تأثیر عامل وراثت و فرآیندهای تشکیل خاک بر توزیع عناصر سنگین و ویژگی-های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاکها
محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی خاکعلی افشاری 1 , کامران مروج 2 , پریسا علمداری 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران * (مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران
کلید واژه: توزیع عمودی, مواد مادری و ویژگیهای خاک, عناصر سنگین,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: این تحقیق به منظور ارزیابی ویژگی های فیزیکی و شیمیایی و توزیع عناصر سنگین در خاک های با مواد مادری متفاوت در بخش مرکزی استان زنجان انجام گرفت. روش بررسی: در این پژوهش 15 خاک رخ تحول یافته بر روی سنگ های گرانیت، بازالت، آندزیت، پورفیریت، توف های آتشفشانی، سنگ آهک، کنگلومرا-شیل، شیل، فیلیت، ماسه سنگ، دولومیت و رسوبات آبرفتی حفر شد. سپس خاک رخ ها با توجه به دستورالعمل اداره حفاظت خاک وزارت کشاورزی آمریکا تشریح گردیدند و افق های مشخصه و رده بندی آن ها تا سطح گروه بزرگ، مطابق با استانداردهای رده بندی آمریکایی (2014) تعیین شد. خاک ها در سه رده مالی سول، اینسپتی سول و انتی سول طبقه بندی شدند. از تمامی افق های ژنتیکی خاک رخ ها و سنگ بستر آن ها (به غیر از مواد آبرفتی) نمونه برداری صورت گرفت. کلیه تجزیه های مربوط به خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی و عناصر سنگین با روش های متداول آزمایشگاهی انجام شد. یافته ها: در خاک های آهکی مقدار آهک (3/49%) و اسیدیته (0/8)، در خاک های آندزیتی مقدار ماده آلی (6/1%)، در خاک های پورفیریتی، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (cmol(+)kg soil-1) 0/26، در خاک های با مواد مادریِ توف، مقدار رس (4/24%) و در خاک های دولومیتی، مقدار سیلت (9/61%) مشاهده شد که حداکثر مقدار را داشتند. مقدار متوسط نیکل، سرب و کادمیم در خاک های دولومیتی (به ترتیب 0/56، 1/74 و 23/0 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک)، کروم و آهن در خاک های حاصل از شیل (به ترتیب 3/41، 34800 و 5/27 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک)، مس در خاک های پورفیریتی و روی و کبالت در خاک های بازالتی (به ترتیب 2/47، 3/130 و 3/28 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک) بیش ترین مقدار را نشان داد. بحث و نتیجه گیری: الگوریتم تحلیل خوشه ای، افق های ژنتیکی A و B را در سه گروه طبقه بندی کرد: گروه اول خاک های حاصل از ترکیب کنگلومرا - شیل، شیل و سنگ آهک است. گروه دوم خاک های پورفیریتی، بازالتی، آندزیتی و گرانیتی می باشد و گروه سوم خاک های حاصل از توف، فیلیت و آبرفتی است. نتایج با اضافه کردن افق های مواد مادری (C و Cr) تغییر نکرد. لذا محتوی عناصر اصلی مذکور در افق های خاک ساز تا حد بسیار زیادی تحت کنترل عامل وراثت می باشد.
Abstract Background and Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical properties and distribution of heavy metals in soils with different parent materials in the central part of Zanjan province. Method: In this study, 15 developed soil profiles were excavated on Granite, Basalt, Andesite, Porphyrite, Volcanic tuff Limeston, Conglomerates, Shale, Phyllites, Sandstone, Dolomite and Alluvium parent materials. Then, Pedons were described according to the USDA Soil Conservation Services instruction and diagnostic horizons and their classification were conducted up to the great group category, in accordance with soil taxonomy (2014). Soils were classified in Mollisols, Inceptisols and Entisols orders. All of the genetic horizons of pedons and their bedrock (apart from alluvial deposits) were sampled. Also, whole of the laboratory analysis related to the physicaochemical properties of heavy elements was conducted by conventional and standard methods. Findings: The amount of CaCO3 (49.3%) and pH (0.8) in Calcareous soil, organic matter (1.6%), cation exchange capacity (26 cmol(+)kg soil-1), clay (24.4%) and silt (61.9%) was maximized in soils with Andesite, Porphyrite, Tuff and Dolomite parent materials, respectively. The average of nickel, lead and cadmium were the highest value (56, 74.1 and 0.23 mg/kg soil, respectively) in dolomite parent materials soils. Chromium and iron showed the highest value (41.3, 34800, 27.5 mg/kg soil, respectively) in soils formed from Shale parent materials. Copper also indicated the highest value (47.2, 130.3 and 28.3 mg/kg soil, respectively) in Porphyrite parent materials soil. Finally, zinc and cobalt were the highest value (47.2, 130.3 and 28.3 mg/kg soil, respectively) in basaltic parent material soils. Discussion and Conclusion: Cluster analysis algorithm was classified the pedogenic A and B soil horizons in three groups: the first group consists of soils formed from Conglomerate-Shale, Shale and Limestone parent materials. Second group includes Porphyrite, Basalt, and Andesite parent materials soils and the third group consists of soils formed from Tuff, Phyllites, and Alluvium parent materials. The results did not change by adding the parent material horizon (C and Cr). So, the amount of major elements in pedogenic soil horizons is largely controlled by soil heredity.
