Effect of Exogenous Enzymes on Feed Digestion and Anaerobic Digestion of Holstein Cow Faeces

Subject Areas : Camel

R.J. Tseu ¹ (Department of Animal Production and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique)
L.L.C. Paucar ² (Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil|Department of Veterinary Medicine, INVITA-Maranganí Station, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Cusco 08258, Peru)
F. Perna Junior ³ (Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil)
R.F. Carvalho ⁴ (Department of Veterinary Medicine, Una Faculty, Una University Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil)
R.G.S. Nogueira ⁵ (Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil)
E.C.O. Cassiano ⁶ (Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil)
D.C.Z. Vasquez ⁷ (Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil)
L.A.R. Solórzano ⁸ (Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil)
P.H.M. Rodrigues ⁹ (Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil)

Received: 2021-08-25 Accepted : 2021-10-30 Published : 2022-06-01

Keywords: methane, digestibility, anaerobic digestion, exogenous enzymes, rumen disappearance rate,

Abstract :

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of exogenous enzymes (ExE) on feeding behaviour, feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen disappearance rate of Holstein cows, as well as methane production from faeces of these cows by means of anaerobic digestion. Five cannulated Holstein cows were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design (5 periods of 21 days each) and received five treatments which differed in inclusion of different ExE in the diet (control: diet without enzymes; amylase: basal diet with 7.5 g of amylase/cow/day; xylanase: basal diet with 15 g of xylanase/cow/day; cellulase + protease: basal diet with 7.5 g cellulase + protease/cow/day; and pool: basal diet with 30 g enzyme mixture (all enzymes added at the same dose of individual treatments). Therefore, feeding behaviour, dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestibility and rumen disappearance rate were evaluated. Representative pools of faeces from each cow were collected in each period to perform anaerobic digestion. Afterwards, 25 experimental batch-type biodigesters were filled with faece substrates and were subsequently arranged in a completely randomised design of 5 treatments with 5 replicates. Then, evaluations of total gas, methane production, total solid (TS) and volatile solid (VS) removal efficiency were performed. No effect of ExE was observed (P>0.05) on feeding behaviour (number of daily meals; total daily time spent eating, ruminating or masticating), DMI, nutrient digestibility (although enzyme pool and cellulase + protease tended to increase crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility) or on rumen disappearance rate. No effect of ExE was observed on total gas and methane production or on the efficiency of removal of TS and VS from faeces. Exogenous enzymes did not increase efficiency of nutrient utilisation by the animals and, accordingly, did not affect the potential of methane emission from faeces of Holstein cows by means of anaerobic digestion.

References:

Achinas S., Achinas V. and Euverink G.J.W. (2017). A technological overview of biogas production from biowaste. Engineer. 3, 299-307.

Achinas S., Li Y., Achinas V. and Euverink G.J.W. (2018). Influence of sheep manure addition on biogas potential and methanogenic communities during cow dung digestion under mesophilic conditions. Sust. Environ. Res. 28, 240-246.

Allen M.S. and Linton J. (2007). In vivo methods to measure digestibility and digestion kinetics of feed fractions in the rumen. Pp. 72-89 in Proc. 1^st Simp. Int. Adv. Res. Tech. Nutr. Rumin. São Paulo, Brazil.

AOAC. (1995). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 16^th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.

AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. 12^th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Washington, DC., USA.

AOCS. (2005). American Oil Chemists Society. Official Method Am 5-04, Rapid Determination of Oil/Fat Utilizing High Temperature Solvent Extraction. 5^th Ed. The American Oil Chemists Society, Urbana, IL, USA.

APHA. (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association. Washington, DC., USA.

Baek G., Kim D., Kim J., Kim H. and Lee C. (2020). Treatment of cattle manure by anaerobic co-digestion with food waste and pig manure: Methane yield and synergistic effect. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health. 17, 4737-4742.

Bai M., Flesch T., Trouvé R., Coates T., Butterly C., Bhatta B., Hill J. and Chen D. (2020). Gas emissions during cattle manure composting and stockpiling. J. Environ. Qual. 49, 228-235.

Beauchemin K.A., Colombatto D., Morgavi D.P. and Yang W.Z. (2003). Use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to improve feed utilization by ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 81, 37-47.

Bowman G.R., Beauchemin K.A. and Shelford J.A. (2002). The proportion of the diet to which fibrolytic enzymes are added affects nutrient digestion by lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 3420-3429.

Conceição D., Jacques R., Bento F., Simonetti A., Selbach P. and Camargo F. (2007). Redução de cromo hexavalente por bactérias isoladas de solos contaminados com cromo. Ciência Rural. 37, 1661-1667.

Davidsson A., Lovstedt C., Cour Jansen J., Gruvberger C. and Aspegren H. (2008). Co-digestion of grease trap sludge and sewage sludge. Waste Manag. 28, 986-992.

Devant M., Yu S., Genís S., Larsen T. and Wenting L. (2020). Effects of exogenous glucoamylase enzymes alone or in combination with a neutral protease on apparent total tract digestibility and feces d-lactate in crossbred Angus bulls fed a ration rich in rolled corn. Animals. 10, 1-8.

