بررسی اثر سایکوسل و ریزمغذی‌ها بر عملکرد، صفات فیزیولوژیکی و میزان فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی ذرت (Zea mays L.) در شرایط کم آبیاری انتهای فصل
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکسیدنورالدین غفاری 1 , علیرضا شکوه فر 2 , مانی مجدم 3 , شهرام لک 4 , عزیز آفرینش 5
1 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
2 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
3 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
4 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
5 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران- مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی صفی‌آباد دزفول، دزفول، ایران
کلید واژه: پروتئین, پرولین, تنش آب, رطوبت نسبی برگ, پراکسید هیدروژن,
چکیده مقاله :
با هدف بررسی اثر سایکوسل و مصرف ریزمغذی‌ها بر عملکرد، صفات فیزیولوژیکی و میزان آنتی‌اکسیدانت ذرت تحت شرایط کم آبیاری انتهای فصل، آزمایشی به صورت اسپلیت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار طی دو سال زراعی 97-1396 و 98-1397 در صفی‌آباد دزفول انجام شد. تیمار اصلی شامل تنش کمبود آب با سه سطح شاهد (بدون تنش کمبود آب)، تنش آب در مرحله تشکیل گل ماده و تنش کمبود آب در مرحله تورم دانه بود. عامل مصرف محلول‌پاشی سایکوسل با سه سطح شاهد (عدم مصرف سایکوسل)، 5/442 و 885 پی‌پی‌ام سایکوسل و کودهای ریزمغذی با سه سطح: شاهد (عدم مصرف کود)، محلول‌پاشی 1000 و 1500 گرم در هکتار به‌صورت فاکتوریل به‌عنوان عوامل فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس مرکب نشان داد اثر برهم‌کنش سال، تنش، ریزمغذی و سایکوسل بر رطوبت نسبی برگ، پرولین و عملکرد دانه در سطح احتمال یک درصد و اثر برهم‌کنش تنش، ریزمغذی و سایکوسل بر پراکسید هیدروژن، گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز و پروتئین‌های محلول در سطح یک درصد معنی‌دار بود. نتایج نشان داد که بیش‌ترین فعالیت آنزیم سوپراکسیددیسموتاز تحت شرایط تنش در مرحله تورم دانه حاصل شد که نسبت به تیمار آبیاری در شرایط مطلوب حدود 37 درصد افزایش نشان داد. میانگین عملکرد دانه در سال دوم با کاربرد 1500 گرم در هکتار محلول‌پاشی ریزمغذی و 885 پی‌پی‌ام محلول‌پاشی سایکوسل در شرایط بدون تنش نسبت به تنش در مرحله تورم دانه و عدم محلول‌پاشی ریزمغذی و سایکوسل در حدود 85 درصد افزایش یافت. در مجموع می توان برای افزایش عملکرد دانه در شرایط آبیاری مطلوب و کاهش افت در شرایط تنش، از تنظیم کننده های رشد نظیر سایکوسل با غلظت 885 پی‌پی‌ام و محلول‌پاشی ریزمغذی به میزان1500 گرم در هکتار استفاده نمود.
In order to investigate the effect of cycocel and micronutrient consumption on yield, physiological traits, and antioxidant content of maize under low irrigation conditions at the end of the season, a split factorial experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in Safiabad Agriculture Research Center in Dezful during two cropping years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The main treatment included water stress with three levels control (without water stress), water stress in female flower formation stage and water stress in grain swelling stage. Also, foliar application of cycocel at three levels of control (no use of cycocel), 442.5 ppm, and 885 ppm and three levels of micronutrient fertilizers, namely control (no fertilizer application), foliar application of 1000 g. ha-1, and foliar application of 1500 g. ha-1 were considered as the sub-factors. Results of the combined ANOVA showed that the interaction of the effects of year, stress, micronutrient, and cycocel on relative water content, proline and grain yield and also the interaction of the effects of stress, micronutrient, and cycocel on hydrogen peroxide, glutathione peroxidase, and soluble proteins were statistically significant (p≤0.01). The results also showed that the highest activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme was obtained under stress conditions at the grain swelling stage, which showed an increase by about 37% compared to the irrigation treatment under optimal conditions. Foliar application of 1500 g. ha-1 micronutrient and 885 ppm cycocel in non-stress conditions increased the average grain yield (11500 kg. ha-1) in the second year by about 85% compared to stressed condition at grain swelling stage and no application of micronutrient and cycocel. In general, to increase grain yield under optimal irrigation conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel with a concentration of 885 ppm and micronutrient foliar application at 1500 g. ha-1 are recommended.