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- Bi, X., Feng, X., Yang, Y., Qiu, G., Li, G., Li, F., Liu, T., Fu, Z., Jin, Z., 2006. Environmental contamination of heavy metals from zinc smelting areas in Hezhang County, western Guizhou, China. Environment International, Vol. 32, pp. 883-890.
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- Nael, M., Khademi, H., Jalalian, A., Schulin, R., Kalbasi, M., Sotohian, F., 2009. Effect of geo-pedological conditions on the distribution and chemical speciation of selected trace elements in forest soils of western Alborz, Iran. Geoderma, Vol. 152, pp. 157-170.
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- Palumbo, B., Angelone, M., Bellanca, A., Dazzi, C., Hauser, S., Neri, R., Wilson, S., 2000. Influence of inheritance and pedogenesis on heavy metal distribution in soils of Sicily, Italy. Geoderma, Vol. 95, pp. 247-266.
- Bi, X., Feng, X., Yang, Y., Qiu, G., Li, G., Li, F., Liu, T., Fu, Z., Jin, Z., 2006. Environmental contamination of heavy metals from zinc smelting areas in Hezhang County, western Guizhou, China. Environment International, Vol. 32, pp. 883-890.
- Eze, P.N., Udeigwe, T.K., Stietiya, M.H., 2010. Distribution and potential source evaluation of heavy metals in prominent soils of Accra Plains, Ghana. Geoderma, Vol. 156, pp. 357-362.
- Blaser, P., Zimmermann, S., Luster, J., Shotyk, W., 2000. Critical examination of trace element enrichment and depletions in soils: As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in Swiss forest soils. Science of the Total Environment. Vol, 249,pp. 257-280.
- Nael, M., Jalalian, A., Khademi, H., Kalbasi, M., Sotohian, F., Schulin, R., 2010. Effect of geopedological conditions on content and distribution of selected major and trace elements in forest soils of Fuman-Masule region. JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology, Vol. 14, No. 51, pp. 71-86.
- Akihiro, I., Kazahito, M., Seiichi, O., 2002. Chemical properties and classification of Japanese brown forest soils derived from various parent materials. In: Proceeding of the 17th Congress of Soil Science. 2002. Agust 14-21, Bangkok, Thailand. Symposium, No. 40, Paper No. 468.
- Owliaie, H.R., Abtahi, A., Heck, R.J., 2006. Pedogenesis and clay mineralogical investigation of soils formed on gypsiferous and calcareous materials, on a transect, south western Iran. Geoderma, Vol. 134, pp. 62-81.
- Schoeneberger, P.J., Wysocki, D.A., Benham, E.C., Broderson, W.D., 2002. Field book for describing and sampling soils, Version 2.0 Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE. 228 P.
- Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Soil Taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 11th ed. Govt. Print, Office, Washington D.C.
- Burt, R. (Ed.), 2004. Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Soil Survey Investigations, Report No. 42, Version 4.0, USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lincoln, NE, USA. 735 P.
- Sposito, G., Lund, L.J., Chang, A.C., 1982. Trace metal chemistry in arid zone field soils amended with sewage sludge: I. Fractionation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in solid phases. Soil Science Society of American journal, Vol. 46,pp. 260-264.
- Nael, M., Jalalian, A., Khademi, H., Kalbasi, M., Sotohian, F., Schulin, R., 2011. The effect of parent material and soil development on geochemical characteristics of forest soils in Fuman-Masule region. JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology, Vol. 14, No. 54, pp. 135-153.
- Sheklabadi, M., 2000. Relative erodible soils and geological investigation of its relationship with a number of physical and chemical properties of soils in the watershed Golabadi. Master's thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology. 130 P.
- Farhangimaleki, N., 2005. Parent material effect on physiochemical properties and mineralogy of some soils of Gilan. Master's thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gilan. 111 Pages.
- Kabata-Pendias, A., Pendias, H., 2001. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. Third Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London. 413 P.
- Nael, M., Khademi, H., Jalalian, A., Schulin, R., Kalbasi, M., Sotohian, F., 2009. Effect of geo-pedological conditions on the distribution and chemical speciation of selected trace elements in forest soils of western Alborz, Iran. Geoderma, Vol. 152, pp. 157-170.