رابطۀ نظام‌های مغزی رفتاری با اعتیاد به اینترنت: نقش واسطه‌ای اضطراب اجتماعی
محورهای موضوعی : روان شناسی تحولی
سودابه جعفری نسب
1
(کارشناسی ارشد
روان‌شناسی تربیتی
دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
واحد مبارکه)
مریم کدخدایی
2
(استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی
دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
واحد مبارکه)
کلید واژه: اضطراب اجتماعی, اعتیاد اینترنتی, نظام‌های مغزی رفتاری,
چکیده مقاله :
ایـن پژوهـش بـا هـدف تعییـن رابطـۀ بیـن نظام‌هـای مغـزی رفتـاری بـا اعتیـاد اینترنتـی از طریـق متغیـر واسـطه‌ای اضطـراب اجتماعـی انجـام شـد. در یـک پژوهـش توصیفـی، 346 دانشـجو (129 مـرد و 217 زن) براسـاس نمونه‌بـرداری در دسـترس از دانشـجویان دانشـگاه غیرانتفاعـی شـهید اشـرفی اصفهانـی انتخـاب شـدند و بـه پرسشـنامۀ شـخصیت گـری - ویلسـون (1989)، سـیاهۀ اضطـراب اجتماعـی (کانـور و دیگـران، 2000) و آزمـون اعتیـاد بـه اینترنـت (یانـگ ، 1998) پاسـخ دادنـد. نتایـج تحلیـل مسـیر نشـان داد اثـر مسـتقیم و غیرمسـتقیم نظـام فعال‌سـاز رفتـاری بـر اعتیـاد اینترنتـی به‌صـورت منفـی و اثـر مسـتقیم و غیرمسـتقیم نظام‌هـای بـازداری رفتـاری و جنگ‌وگریـز بـر اعتیـاد اینترنتـی مثبـت و اثـر مسـتقیم نظـام فعال‌سـاز رفتـاری بـر اضطـراب اجتماعـی منفـی و اثـر مسـتقیم نظام‌هـای بـازداری رفتـاری و جنگ‌وگریـز بـر اضطـراب اجتماعـی مثبـت اسـت. همچنیـن اثـر مسـتقیم اضطـراب اجتماعـی بـر اعتیـاد اینترنتـی نیـز مثبـت بـود. افـزون بـر ایـن نتایـج نشـان داد نظام‌هـای مغـزی رفتـاری و اضطـراب اجتماعـی توانایـی تبییـن 48 درصـد از واریانـس اعتیـاد اینترنتـی را دارنـد. براسـاس یافته‌هـای ایـن پژوهـش می‌تـوان نتیجـه گرفـت به‌منظـور پیشـگیری از اعتیـاد اینترنتـی، افـزون بـر توجـه بـه نظام‌هـای مغـزی رفتـاری، لازم اسـت زمینه‌هـای لازم جهـت کاهـش اضطـراب اجتماعـی فراهـم شـود.
This study has been conducted to determine the mediating role of social anxiety in the relationship between behavioral brain systems and Internet addiction. For this purpose, in descriptive research, 346 students (129 males and 217 females) were selected by convenience sampling of students of the non-profit Shahid Ashrafi University of Isfahan. The participants were requested to fill out Gary-Wilson (1989) Personality Questionnaire, Social Anxiety Inventory (Connor et al., 2000), and Internet Addic- tion Test (Young, 1998). Data were analyzed using path analysis. The findings showed that the direct and indirect effect of behavioral activation system on internet addiction is negative and the direct and indirect effect of behavioral inhibition and fight-flight systems on internet addiction is positive. Likewise, the direct effect of behavioral activation system on social anxiety is negative and the direct effect of behavioral inhibition and fight-flight systems on social anxiety is positive. Also, the direct effect of social anxiety on internet addiction is also positive. In addition, the amount of explained variance (R2) is 0.48, which means that behavioral brain systems and social anxiety have the ability to explain 48% of the variance of Internet addiction. Therefore, in order to prevent Internet addiction, in addition to paying attention to behavioral brain systems, it is necessary to provide the necessary grounds to reduce social anxiety.
Abdi, R. (2004). Interpretation bias in people with social anxiety disorder. Master’s thesis in clinical psychology, Institute of Psychology, Medical University Tehran. [In Persian].