Abdul-Majid, S., Rehana, A., and Ghulam, M. (2007). Potassium-calcium interrelationship linked to drought tolerance in wheat. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 39(1): 609-1621.
Admasu, R., Michael, A.W., and Hordofa, T. (2019). Effect of moisture stress on maize (Zea Mays L.) yield and water productivity. International Journal of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources. 16(4): 83-87.
Afkari, A., Ghasemof, N., Yarnia, M. (2010). Effect of drought stress and potassium on some of the physiological and morphological traits of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars. 11th Iranian Crop Science Congrees. Tehran. Iran. pp, 154-156. (In persian with english abstract).
Anjum, S.A., Wang, L.C., Farooq, M., Hussain, M., Xue, L.L., and Zou, C.M. (2011). Brassinolide application improves the drought tolerance in maize through modulation of enzymatic antioxidants and leaf gas exchange. Journal of Agronomy of Crop Science. 197: 177-185.
Ardakani, M.R., and Nadvar, R. (2010). Principles and techniques for plant and scientist (translated). Tehran University.502p. (In persian with english abstract).
Bajji, M., Lutts, S., and Kinet, J. M. (2001). Water deficit effects on solute contribution to osmotic adjustment as a function of leaf ageing in three durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars performing differently in arid conditions. Plant Science. 160: 669-681.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P., and Teare, L.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Blokhin, O., Virolainen, E., and Fagerstedt, K. (2003). Antioxidant oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress. Annals of Botany. 91:179-194.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72: 248-254.
Brennan, T., and Frenkel, C. (1977). Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the regulation of senescence in pear. Plant Physiology. 59: 411-416.
Burton, J.D., Pedersen, M.K., and Coble, H.D. (2008). Effect of cyclanilide on auxin activity. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 27: 342-352.
Cakmak, I. (2000). Possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. New Phytol. 146: 85-200.
Chen, L., Lin, C.C., and Kao, C.H. (2000). Copper toxicity in rice seedlings: changes in antioxidative enzyme activities, H2O2 level, and cell wall peroxidase activity in roots. Botanical Studies An International Journal. 41: 99- 103
Dixon, D.P., Cummins, I., Cole, D.J., and Edwards, R. (1998). Glutathione-mediated detoxification systems in plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 1: 258–266.
FAOSTAT. (2018). Statistical database of the food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. FAO, Rome.
Gill, S.S., and Tuteja, N. (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 48: 909-930.
Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpaslan, M., Eraslan, F., Guneri Bagci, E., and Cicek, N. (2007). Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity. Plant Physiology. 164: 728-736.
Hashemzadeh, F. (2009). Effects of drought stress and cycocel application on yield of maize varieties in second crop. Agroecology Journal. 5(14), 67-79. (In persian with english abstract).
Hugh, J., and Davis, F. (2003). Effect of drought stress on leaf and whole canopy radiation efficiency and yield of maize. Agronomy Journal. 95: 688-696.
Ibrahim, S.A., and Kandil, H. (2007). Growth, yield and chemical constituents of soybean (Glycine max L.) plants as affect by plant spacing under different irrigation intervals. Research Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 3(6): 657-663.
Imam, Y., Ilkaee, M.N. (2002). Effect of plant density and chlormequat chloride (CCC) on morphological characteristics and grain yield of winter oilseed rape cv. Talayeh. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 4: 1-8. (In persian with english abstract).
Jaleel, C.A., Gopi, R., Sankar, B., Gomathinayagam, M., and Panneerselvam, R. (2008). Differential responses in water use efficiency in two varieties of Catharanthus roseus under drought stress. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 331(1): 42-47.
Kafi, M., and Mahdavidamgani, A.M. (2001). Mechanisms of plants resistant to environmental stresses Publication of Ferdowsi University, Mashhad. 472 p.
Kalefetoglu, T., and Ekmekci, Y. (2005). The effects of drought on plants and tolerance mechanisms (Review). G.U. Journal of Science. 18(4): 723–740.
Karimi, D.K., Mojaddam, M., Lack, Sh., Payandeh, Kh., and Shokuhfar, A.R. (2021). The effect of superabsorbent and iron and zinc foliar application on antioxidant enzyme activity and yield maize (S.C.704) (Zea mays L.) under irrigation regimes. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 14(2): 387-402. (In persian).
Khalilzadeh, R., SeyedSharifi, R., and Jalilian, J. (2016). Antioxidant status and physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to cycocel application and bio fertilizers under water limitation condition. Journal of Plant Interaction. 11(1): 130-137.
