nguyen DD, Lehman B. Modeling and simulation of solar PV arrays under changing illumination conditions. In2006 IEEE Workshops on Computers in Power Electronics 2006 Jul 16 (pp. 295-299). IEEE.
[142] JafariFesharaki V, Dehghani M, JafariFesharaki J, Tavasoli H. The effect of temperature on photovoltaic cell efficiency. InProceedings of the 1stInternational Conference on Emerging Trends in Energy Conservation–ETEC, Tehran, Iran 2011 Nov 20 (Vol. 20, pp. 20-21).
[143] Sudhakar K, Srivastava T. Energy and exergy analysis of 36 W solar photovoltaic module. International Journal of Ambient Energy. 2014 Jan 2;35(1):51-7.
[144] Aoun N, Nahman B, Chenni R. Study of Experimental Energy and Exergy of mono-crystalline PV Panel in Adrar Region, Algeria. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research. 2014;5(10):2229-5518.
[145] Bayrak F, Ertürk G, Oztop HF. Effects of partial shading on energy and exergy efficiencies for photovoltaic panels. Journal of cleaner production. 2017 Oct 15;164:58-69.
[146] Carmona M, Bastos AP, García JD. Experimental evaluation of a hybrid photovoltaic and thermal solar energy collector with integrated phase change material (PVT-PCM) in comparison with a traditional photovoltaic (PV) module. Renewable Energy. 2021 Jul 1;172:680-96.
[147] Rabie R, Emam M, Ookawara S, Ahmed M. Thermal management of concentrator photovoltaic systems using new configurations of phase change material heat sinks. Solar Energy. 2019 May 1;183:632-52.
[148] Riahi A, Ali AB, Fadhel A, Guizani A, Balghouthi M. Performance investigation of a concentrating photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar system combined with thermoelectric generators. Energy Conversion and Management. 2020 Feb 1;205:112377.
[149] Abdo A, Ookawara S, Ahmed M. Performance evaluation of a new design of concentrator photovoltaic and solar thermoelectric generator hybrid system. Energy Conversion and Management. 2019 Sep 1;195:1382-401.
[150] Motiei P, Yaghoubi M, GoshtasbiRad E. Transient simulation of a hybrid photovoltaic-thermoelectric system using a phase change material. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2019 Aug 1;34:200-13.
[151] Darkwa J, Calautit J, Du D, Kokogianakis G. A numerical and experimental analysis of an integrated TEG-PCM power enhancement system for photovoltaic cells. Applied Energy. 2019 Aug 15;248:688-701.
[152] Rajaee F, Rad MA, Kasaeian A, Mahian O, Yan WM. Experimental analysis of a photovoltaic/thermoelectric generator using cobalt oxide nanofluid and phase change material heat sink. Energy Conversion and Management. 2020 May 15;212:112780.
[153] Naderi M, Ziapour BM, Gendeshmin MY. Improvement of photocells by the integration of phase change materials and thermoelectric generators (PV-PCM-TEG) and study on the ability to generate electricity around the clock. Journal of Energy Storage. 2021 Apr 1;36:102384.
[154] Kosmadakis G, Manolakos D, Papadakis G. Simulation and economic analysis of a CPV/thermal system coupled with an organic Rankine cycle for increased power generation. Solar Energy. 2011 Feb 1;85(2):308-24.
[155] Zhao J, Li Z, Ma T, Performance analysis of a photovoltaic panel integrated with phasechange material, 10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong, China
[156] Rea JE, Oshman CJ, Olsen ML, Hardin CL, Glatzmaier GC, Siegel NP, Parilla PA, Ginley DS, Toberer ES. Performance modeling and techno-economic analysis of a modular concentrated solar power tower with latent heat storage. Applied energy. 2018 May 1;217:143-52.