Alavi, S., Maracy, M., Jannatifard, F., Eslami, M., & Haghighi, M.(2010). Psychometric properties of Young internet addiction test. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 4(3),183-189. [In Persian].
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi. Tehran: Ra- van Publishing House. [In Persian].
Asghari, P., Mashhadi, A., & Sepehri Shamloo, Z. (2014). Effect of group cognitive behavioral therapy based on Hofmann model on anxiety symptoms and brain be- havioral systems in adults suffering from social anxiety disorder. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 17(1), 38-45. [In Persian].
Ashrafi, A. (2006). Evaluation of the psychometric prop- erties of Gray-Wilson Personality Questionnaire. Mas- ter’s thesis, Tarbiat Modares University. [In Persian].
Azad Fallah, P., Dadsetan, P., Ajeei, J. and Moazeni, M. (1999). Stress, activity of brain-behavioral systems and secretory immunoglobulin changes. Psychology, 3(1), 3-18. [In Persian].
Burnay, J., Billieux, J., Blairy, S., & Laroi, F. (2015). Which psychological factors influence internet addiction? Evi- dence through an integrative model. Computers in Hu- man Behavior, 43, 28-34.
Buyukbayraktar, C G. (2020). Predictive relationships be- tween social anxiety, internet addiction and alexithymia adolescents. Journal of Education and Learning, 9(2), .222-231
Chen, L., & Nath, R. (2016). Understanding the underlying factors of Internet addiction across cultures: A compar- ison study. Electronic Commerce Research and Appli- cations, 17, 38-48.
Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R. T., Churchil, L. E., Sher-
wood, A., Foa, E., & Weisler, R. H. (2000). Psychomet-
ric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN):New self-rating scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 88 .379-386 ,(4)176.
Darvize, Z., Ranjbar, Z., & Naraghizadeh, A. (2011). Comparison of the amount and type of internet use in relation to mental health and academic performance of students in Tehran. Journal of Psychological Studies, 7(2), 11-36. [In Persian].
Davidson, J. R. T., Miner, C. M., De Veaugh-Geiss, J., Tu- pler, L. A., Colket, J. T., & Potts, N. L. S. (1997).
The Brief Social Phobia Scale: A psychometric evaluation. Psychological Medicine, 27, 161-166.
Davison, G. C., Neale, J. M., & Kring, A. M. (2004). Abnormal psychology (9th Ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Floros, G., Siomos, K., Stogiannidou, A., Giouzepas, I., & Garyfallos, G. (2014). Comorbidity of psychiatric dis- orders with Internet addiction in a clinical sample: The effect of personality, defense style and psychopatholo- gy. Addictive Behaviors, 39, 1839-1845.
Gray, J. A. (1987). Perspectives on anxiety and impulsivi- ty: A commentary. Journal of Research in Personality, .509 –493 ,21
Gray, J. A. (1990). Brain systems that mediate both emo- tion and cognition. Special issue: Development of re- lationships between emotion and cognition. Cognition and Emotion, 4, 269-288.
Gray, J. A. (1991). Neural systems, emotion and personal- ity. In J. Madden, IV (Ed.), Neurobiology of learning, emotion, and affect (pp. 273–306). New York: Raven Press.
Gray, J. A. (1994). Framework for a taxonomy of psychi- atric disorders. In S. H. M. V. Goozen, N. E. V. Poll & J. Sergeant (Eds.), Emotions: Essays on emotion theory (pp. 29–59). New Jersey: Erlbaum.
Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychol- ogy of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the sep- to-hippocampal system. (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press
Handono,S., Laeheem, K., & Sittichai, R. (2019). Factors related with cyberbullying among the youth of Jakarta, Indonesia. Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevi- er, 99(C), 235-239.
Heidari, P., & Nemat Tavousi, M. (2020). Brain-behavio- ral systems and loneliness: The mediating role of social anxiety. Journal of Developmental Psychological: Ira-
nian Psychologist, 17(65), 3-14. [In Persian].
Hoseini, A., Shahgholiyan, M., & Abdolahi, M. (2016). The relationship between brain behavioral systems and internet addiction with mediating role of loneliness and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Social Cogni- tion, 5(2), 26-51. [In Persian].