Koutroubas, S.D., Vassiliou, G., and Damalas, C.A. (2014). Sunflower morphology and yield as affectedby foliar applications of plant growth regulators. International Journal of Plant Production. 8: 215-229.
Lobell, D.B., Roberts, M.J., Schlenker, W., Braun, N., Little, B.B., Rejesus, R.M., and Hammer, G.L. (2014). Greater sensitivity to drought accompanies maize yield increasein the US Midwest. Science. 344: 516-519.
Malan, C., Greyling, M.M., Gressel, J. (1990). Correlation between Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase and environmental and xenobiotic stress tolerance in maize inbreeds. Plant Science 69: 157-166.
Mansouri Far, C., Modarres sanavy, S. A. M., Saberali, S. F. (2010). Maize yield response to deficit irrigation during low-sensitive growth stages and nitrogen rate under semi-arid climatic conditions. Agricultural Water Management. 97(1): 12–22.
Marschner, H., and Cakmak, I. (1989). High light intensity enhances chlorosis inleaves of Zn, K and Mg deficient bean plants. Journal Plant Physiology. 134(3): 308-315.
Mate, J.M., Aledo, J.C., Perez-Gomez, C., Estebandel Valle, A., and Segura, J.M. (2000). Interrelationship between oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities: An easy and rapid experimental approach. Biochemical Education. 28(2): 93-5.
Moaveni, P. (2011). Effect of drought stress on some antioxidant enzymes and prolin of sorghum. Journal Crop Ecophysiol. 3(1): 24-30.
Mohammadkhani, N., and Heidari, R. (2008). Effects of drought stress on soluble proteins in two maize varieties. Turkish Biology. 32: 23-30.
Nikolaeva, M.K., Maevskaya, S.N., Shugaev, A.G., Bukhov, N.G. (2010). Effects of drought on chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves of three wheat cultivars varying in productivity. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 57: 87-95.
Pandey, D.M., Goswami, C.L., and Kumar, B. (2003). Physiological effects of plant hormones in cotton under drought. Biologia Planetarum. 47(4): 535-540.
Pirasteh-Anosheh, H., Emam, Y., Ashraf, M. (2014). Impact of cycocel on seed germination and growth in some commercial crops under osmotic stress conditions. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 60(9): 1277-1289. (In persian with English abstract).
Rani, K.S., Chourat, S., Rani, C.S. (2020). Effect of plant growth regulator cycocel o growth, yield and economics of rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under rainfed conditions. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 8(6): 1030-1033.
Rokh Afrooz, Kh., Imam, Y., and Pirasteh Anousheh, H. (2016). Effect of chloroquate chloride on yield and yield components of three wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop production and processing. 6(20): 111-123. (In persian with English abstract).
Safyan, N., Naderidarbaghshahi, M.R., and Bahari, B. (2012). The effect of microelements spraying on growth, qualitative and quantitative grain corn in Iran. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 3 (1): 2780-2784.
Sah, R. P., Chakraborty, M., Prasad, K., Pandit, M., Tudu, V. K., Chakravarty, M. K., Narayan, S. C., Rana, M., and Moharana, D. (2020). Impact of water deficit stress in maize: Phenology and yield components. Scientific Reports. 10: 1-15.
Sami, A. (1993). Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in biology. Chapman and Hall. 448 p.
Senaratna, T., Ouchell, D., Bunn, E., and Dixon, K. (2000). Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) and salicylic acid induce multiple stress tolerance in bean and tomato plants. Plant Growth Regulator. 30: 157-161.
Sharifi, O., and Mohammadkhani, N. (2018). Effects of drought stress on enzymatic and non- enzymatic antioxidants in flag Leaf and spikes of tolerant and sensitive wheat genotypes. The Plant Production. 41(3): 37-50. (In persian with English abstract).
Wang, Y., Liu, C., Li, K., Sun, F., Hu, H., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Han, C., Zhang, W., Duan, Y., Liu, M., and Li, X. (2007). Arabidopsis EIN2 modulates stress response through abscisic acid response pathway. Plant Molecular Biology. 64: 633–644.
Zand, B., Soroosh zadeh, A., Ghanati, F., and Moradi, F. (2010). Effect of zinc and auxin foliar application on some anti-oxidant enzymes activity in corn leaf. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 2(1)P 35-48. (In persian with English abstract).
Zeid, I. M., and Shedeed, Z.A. (2006). Response of alfalfa to putrescine treatment under drought stress. Biology Plantarum. 50(4): 635-640.