Dohányos M. and Zábranská J. (2001). Anaerobic digestion. Pp. 85-95 in Sludge into Biosolids. L. Spinosa and P.A. Vesilind, Eds. IWA Publishing, London, United Kingdom.

Elsiddig M.A. (2019). A review on effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in ruminant nutrition. Merit Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci. 7, 170-176.

Encinas C.M.A., Villalobos G.V., Viveros J.D., Flores G.C., Almora E.A. and Rangel F.C. (2018). Animal performance and nutrient digestibility of feedlot steers fed a diet supplemented with a mixture of direct-fed microbials and digestive enzymes. R. Bras. Zootec. 47, 1-7.

Eun J.S. and Beauchemin K.A. (2005). Effects of a proteolytic feed enzyme on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 88, 2140-2153.

Giraldo L.A., Tejido M.L., Ranilla M.J., Ramos S. and Carro M.D. (2008). Influence of direct-fed fibrolytic enzymes on diet digestibility and ruminal activity in sheep fed a grass hay-based diet. J Anim. Sci. 86, 1617-1623.

Golder H.M., Rossow H.A. and Lean I.J. (2019). Effects of in-feed enzymes on milk production and components, reproduction, and health in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 102, 8011-8026.

Gopalan P., Jensen P.D. and Batstone D.J. (2013). Biochemical methane potential of beef feedlot manure: Impact of manure age and storage. J. Environ. Qual. 42, 1205-1212.

Gunaseelan V.N. (1995). Effect of inoculum/substrate ratio and pretreatments on methane yield from Parthenium. Biom Bioen. 8, 39-44.

Holm-Nielsen J.B., Al Seadi T. and Oleskowicz-popiel P. (2009). The future of anaerobic digestion and biogas utilization. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 5478-5484.

IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. In Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Johnson K.A. and Johnson D.E. (1995). Methane emissions from cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 2483-2492.

Kaminski M., Kartanowics R., Jastrzebski D. and Kaminski M.M. (2003). Determination of carbon monoxide, methane and carbon dioxide in refinery hydrogen gases and air by gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 989, 277-283.

Li Y., Zhao J., Krooneman J. and Euverink G.J.W. (2021). Strategies to boost anaerobic digestion performance of cow manure: Laboratory achievements and their full-scale application potential. Sci. Total Environ. 755, 142940-142951.

Lucas Junior J. (1994). Algumas considerações sobre o uso do estrume de suínos como substrato para três sistemas de biodigestores anaeróbios. MS Thesis. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil.

Lucas Junior J., Ortolani A., Benincasa M. and Ymada R.Y. (1993). Avaliação do uso de inóculo no desempenho de biodigestores abastecidos com dejeto de frangos de corte com cama de maravalha. Pp. 915-930 in Brazilian Congr. Agric. Eng., Ilhéus, Brazil.

Lynch J. (2019). Availability of disaggregated greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle production: A systematic review. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 76, 69-78.

Maekawa M., Beauchemin K.A. and Christensen D.A. (2002). Effect of concentrate level and feeding management on chewing activities, saliva production, and ruminal pH of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 1165-1175.

Meschiatti M.A.P., Gouvêa V.N., Pellarin L.A., Batalha C.D.A., Biehl M.V., Acedo T.S., Dórea J.R.R., Tamassia L.F.M., Owens F.N. and Santos F.A.P. (2019). Feeding the combination of essential oils and exogenous α-amylase increases performance and carcass production of finishing beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 97, 456-471.

Metcalf L. and Eddy H. (2014). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Mocherla M., Suryanarayana V.A.N. and Kavitha P. (2017). Role of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes in Ruminant Digestion: A review. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 11, 1400-1408.

Mohamed D.E.A., Borhami B.E., El-Shazly K.A. and Sallam S.M.A. (2013). Effect of dietary supplementation with fibrolytic enzymes on the productive performance of early lactating dairy cows. J. Agric. Sci. 5, 146-155.

Møller H.B., Sommer S.G. and Ahring B.K. (2004). Methane productivity of manure, straw and solid fractions of manure. Biom. Bioener. 26, 485-495.

Mshandete A., Bjornosson L., Kivaisi A.K., Rubindamayugi M.S.T. and Mattiasson B. (2006). Effect of particle size on biogas yield from sisal fibre waste. Renew. Energy. 31, 2385-2392.

Myers W.D., Ludden P.A., Nayigihugu V. and Hess B.W. (2004). Technical note: A procedure for the preparation and quantitative analysis of samples for titanium dioxide. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 179-183.

Neshat S.A., Mohammadi M., Najafpour G.D. and Lahijani P. (2017). Anaerobic co-digestion of animal manures and lignocellulosic residues as a potent approach for sustainable biogas production. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 79, 308-322.

Neumann M., Leão G.F.M., Vigne G.L.D., Dos Santos C.L., Venancio B.J. and Dochwat A. (2018). Xylanase-complex efficacy in high-energy diet for bulls finished in feedlot. Act. Sci. Anim. Sci. 40, 1-7.

NRC. (2016). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 8^th Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.

Orrico A.C.A., Lucas Júnior J. and Orrico Júnior M.A.P. (2007). Caracterização e biodigestão anaeróbia dos dejetos de caprinos. Eng. Agríc. 27, 639-647.

Orrico Júnior M.A.P., Orrico A.C.A. and Lucas Júnior J. (2010). Effects of roughage: Concentrate in relation to time of hydraulic retention under anaerobic biodigestion of cattle manure. Eng. Agríc. 30, 386-394.

Perna Junior F. (2018). Taninos como aditivo alimentar para mitigação das emissões de metano em ruminantes. Ph D. Thesis. University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil.

Petersen S.O. (2018). Symposium review: Greenhouse gas emissions from liquid dairy manure: Prediction and mitigation. J. Dairy Sci. 101, 6642-6654.

Rabiu A., Yaakub H., Liang J.B. and Samsudin A.A. (2014). Increasing biogas production of rumen fluid using cattle manure collected at different time as a substrate. J. Agric. Vet. Sci. 7, 44-47.

Ran T., Saleem A.M., Shen Y., Ribeiro Jr G.O., Beauchemin K.A., Tsang A., Yang W. and McAllister T.A. (2019). Effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme on fiber digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance, and total tract digestibility of heifers fed a high forage diet. J. Anim. Sci. 97, 3578-3587.

Rojo R., Kholif A.E., Salem A.Z.M., Elghandour M.M.Y., Odongo N.E., Montes de Oca R., Rivero N. and Alonso M.U. (2015). Influence of cellulase addition to dairy goat diets on digestion and fermentation, milk production and fatty acid content. J. Agric. Sci. 153, 1514-1523.

Rotz C.A. (2017). Symposium review: Modeling greenhouse gas emissions from dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 101, 6675-6690.

SAS Institute. (2013). SAS^®/STAT Software, Release 9.3. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.

Scarlat N., Fahl F., Dallemand J., Monforti F. and Matola V. (2018). A spatial analysis of biogas potential from manure in Europe. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 94, 915-930.

Shadmanesh A. (2014). Effect of dietary supplementation with fibrolytic enzymes on the productive performance of early lactating dairy cows. Indian J. Fundam. Appl. Lif Sci. 4, 396-401.

Silva F.M. (1998). Utilização do biogás como combustível. Pp. 96-125 in Proc. Brazilian Cong. Agric. Engin., Lavras, Brazil.

Silva T.H., Takiya C.S., Vendramini T.H.A., Ferreira de Jesus E., Zanferari F. and Rennó F.P. (2016). Effects of dietary fibrolytic enzymes on chewing time, ruminal fermentation, and performance of mid-lactating dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 221, 35-43.

Song S.D., Chen G.J., Guo C.H., Rao K.Q., Gao Y.H., Peng Z.L., Zhang Z.F., Bai X., Wang Y., Wanga B.X., Chen Z.H., Fu X.S. and Zhu W.L. (2018). Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme supplementation to diets with different NFC/NDF ratios on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in Chinese domesticated black goats. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 236, 170-177.

Soussana J.F., Tallec T. and Blanfort V. (2010). Mitigation the greenhouse gas balance of ruminant production systems through carbon sequestration in grasslands. Animal. 4, 334-350.

Sujani S. and Seresinhe R.T. (2015). Exogenous enzymes in ruminant nutrition: A review. Asian J. Anim. Sci. 3, 85-99.

Thammiah V., Samanta A.K., Senani S. and Sridhar M. (2017). Scope of exogenous enzymes in enhancing ruminant productivity. J. Dairy Vet. Anim. Res. 5, 67-72.

Tirado-González D.N., Miranda-Romero L.A., Ruíz-Flores A., Medina-Cuéllar S.E., Ramírez-Valverde R. and Tirado-Estrada G. (2017). Meta-analysis: Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in ruminant diets. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 46, 771-783.

Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysscharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.

Wanapat M., Cherdthong A., Phesatcha K. and Kang S. (2015). Dietary sources and their effects on animal production and environmental sustainability. Anim. Nutr. 1, 196-103.

Yang Y., Ferreira G., Corl B.A. and Campbell B.T. (2019). Production performance, nutrient digestibility, and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cows fed corn silage- or sorghum silage-based diets with and without xylanase supplementation. J. Dairy Sci. 102, 2266-2274.

Zhang Q., Hu J. and Lee D. (2016). Biogas from anaerobic digestion processes: Research updates. Renew. Energ. 98, 108-119.

Zilio E.M.C., Del Valle T.A., Ghizzi L.G., Takiya C.S., Dias M.S.S., Nunes A.T., Silva G.G. and Rennó F.P. (2019). Effects of exogenous fibrolytic and amylolytic enzymes on ruminal fermentation and performance of mid-lactation dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 102, 4179-4189.