Hostovecky, M., & Prokop, P. (2018). The relationship be- tween internet addiction and personality traits in Slovak secondary school’s students. Journal of Applied Mathe- matics Statistics and Information, 14(1), 83-101.
Hsu, W. Y., Lin, S. S. J., Chang, S. M., Tseng, Y. H., & Chiu, N. Y. (2015). Examining the diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction: Expert validation. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 114, 504-508.
Kimbrel, N. A., Mitchell, J. T., & Nelson-Gray, R. O. (2010). An examination of the relationship between behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity and so- cial interaction anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, .378 –372 ,)3(24
Lai, C. M., Mak, K. K.,Watanabe, H., Jeong, J., Kim, D., Bahar, N., Ramos, M., Chen, S. H., & Cheng, C. (2015). The mediating role of Internet addiction in depression, social anxiety, and psychosocial well-being among ad- olescents in six Asian countries: A structural equation modelling approach. Public Health, 129(9), 1224-36.
Lee, B W., & Stapinski, L A. (2012). Seeking safety on the internet: Relationship between social anxiety and problematic internet use. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, .197-205 ,)1(26
Li, W., O’Brien, J. E., Snyder, S. M., & Howard, M. O. (2015). Characteristics of internet addiction patho- logical internet use in U.S. university students: A qualitative-method investigation. PLOS One, 10(2), e0117372.
Moradi, M., Mohammadipour, M., & Soliamanian, A. (2020). The causal model of social anxiety of university students based on brain-behavioral systems with medi- ating of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Jour- nal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 22(5), 340-351.
Muller, K. W., Dreier, M., Beutel, M. E., Duven, E., Giralt, S., & Weolfling, K. (2016). A hidden type of internet addiction? Intense and addictive use of social network- ing sites in adolescents. Computers in Human Behav- ior, 55,172-177. Retrieved 10 March 2021 from https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.007
Nakayama, H., & Higuchi, S. (2015). Internet addiction. Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine, .1559-66 ,)9(73
Park, S. M., Park, Y. M., Lee, H. W., Jung, H.Y., Lee, J.Y., & Choi, J. S. (2013). The effects of behavioral inhibi- tion/approach system as predictors of Internet addiction in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, .7-11 ,)1(54
Samarqandi, S. (2018). The relationship between brain-be- havioral systems and internet addiction with the medi- ating role of coping styles. Master’s thesis, Tabriz Uni- versity, Faculty of Educational Sciences. [In Persian].
Trojak, B., Zullino, D., & Achab, S. (2017). Brain stimu- lation to treat Internet addiction: A commentary. Addic- tive Behaviors, 64,363-364.
Wilson, RD., Gray, GA., & Barrett, PT. (1990). A factor analysis of Gray-Wilson personality questionnaire. Personality and Individual Difference, 11(10), 1037- .44
Xiang, H., Tian, X., Zhou, Y., Chen, J., Potenza, M., & Zhang, Q. (2021). The relationship between behavioral Inhibition and behavioral activation systems, impul- siveness, and internet gaming disorder among students of different ages. Front. Psychiatry. Retrieved 12 Janu- ary 2021 from https://www.frontiersin.org/ articles
Yazdan Mehr, A. (2018). Prediction of Internet addiction based on attachment styles and social anxiety in ado- lescents, the role of mindful parenting as a moderating variable. Master’s thesis, Shahid Beheshti University. [In Persian].
Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., & Chen, C. C. (2009). The association between harmful alcohol use and Internet addiction among college students: com- parison of personality. Psychiatry and Clinical Neuro- sciences, 63(2), 218-224.
Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, .237-244 ,)3(1
Young, K. S. (2007). Treatment Outcomes with Internet Addicts. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 10(5), 671-
.679 89
Yücens, B., & Üzer, A. (2018). The relationship between internet addiction, social anxiety, impulsivity, self-es- teem, and depression in a sample of Turkish under- graduate medical students. Psychiatry Research, 267،318–313.
Zhu, Y., Zhang, H., & Tian, M. (2015). Molecular and Functional Imaging of Internet Addiction. BioMed Re- search International, 2015, 378675. Retrieved 12 Janu- ary 2021 from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri.