بررسی کارایی گندم (Triticum aestivum) و کینوا (Chenopodium quinoa) برای شوری زدائی کلسیم، منیزیم، سدیم، پتاسیم و کلر تحت تنش های مختلف شوری آب
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکسپیده حسینی 1 , رکسانا موگوئی 2 , مهدی برقعی 3 , زهرا عابدی 4 , مهدی رمضانی 5
1 - گروه مدیریت محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران.
2 - گروه برنامه ریزی، مدیریت و آموزش محیط زیست، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
3 - گروه مهندسی شیمی و نفت، دانشکده مهندسی شیمی دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، تهران، ایران.
4 - گروه اقتصاد محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات ،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
5 - گروه تخصصی منابع طبیعی- علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
کلید واژه: گندم, پتاسیم, هیدروپونیک, سدیم, کلر, کینوا, گیاه‌پالایی, شوری زدائی,
چکیده مقاله :
این پژوهش برای ارزیابی توانایی رشد و کاهش شوری آب توسط دو گیاه کینوا و گندم به صورت گلخانه‌ای و هیدروپونیک اجرا شد. این تحقیق در قالب آزمایش فاکتوریل دو عاملی بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار صورت گرفت. تیمارها شامل 4 سطح شوری صفر (شاهد)، 5، 10 و 15 دسی زیمنس بر متر (حاصل اختلاط آب دریاچه نمک عقدا با آب شهر) و دو گونه گندم و کینوا بود. در این تحقیق صفاتی چون وزن خشک کل بوته، میزان تجمع عناصر کلسیم، منیزیم، سدیم، پتاسیم و کلر کل بوته و کارایی جذب عناصر از آب و شوری‌زدایی توسط گیاهان اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که گیاه کینوا نسبت به گندم توانایی بیشتری در شوری‌زدائی، جذب و انباشت عناصر در خود داشته و به عنوان گیاهی مقاوم در برابر تنش شوری بود. نتایج نشان داد که غلظت سدیم، کلر و منیزیم در بوته (به ترتیب برای گندم به میزان 48/5، 12/10 و 12/1 گرم و کینوا به میزان 76/10، 65/11و 66/2 گرم) و میزان کارایی جذب سدیم، کلر و منیزیم از آب (به ترتیب برای گندم 28/12، 30/11 و 22/20 درصد و کینوا به میزان 12/23، 60/14 و 79/24 درصد) به طور معنی‌داری با افزایش شوری افزایش یافت. غلظت عناصر کلسیم و پتاسیم در گیاهان (به ترتیب برای گندم به میزان 14/1 و 92/5 گرم و کینوا به میزان 21/3 و 76/10 گرم) با افزایش شوری کاهش یافتند. به‌طورکلی کینوا برتری معنی‌داری در تولید ماده‌ی خشک، جذب و کارایی جذب عناصر نسبت به گندم نشان داد به همین دلیل می‌تواند از این گیاه به عنوان یک گیاه جایگزین برای کشت در شرایط شوری و وجود آب‌های نامتعارف دانست.
This study was conducted to evaluate the ability to grow and reduce water salinity by quinoa and wheat plants in greenhouse and hydroponic. This research was conducted in the form of a two-factor factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included 4 salinity levels of zero (control), 5, 10 and 15 dS / m and two species of wheat and quinoa. In this study, traits such as total plant dry weight, accumulation of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and total plant chlorine and the efficiency of water uptake by plants were measured. The results of this study showed that quinoa has more ability to absorb and accumulate elements than wheat and is a plant resistant to salinity stress. The results showed that the concentrations of sodium, chlorine and magnesium per plant (5.48, 10.12 and 1.12 g for wheat and 10.76, 11.65 and 2.66 g for wheat, respectively). Absorption efficiency of sodium, chlorine and magnesium from water (12.28%, 11.30% and 20.22% for wheat and 23.12%, 14.60% and 24.79% for quinoa, respectively). The results also showed that the amount of sodium, chlorine and magnesium accumulated in the plant and the efficiency of phytodesalination of sodium, chlorine and magnesium from saline water significantly increased with increasing in salinity for both wheat and quinoa. In the case of calcium and potassium bioaccumulation and phytodesalination efficiency decreased with increasing salinity. As a result, quinoa showed a significant bioaccumulation efficiency in dry weight production, compared to wheat, so it can be considered as an alternative plant for cultivation in salinity and dry climate conditions.