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Abdul-Majid, S., Rehana, A., and Ghulam, M. (2007). Potassium-calcium interrelationship linked to drought tolerance in wheat. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 39(1): 609-1621.
Admasu, R., Michael, A.W., and Hordofa, T. (2019). Effect of moisture stress on maize (Zea Mays L.) yield and water productivity. International Journal of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources. 16(4): 83-87.
Afkari, A., Ghasemof, N., Yarnia, M. (2010). Effect of drought stress and potassium on some of the physiological and morphological traits of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars. 11th Iranian Crop Science Congrees. Tehran. Iran. pp, 154-156. (In persian with english abstract).
Anjum, S.A., Wang, L.C., Farooq, M., Hussain, M., Xue, L.L., and Zou, C.M. (2011). Brassinolide application improves the drought tolerance in maize through modulation of enzymatic antioxidants and leaf gas exchange. Journal of Agronomy of Crop Science. 197: 177-185.
Ardakani, M.R., and Nadvar, R. (2010). Principles and techniques for plant and scientist (translated). Tehran University.502p. (In persian with english abstract).
Bajji, M., Lutts, S., and Kinet, J. M. (2001). Water deficit effects on solute contribution to osmotic adjustment as a function of leaf ageing in three durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars performing differently in arid conditions. Plant Science. 160: 669-681.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P., and Teare, L.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Blokhin, O., Virolainen, E., and Fagerstedt, K. (2003). Antioxidant oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress. Annals of Botany. 91:179-194.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72: 248-254.
Brennan, T., and Frenkel, C. (1977). Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the regulation of senescence in pear. Plant Physiology. 59: 411-416.
Burton, J.D., Pedersen, M.K., and Coble, H.D. (2008). Effect of cyclanilide on auxin activity. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 27: 342-352.
Cakmak, I. (2000). Possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. New Phytol. 146: 85-200.
Chen, L., Lin, C.C., and Kao, C.H. (2000). Copper toxicity in rice seedlings: changes in antioxidative enzyme activities, H2O2 level, and cell wall peroxidase activity in roots. Botanical Studies An International Journal. 41: 99- 103
Dixon, D.P., Cummins, I., Cole, D.J., and Edwards, R. (1998). Glutathione-mediated detoxification systems in plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 1: 258–266.
FAOSTAT. (2018). Statistical database of the food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. FAO, Rome.
Gill, S.S., and Tuteja, N. (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 48: 909-930.
Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpaslan, M., Eraslan, F., Guneri Bagci, E., and Cicek, N. (2007). Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity. Plant Physiology. 164: 728-736.
Hashemzadeh, F. (2009). Effects of drought stress and cycocel application on yield of maize varieties in second crop. Agroecology Journal. 5(14), 67-79. (In persian with english abstract).
Hugh, J., and Davis, F. (2003). Effect of drought stress on leaf and whole canopy radiation efficiency and yield of maize. Agronomy Journal. 95: 688-696.
Ibrahim, S.A., and Kandil, H. (2007). Growth, yield and chemical constituents of soybean (Glycine max L.) plants as affect by plant spacing under different irrigation intervals. Research Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 3(6): 657-663.
Imam, Y., Ilkaee, M.N. (2002). Effect of plant density and chlormequat chloride (CCC) on morphological characteristics and grain yield of winter oilseed rape cv. Talayeh. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 4: 1-8. (In persian with english abstract).
Jaleel, C.A., Gopi, R., Sankar, B., Gomathinayagam, M., and Panneerselvam, R. (2008). Differential responses in water use efficiency in two varieties of Catharanthus roseus under drought stress. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 331(1): 42-47.
Kafi, M., and Mahdavidamgani, A.M. (2001). Mechanisms of plants resistant to environmental stresses Publication of Ferdowsi University, Mashhad. 472 p.
Kalefetoglu, T., and Ekmekci, Y. (2005). The effects of drought on plants and tolerance mechanisms (Review). G.U. Journal of Science. 18(4): 723–740.
Karimi, D.K., Mojaddam, M., Lack, Sh., Payandeh, Kh., and Shokuhfar, A.R. (2021). The effect of superabsorbent and iron and zinc foliar application on antioxidant enzyme activity and yield maize (S.C.704) (Zea mays L.) under irrigation regimes. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 14(2): 387-402. (In persian).
Khalilzadeh, R., SeyedSharifi, R., and Jalilian, J. (2016). Antioxidant status and physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to cycocel application and bio fertilizers under water limitation condition. Journal of Plant Interaction. 11(1): 130-137.
