جذب بيولوژيکي فرميک اسيد توسط تفاله‌هاي هويج: مطالعه تجربي و مدل‌سازي آماري با استفاده از روش رويه پاسخ
محورهای موضوعی : بهره‌برداری از منابع آب غیر متعارف
1 - دانشيار، گروه شيمي، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ايران.
کلید واژه: جذب سطحي, فرميک اسيد, تفاله هاي هويج, رويه پاسخ,
چکیده مقاله :
زمينه و هدف: اسيدهاي چرب نقش اساسي در طبيعت، بيوشيمي و صنعت دارند اما در عين حال از مهم‌ترين آلاينده‌هاي محيطي هستند. حضور آنها در آب، زندگي حيوانات، گياهان و انسان ها را به خطر مي اندازد. فرميک اسيد (FA) ساده ترين کربوکسيليک اسيد، عمدتاً در صنايع نساجي، پارچه و چرم استفاده مي شود. عمده ترين اثرات سوء ناشي از FA تشکيل سنگ کليه، استفراغ و ضعف عمومي بدن است. در سال‌هاي اخير جذب بيولوژيکي آلاينده‌ها توسط مواد بيولوژيکي مختلف به‌ويژه براي تصفيه آب و فاضلاب مورد توجه زيادي قرار گرفته است. هدف اصلي اين تحقيق، ارزيابي پتانسيل تفاله هاي هويج به عنوان يک بيو جاذب کم‌هزينه براي جذب FA از محلول‌هاي آبي و بررسي اثر پارامتر هاي مؤثر بر جذب بوده است.
روش پژوهش: بقاياي هويج پس از جمع آوري با آب مقطر شسته و خشک شد. سپس با آسياب برقي خرد و به ذرات ريز تبديل شد. جهت اصلاح و از بين بردن رنگدانه ها، تانن ها، مواد محلول در آب و قندها ابتدا بيو جاذب با کلريدريک اسيد 5/0 مولار و سپس با آب مقطر تا رسيدن به pH حدود 7-6 شسته شده و در انتها در آون خشک شد. بيو جاذب با استفاده از طيف‌سنجي مادون قرمز (IR) و ميکروسکوپ الکتروني روبشي نشر ميداني(FE-SEM) بررسي شد. آزمايش ها با مخلوط کردن مقدار مشخصي از بيو جاذب (3-5/0 گرم) با 50 ميلي ليتر محلول فرميک اسيد با غلظت اوليه 01/0 مولار در گستره دمايي (K 15/15-328/298) و زمان هاي مختلف (min 10-120) انجام شدند. پس از برقراري تعادل، بيو جاذب از محلول جدا شده و غلظت فرميک اسيد باقي مانده توسط تيتراسيون با محلولNaOH با غلظت 1/0 مولار تعيين شد. براي ارزيابي اثر متغيرهاي انتخاب شده بر جذب FA توسط بيو جاذب، از يک طرح 3 سطحي، 3 متغيري باکس-بنکنBox-Behnken (BBD) همراه با روش رويه پاسخ (RSM) استفاده شد.
يافته‌ها: تجزيه و تحليل طيف FT-IR حضور چندين گروه عاملي را بر روي سطح بيو جاذب نشان داده است که پيوند شيميايي با FA را تسهيل مي‌کنند. تصوير FE-SEM سطح ناهموار، نامنظم و متخلخل را نشان داده است که شرايط ايده آلي را براي جذب فراهم مي کند. در بهينه‌سازي فرآيند، حداکثر درصد جذب FA و ظرفيت جذب به ترتيب 15/82% و 17/7 ميلي‌گرم بر گرم در دماي 60/303 درجه کلوين با زمان تماس 50/115 دقيقه و جرم بيو جاذب 50/2 گرم حاصل شد. نتايج حاصل از آناليز واريانس نشان داد که جرم بيو جاذب بيشترين تأثير را بر جذب دارد. مدل چند جمله اي درجه دوم به خوبي با داده هاي تجربي مطابقت نشان داده است. نمودارهاي سه بعدي براي نشان دادن تعاملات بين متغيرها ترسيم شد. بر اساس اين نمودارها، جذب با کاهش دما و افزايش جرم بيو جاذب افزايش يافته است. با اين حال کاهش بيشتر دما باعث افزايش جذب نشده است. کيفيت مدل با مقايسه مقادير تجربي جذبFA با مقادير پيش‌بيني‌شده توسط مدل ارزيابي شد. علاوه بر اين، مطالعه سينتيکي فرايند جذب نشان داده است که جذب FA بر روي تفاله هاي هويج از مدل سينتيکي شبه مرتبه دوم پيروي مي کند.