Adolf, V.I. Jacobsen, S.E. and Shabala, S. (2012). Salt tolerance mechanisms in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). Environmental and Experimental Botany. 92:43–54.
Almansoori, A.F. Hasan, H.A. Idris, M. Abdullah, S.R.S. and Anuar, N. (2015). Poltential application of biosurfactant in phytoremediation technology for treatment of gasoline-contaminated soil. Ecological Engineering. 84:113-120.
Apse, M.P. and Blumwald, E. (2002). Engineering salt tolerance in plant. Journal of Biotechnology. 13: 146-150.
Arab, F. (2006). Water desalination: present and future. Water and Environment. 64:11-20. [In Persian].
Archangi, A. Khodambashi, M. and Mohammadkhani, A. (2012). The effect of salt stress on morphological characteristics and Na+, K+ and Ca+ ion contents in medicinal plant fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) under hydroponic culture. Soil and Plant Interactions. 3 (2):33-41.
Ashraf, M. Mukhtar, N. Rehman S. and Rha, E.S. (2004). Salt induced changes in photosynthetic activity and growth in a potential medicinal plant Bishop`s weed (Ammi majus L). Photosynthetica. 42(4):543-550.
Babaie-Zarch, M.J. Mahmoodi, S. (2014). Competition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale) under different levels of soil salinity using replacement series experiment. Cereal Research. 3(4):281-290.
Babaie-Zarch, M.J. Mahmoodi, S. Eslami, S.V. and Zamani, G.R. (2019). Evaluating the competition of tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus L.), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) competition under salinity stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 12(2): 573-583.
Bhargava, A. Shukla, S. Rajan, S. and Ohri, D. (2007). Genetic diversity for morphological and quality traits in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) germplasm. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 54: 167-173.
Boyrahmadi, M. Raiesi, F. and Mohamadi, J. (2012). Effects of different levels of soil salinization on growth indices and nutrient uptake by Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Var Chamran). Journal of Plant Production. 18(4):11-28.
Canama, T. Li, X. Holowachukb, J. Yu, M. Xia, J. Mandal, R. Krishnamurthy, R. Bouatra, S. Sinelnikov, I. Yu, B. Grenkow, L. Wishart, D.S. Steppuhn, H.K. Falk, C. Dumonceaux, T.J. and Gruber, M.Y. (2013). Differential metabolite profiles and salinity tolerance between two genetically related brown-seeded and yellow-seededBrassica carinatalines. Plant Science. 198:17-26.
FAO, (2014). GIEWS (global information and early warning system on food and agriculture) Country Briefs. http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/countr y.jsp?code=IRN.
Guittonny-philippe, A. Petit, M.E. Masotti, V. Monnier, Y. Malleret, L. Coulomb, B. Comboroux, I. Baumberger, T. Viglione, J. and laffont-Schwob, L. (2015). Selection of wild macrophytes for use in constructed wetlands for phytoremediation of contaminant mixtures. Journal of environmental Management. 147:108-123.
Hasni, I. Ben Ahmed, H. Bizid, E. Raies, A. Samson, G. and Zid, E. (2009). Physiological characteristics of salt tolerance in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L). The Proc. of International Plant Nutrition Colloquim XVI, UC Davis. 1: 1-9.
Heidari, M. (2005). Effects of salinity and nitrogen on macro nutrient uptake and yield of wheat grain and osmotic regulators (Chamran). PhD thesis, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Ramin University, Ahvaz, Iran.
Heydari, N. (2007). Sustainable water management and productivity in irrigation networks of catchments under water stress (Case study of Zayandehrud irrigation network in Isfahan). Technical workshop on management, operation and maintenance of irrigation and drainage networks. 20 p.
Heydarnezhad, S. and Ranjbarfordoei, A. (2014). Effects of salt stress on growth characteristics and ion accumulation in saltwort plants (Seidlitziarosmarinus L). Desert Ecosystem Engineering. 3(4):1-10.
Jaberifar, A. Nasr Esfahani, M. Gandi, A. Rashidi Asl, A. and Efyuni, D. (2011). Comparison of phonological traits of advanced wheat lines in Isfahan conditions. Quarterly Journal of Crops Physiology. 3:69-83.
Jacoby, B. (1999). Mechanisms involved in salt tolerance of plants. PP. 97-123. In:
Pessarakli, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
Jamil, M., Rehman, S. and Rha, E.S. (2007). Salinity Effect on plant growth, PSII photochemistry and chlorophyll content in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata L). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 39: 753-760.