Koutroubas, S.D., Vassiliou, G., and Damalas, C.A. (2014). Sunflower morphology and yield as affectedby foliar applications of plant growth regulators. International Journal of Plant Production. 8: 215-229.
Lobell, D.B., Roberts, M.J., Schlenker, W., Braun, N., Little, B.B., Rejesus, R.M., and Hammer, G.L. (2014). Greater sensitivity to drought accompanies maize yield increasein the US Midwest. Science. 344: 516-519.
Malan, C., Greyling, M.M., Gressel, J. (1990). Correlation between Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase and environmental and xenobiotic stress tolerance in maize inbreeds. Plant Science 69: 157-166.
Mansouri Far, C., Modarres sanavy, S. A. M., Saberali, S. F. (2010). Maize yield response to deficit irrigation during low-sensitive growth stages and nitrogen rate under semi-arid climatic conditions. Agricultural Water Management. 97(1): 12–22.
Marschner, H., and Cakmak, I. (1989). High light intensity enhances chlorosis inleaves of Zn, K and Mg deficient bean plants. Journal Plant Physiology. 134(3): 308-315.
Mate, J.M., Aledo, J.C., Perez-Gomez, C., Estebandel Valle, A., and Segura, J.M. (2000). Interrelationship between oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities: An easy and rapid experimental approach. Biochemical Education. 28(2): 93-5.
Moaveni, P. (2011). Effect of drought stress on some antioxidant enzymes and prolin of sorghum. Journal Crop Ecophysiol. 3(1): 24-30.
Mohammadkhani, N., and Heidari, R. (2008). Effects of drought stress on soluble proteins in two maize varieties. Turkish Biology. 32: 23-30.
Nikolaeva, M.K., Maevskaya, S.N., Shugaev, A.G., Bukhov, N.G. (2010). Effects of drought on chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves of three wheat cultivars varying in productivity. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 57: 87-95.
Pandey, D.M., Goswami, C.L., and Kumar, B. (2003). Physiological effects of plant hormones in cotton under drought. Biologia Planetarum. 47(4): 535-540.
Pirasteh-Anosheh, H., Emam, Y., Ashraf, M. (2014). Impact of cycocel on seed germination and growth in some commercial crops under osmotic stress conditions. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 60(9): 1277-1289. (In persian with English abstract).
Rani, K.S., Chourat, S., Rani, C.S. (2020). Effect of plant growth regulator cycocel o growth, yield and economics of rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under rainfed conditions. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 8(6): 1030-1033.
Rokh Afrooz, Kh., Imam, Y., and Pirasteh Anousheh, H. (2016). Effect of chloroquate chloride on yield and yield components of three wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop production and processing. 6(20): 111-123. (In persian with English abstract).
Safyan, N., Naderidarbaghshahi, M.R., and Bahari, B. (2012). The effect of microelements spraying on growth, qualitative and quantitative grain corn in Iran. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 3 (1): 2780-2784.
Sah, R. P., Chakraborty, M., Prasad, K., Pandit, M., Tudu, V. K., Chakravarty, M. K., Narayan, S. C., Rana, M., and Moharana, D. (2020). Impact of water deficit stress in maize: Phenology and yield components. Scientific Reports. 10: 1-15.
Sami, A. (1993). Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in biology. Chapman and Hall. 448 p.
Senaratna, T., Ouchell, D., Bunn, E., and Dixon, K. (2000). Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) and salicylic acid induce multiple stress tolerance in bean and tomato plants. Plant Growth Regulator. 30: 157-161.
Sharifi, O., and Mohammadkhani, N. (2018). Effects of drought stress on enzymatic and non- enzymatic antioxidants in flag Leaf and spikes of tolerant and sensitive wheat genotypes. The Plant Production. 41(3): 37-50. (In persian with English abstract).
Wang, Y., Liu, C., Li, K., Sun, F., Hu, H., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Han, C., Zhang, W., Duan, Y., Liu, M., and Li, X. (2007). Arabidopsis EIN2 modulates stress response through abscisic acid response pathway. Plant Molecular Biology. 64: 633–644.
Zand, B., Soroosh zadeh, A., Ghanati, F., and Moradi, F. (2010). Effect of zinc and auxin foliar application on some anti-oxidant enzymes activity in corn leaf. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 2(1)P 35-48. (In persian with English abstract).
Zeid, I. M., and Shedeed, Z.A. (2006). Response of alfalfa to putrescine treatment under drought stress. Biology Plantarum. 50(4): 635-640.