نتيجه گيري: نتايج اين تحقيق نشان داده شده است که تفاله هاي هويج يک جاذب سبز مقرون به صرفه، در دسترس و کاربردي براي جذب بيولوژيکي FA هستند. از آنجايي که مقدار زيادي از تفاله هاي هويج خصوصا پس از پروسه آب گيري در محيط وجود دارند، گزينه اي مقرون به صرفه براي حذف آلاينده ها از محيط زيست بوده و مي توان از آن ها به عنوان يک بيو جاذب ارزان و در دسترس در حذف ساير آلودگي ها نيز استفاده کرد. مقادير بهينه براي پارامترهاي موثر بر جذب با استفاده از روش RSM و طرح BBD تعيين شدند. طراحي آزمايش‌ها تعداد و ترتيب آزمايش‌ها را با ترکيب‌هاي مختلف متغيرهاي مستقل کاهش داده است.
Background and Aim: Fatty acids play a fundamental role in nature, biochemistry, and industry, but they are also among the most significant environmental pollutants. Their presence in water endangers the lives of animals, plants, and humans. Formic acid (FA), the simplest carboxylic acid, is primarily used in the textile, fabric, and leather industries. The major ill effects caused by FA are the formation of kidney stones, vomiting, and general body weakness. Recently, the biosorption of pollutants by biological materials has gained attention, particularly for water and wastewater treatment. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of carrot residues as a low-cost biosorbent for FA biosorption from aqueous solutions and to investigate the effects of effective parameters on biosorption.
Method: Carrot residues were collected, washed with distilled water, dried, and ground into fine particles using an electric mill. After sieving, pigments, tannins, water-soluble substances, and sugars were removed by washing the residues first with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid, followed by distilled water until a constant pH (6.0-7.0) was achieved. Finally, it was dried in the oven. The biosorbent was characterized using infrared spectroscopy (IR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Adsorption experiments were conducted by mixing specified amounts of biosorbent (0.5-3.0 g) with 50 mL of 0.01 M formic acid solution in a 100 mL conical flask at a range of temperatures (298-328 K) and for different periods (10-120 min). After equilibrium was reached, the biosorbent was separated, and the remaining FA concentration was determined by titration with 0.1 M NaOH. A 3-level, 3-variable Box-Behnken Design (BBD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of the selected variables on FA adsorption by biosorbent.
Results: FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of several functional groups on the adsorbent surface that facilitate chemical bonding with FA. FE-SEM images showed an uneven, irregular, and porous surface, providing ideal conditions for biosorption. In process optimization, the maximum FA biosorption efficiency and adsorption capacity, 82.15% and 7.17 mg/g, were achieved at 303.60 K, with a contact time of 115.50 minutes and a biosorbent mass of 2.50 g. Analysis of variance indicated that biosorbent mass had the most significant influence on biosorption. The quadratic model fit the experimental data well, and three-dimensional response surface plots were generated to depict the interactions between variables. According to these plots, biosorption increased as temperature decreased and biosorbent mass increased. However, further decreases in temperature did not continue to enhance biosorption. The quality of the model was assessed by comparing the experimental values of FA biosorption to those predicted by the model. Furthermore, kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of FA onto carrot residues followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.
Conclusion: The results of this study represent that carrot residues proved to be an economical, readily available, and practical green adsorbent for FA biosorption. Given the large quantity of carrot residues produced, particularly as a by-product of carrot juice production, they offer a cost-effective and sustainable option for removing other environmental pollutants. Optimal values for the effective parameters on biosorption were determined using RSM and the BBD. The design of experiments reduced the number and arrangement of the experiments with various combinations of independent variables.
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