Johnson, C.M. and Ulrich, A. (1959). California Agriculture. II. analytical methods for use in plant analysis. California. Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin. 766:26-27.
Kaya, C. Higgs, D. and Kirnak, H. (2001). The effects of high salinity (NaCl) and supplementary phosphorus and potassium on physiology and nutrition development of spinach. Bulgarian Journal of Plant physiology. 27:47-59.
Khalili, S. Bastani, A. and Bagheri, M. (2018). Effect of Different Levels of Irrigation Water Salinity and Phosphorus on Some Properties of Soil and Quinoa Plant. Iranian Journal of Soil Research (formerly soil and water sciences). 33(2):155-166.
Khalili, S. Bastani, A. and Bagheri, M. (2019). Effect of Different Levels of Irrigation Water Salinity and Phosphorus on Some Properties of Soil and Quinoa Plant. Quarterly Iranian Journal of Soil Research (Formerly Soil and Water Sciences). 33(2):155-167.
Khorsandi, F. Vaziri, Zh. And Azizi Zehan, A.A. (2011). Salinity, sustainable use of saline water and soil resources in agriculture. National Committee for Irrigation and Drainage of Iran. 320p.
Koocheki, A. and Sarmadnia, Gh. (2012). Physiology of Crop Plants. University Jihad, Mashhad Branch. 400p.
Maghsoumi Holasoo, S, and Pourakbar, L. (2014). The effects of salinity stress on the growth and some physiological parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 6(19):31-42.
Moazemi, N. (2004). Abstract of planting plan for oilseeds with sea water. Biotechnology Research Institute, Scientific and Industrial Research Organization of Iran.
Mohammad Doust Chamanabad, H. Nouri Ghanbalati, Gh. Asghari A. and Nouri Ghanbalani, A.L. (2010). Wheat from Production to Consumption. Jihad- Daneshgahi of Ardebil Press, Ardebil, Iran.
Nairizi, S. (2008). Management and use of brackish and saline water in sustainable agriculture. The National Workshop on Use Management of Saline Water.
Najafi, H. and Mir Masoomi, M. (2009). Investigation of physiological reactions of soybeans under salinity stress conditions. Agricultural Sciences And Technology. 13(1): 75-80.
Pessarakli, M. (1999). Handbook of plant and crop stress. Marcel Dekker Incorporation. New York. 1254p.
Pessarakli, M. and Szabolcs. I. (2011). Soil salinity and sodicity as particular plant/crop stress factors. In: M.Pessarakli. Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. (3rd Ed.), Revised and Expanded. Taylorand Francis,Florida, USA.
Qodratnema, Q. (1998). Water Resources, Use and Future Demand in Iran: Present and Future. Water and Development. No. 18.
Rajabzadeh, N. (2001). Bread Technology. Tehran University Press. [In Persian].
Rubio, J.S. Garcia-Sanchez, F. Rubio, F. and Martinez, V. (2009). Yield, blossom-end rot incidence, and fruit quality in pepper plants under moderate salinity are affected by K+ and Ca2+ fertilization. Horticulture Science. 119:79–87.
Salami, M., SafarneZhad, A. and Hamidi, H. (2007). Effect of salinity stress on morphological characteristics of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and Valerian (Valeriana officinalis). Pajouhesh-va-Sazandegi. 19:77-83.
Sharifan, H. Jamali, S. and Sajadi, F. (2018). Investigation the Effect of Different Salinity Levels on the Morphological Parameters of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under Different Irrigation Regimes. Journal of Water and Soil Science (Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources). 22(2):15-27.
Shelef, O. Gross, A. and Rachmilevitch, S. (2012) The use of Bassia indica for salt phytoremediation in constructed wetlands. Water Research. 46:3967-3976.
Shiati, K. (1998). Brackish water as a source of irrigation: behavior and management of salt-affected reservoirs (Iran). In: 10th Afro-Asian Conf. Bali, Indonesia.
Smith, M.J. Flowers, T.H. Duncan, H.J. and Alder, J. (2006). Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on germination and subsequent growth of grasses and legumes in freshly contaminated soil and soil with aged PAHs residues. Environmental Pollution. 141(3):519-525.
Tester, M. and Davenport. R. (2003). Na+ tolerance and Na+ transport in higher plants. Annals of Botany. 91:503-527.
WHO, (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Fourthedition.
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Adolf, V.I. Jacobsen, S.E. and Shabala, S. (2012). Salt tolerance mechanisms in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). Environmental and Experimental Botany. 92:43–54.
Almansoori, A.F. Hasan, H.A. Idris, M. Abdullah, S.R.S. and Anuar, N. (2015). Poltential application of biosurfactant in phytoremediation technology for treatment of gasoline-contaminated soil. Ecological Engineering. 84:113-120.
Apse, M.P. and Blumwald, E. (2002). Engineering salt tolerance in plant. Journal of Biotechnology. 13: 146-150.
Arab, F. (2006). Water desalination: present and future. Water and Environment. 64:11-20. [In Persian].
Archangi, A. Khodambashi, M. and Mohammadkhani, A. (2012). The effect of salt stress on morphological characteristics and Na+, K+ and Ca+ ion contents in medicinal plant fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) under hydroponic culture. Soil and Plant Interactions. 3 (2):33-41.
Ashraf, M. Mukhtar, N. Rehman S. and Rha, E.S. (2004). Salt induced changes in photosynthetic activity and growth in a potential medicinal plant Bishop`s weed (Ammi majus L). Photosynthetica. 42(4):543-550.
Babaie-Zarch, M.J. Mahmoodi, S. (2014). Competition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale) under different levels of soil salinity using replacement series experiment. Cereal Research. 3(4):281-290.
Babaie-Zarch, M.J. Mahmoodi, S. Eslami, S.V. and Zamani, G.R. (2019). Evaluating the competition of tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus L.), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) competition under salinity stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 12(2): 573-583.
Bhargava, A. Shukla, S. Rajan, S. and Ohri, D. (2007). Genetic diversity for morphological and quality traits in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) germplasm. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 54: 167-173.
Boyrahmadi, M. Raiesi, F. and Mohamadi, J. (2012). Effects of different levels of soil salinization on growth indices and nutrient uptake by Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Var Chamran). Journal of Plant Production. 18(4):11-28.
Canama, T. Li, X. Holowachukb, J. Yu, M. Xia, J. Mandal, R. Krishnamurthy, R. Bouatra, S. Sinelnikov, I. Yu, B. Grenkow, L. Wishart, D.S. Steppuhn, H.K. Falk, C. Dumonceaux, T.J. and Gruber, M.Y. (2013). Differential metabolite profiles and salinity tolerance between two genetically related brown-seeded and yellow-seededBrassica carinatalines. Plant Science. 198:17-26.
FAO, (2014). GIEWS (global information and early warning system on food and agriculture) Country Briefs. http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/countr y.jsp?code=IRN.
Guittonny-philippe, A. Petit, M.E. Masotti, V. Monnier, Y. Malleret, L. Coulomb, B. Comboroux, I. Baumberger, T. Viglione, J. and laffont-Schwob, L. (2015). Selection of wild macrophytes for use in constructed wetlands for phytoremediation of contaminant mixtures. Journal of environmental Management. 147:108-123.
Hasni, I. Ben Ahmed, H. Bizid, E. Raies, A. Samson, G. and Zid, E. (2009). Physiological characteristics of salt tolerance in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L). The Proc. of International Plant Nutrition Colloquim XVI, UC Davis. 1: 1-9.
Heidari, M. (2005). Effects of salinity and nitrogen on macro nutrient uptake and yield of wheat grain and osmotic regulators (Chamran). PhD thesis, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Ramin University, Ahvaz, Iran.
Heydari, N. (2007). Sustainable water management and productivity in irrigation networks of catchments under water stress (Case study of Zayandehrud irrigation network in Isfahan). Technical workshop on management, operation and maintenance of irrigation and drainage networks. 20 p.
Heydarnezhad, S. and Ranjbarfordoei, A. (2014). Effects of salt stress on growth characteristics and ion accumulation in saltwort plants (Seidlitziarosmarinus L). Desert Ecosystem Engineering. 3(4):1-10.
Jaberifar, A. Nasr Esfahani, M. Gandi, A. Rashidi Asl, A. and Efyuni, D. (2011). Comparison of phonological traits of advanced wheat lines in Isfahan conditions. Quarterly Journal of Crops Physiology. 3:69-83.
Jacoby, B. (1999). Mechanisms involved in salt tolerance of plants. PP. 97-123. In:
Pessarakli, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
Jamil, M., Rehman, S. and Rha, E.S. (2007). Salinity Effect on plant growth, PSII photochemistry and chlorophyll content in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata L). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 39: 753-760.
Johnson, C.M. and Ulrich, A. (1959). California Agriculture. II. analytical methods for use in plant analysis. California. Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin. 766:26-27.
Kaya, C. Higgs, D. and Kirnak, H. (2001). The effects of high salinity (NaCl) and supplementary phosphorus and potassium on physiology and nutrition development of spinach. Bulgarian Journal of Plant physiology. 27:47-59.
Khalili, S. Bastani, A. and Bagheri, M. (2018). Effect of Different Levels of Irrigation Water Salinity and Phosphorus on Some Properties of Soil and Quinoa Plant. Iranian Journal of Soil Research (formerly soil and water sciences). 33(2):155-166.
Khalili, S. Bastani, A. and Bagheri, M. (2019). Effect of Different Levels of Irrigation Water Salinity and Phosphorus on Some Properties of Soil and Quinoa Plant. Quarterly Iranian Journal of Soil Research (Formerly Soil and Water Sciences). 33(2):155-167.
Khorsandi, F. Vaziri, Zh. And Azizi Zehan, A.A. (2011). Salinity, sustainable use of saline water and soil resources in agriculture. National Committee for Irrigation and Drainage of Iran. 320p.
Koocheki, A. and Sarmadnia, Gh. (2012). Physiology of Crop Plants. University Jihad, Mashhad Branch. 400p.
Maghsoumi Holasoo, S, and Pourakbar, L. (2014). The effects of salinity stress on the growth and some physiological parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 6(19):31-42.
Moazemi, N. (2004). Abstract of planting plan for oilseeds with sea water. Biotechnology Research Institute, Scientific and Industrial Research Organization of Iran.
Mohammad Doust Chamanabad, H. Nouri Ghanbalati, Gh. Asghari A. and Nouri Ghanbalani, A.L. (2010). Wheat from Production to Consumption. Jihad- Daneshgahi of Ardebil Press, Ardebil, Iran.
Nairizi, S. (2008). Management and use of brackish and saline water in sustainable agriculture. The National Workshop on Use Management of Saline Water.
Najafi, H. and Mir Masoomi, M. (2009). Investigation of physiological reactions of soybeans under salinity stress conditions. Agricultural Sciences And Technology. 13(1): 75-80.
Pessarakli, M. (1999). Handbook of plant and crop stress. Marcel Dekker Incorporation. New York. 1254p.
Pessarakli, M. and Szabolcs. I. (2011). Soil salinity and sodicity as particular plant/crop stress factors. In: M.Pessarakli. Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. (3rd Ed.), Revised and Expanded. Taylorand Francis,Florida, USA.
Qodratnema, Q. (1998). Water Resources, Use and Future Demand in Iran: Present and Future. Water and Development. No. 18.
Rajabzadeh, N. (2001). Bread Technology. Tehran University Press. [In Persian].
Rubio, J.S. Garcia-Sanchez, F. Rubio, F. and Martinez, V. (2009). Yield, blossom-end rot incidence, and fruit quality in pepper plants under moderate salinity are affected by K+ and Ca2+ fertilization. Horticulture Science. 119:79–87.
Salami, M., SafarneZhad, A. and Hamidi, H. (2007). Effect of salinity stress on morphological characteristics of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and Valerian (Valeriana officinalis). Pajouhesh-va-Sazandegi. 19:77-83.
Sharifan, H. Jamali, S. and Sajadi, F. (2018). Investigation the Effect of Different Salinity Levels on the Morphological Parameters of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under Different Irrigation Regimes. Journal of Water and Soil Science (Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources). 22(2):15-27.
Shelef, O. Gross, A. and Rachmilevitch, S. (2012) The use of Bassia indica for salt phytoremediation in constructed wetlands. Water Research. 46:3967-3976.
Shiati, K. (1998). Brackish water as a source of irrigation: behavior and management of salt-affected reservoirs (Iran). In: 10th Afro-Asian Conf. Bali, Indonesia.
Smith, M.J. Flowers, T.H. Duncan, H.J. and Alder, J. (2006). Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on germination and subsequent growth of grasses and legumes in freshly contaminated soil and soil with aged PAHs residues. Environmental Pollution. 141(3):519-525.
Tester, M. and Davenport. R. (2003). Na+ tolerance and Na+ transport in higher plants. Annals of Botany. 91:503-527.
WHO, (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Fourthedition.