مشکلات رفتاری کودکان 2 تا 6 سال: نقش سبک‌های والدگری و استرس والدینی
محورهای موضوعی : روان کاوی، روان پویشی، روان شناسی شناختی و بهداشت روان
بنت الهدی افشاری نژاد رودسری
1
,
حسین رضائیان بیلُندی
2
,
سید عباس ساطوریان
3
1 - دانش‌آموخته سطح سه تعلیم و تربیت اسلامی، جامعه‌الزهراء(س) قم. قم. ایران
2 - دانشجوی دکتری روان‌شناسی، موسسه آموزشی و پژوهشی امام خمینی (ره) قم. قم. ایران
3 - دانشجوی دکتری روان‌شناسی، موسسه آموزشی و پژوهشی امام خمینی (ره) قم. قم. ایران
کلید واژه:
چکیده مقاله :
هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش سبک‌های والدگری و استرس والدینی در پیش بینی مشکلات رفتاری کودکان 2 تا 6 سال انجام شد. روش: طرح پژوهش، توصیفی و از نوع همبستگی بود. بدین منظور 355 نفر (149 دختر و 206 پسر) از کودکان مهدکودک‌های شهر قم به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی خوشه‌ای انتخاب و مادران آنها به پرسشنامه مشکلات رفتاری کودکان آخنباخ (CBCL)، پرسشنامه سبک‌های والدگری بامریند (PSS) و پرسشنامه استرس والدینی آبیدین(PSI-SF) پاسخ دادند. در تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون همبستگی و تحلیل رگرسیون گام به گام استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد بین سبک والدگری مستبدانه و مؤلفه‌های استرس والدگری مادر با مشکلات رفتاری برونی‌سازی‌شده کودک ارتباط مثبت و معناداری وجود دارد. همچنین ارتباط مثبت و معنادار سبک والدگری سهل‌گیرانه، والدگری مستبدانه و مؤلفه‌های استرس والدگری مادر با مشکلات رفتاری درونی‌سازی‌شده کودک تأیید شد. رابطه سبک والدگری مقتدرانه با مشکلات رفتاری درونی‌سازی‌شده منفی و معنادار بود. نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه گام به گام نشان داد که مولفه ویژگی‌های کودک مشکل‌آفرین از ابعاد استرس والدینی و سبک والدگری مستبدانه به خوبی مشکلات رفتاری برونی‌سازی‌شده کودکان را پیش بینی می‌کنند. همچنین مولفه های ویژگی‌های کودک مشکل‌آفرین و آشفتگی والدینی از ابعاد استرس والدینی به علاوه سبک والدگری مستبدانه نیز از مهم ترین پیش بینی کننده های مشکلات رفتاری درونی‌سازی‌شده کودکان بودند. این یافته‌ها نقش مهم سبک های والدگری و استرس والدینی را در شکل گیری مشکلات رفتاری کودکان نشان می دهد. نتیجه‌گیری: بنابراین تدوین و طراحی برنامه های پیشگیرانه و آموزشی با در نظر گرفتن این متغیرها جهت کاهش مشکلات رفتاری کودکان ضروری به نظر می رسد.
Abidin RR, Burnner JF. Development of a parenting alliance inventory. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology.1995; 24, 31-40
Abidin RR, Jenkins CL, McGaughey MC. The relationship of early family variables to children's subsequent behavioral adjustment. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology.1992; 21(1), 60-9.
Achenbach TM. The classification of children's psychiatric symptoms: A factor-analytic study. Psychol Monogr Gen Appl. 1996; 80(7),1-37.
Alizadeh H, Andries C. Interaction of parenting styles and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Iranian parents. Child and Family Behavior Therapy. 2002; 24, 37–52. (Persian)
AmiriNejad A, QorishiRad F, Javanmard GH. Comparison of Parenting Styles and Mental Health of Parents Suicidal Persons with Parents of Normal persons. Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy. 2011; 1(3),315 – 330.(persian)
Aunola K, Nurmi J. The role of parenting style in children problemBehavior. Journal of Child Development.2005; 76(6), 1144-1159.
MoosaviAzad MMB, Jalali MR. Intergenerational Transmission of Family Factors: Parenting Styles, Attachment Styles & Family Climate. Journal of Family Research.2014; 10(37), 79-97. (persian)
Baumrind D. The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance abuse. Journal of Early Adolescence.1991; 11, 56-95.
Bhavnagri NP. Low income African American mothers parenting stress and instructional strategies to promote peer relationships in preschool children. Early Education & Development.1999; 10, 551-571.
Bugental DB, Grusec J E. Socialization processes. In W Damon RM. Lerner (Eds In chief) & N Eisenberg, (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: 3, Social, Emotional and Personality Development (6th ed.,366–428).2006 New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Buri J. Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment.1991; 57, 110–119.
Campbell S. Hard to manage pre-school boys: Externalizing, social competence, and family context at two-year follow-up. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.1994; 22, 147-166.
Conger RD, Conger KJ, Elder GH, Lorenz FO, Simons RL, Whitbeckn LB. A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys. Child Development.1992; 6, 526-541.
Dadsetan P. Stress, or Stress: A new disease of civilization.Tehran: Publisher,Growth. 1998.(persian).
Dadsetan P, AhmadiAzghandi A, Pouretemad. Parenting stress and general health: a research on the relation between parenting stress and general health among housewife-mothers and nurse-mothers with young children. Developmental Psychology.2006;2(7),171-184.(persian).
Dadsetan P, Asgari A, Rahimzade S, Bayat M. Kindergaten Inventory of Social/Emotional Tendencies: A Cross-validation Study. Journal of Development Psychology Of Iranian Psychologists.2010; 7 (25), 7-26.(persian)
DeHart T, Pelham BW, Tennen H. What lies beneath: parenting style and implicit self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.2006; 42, 1-17.
Diaz Y. Association between parenting and child behavior problems among Latino mothers and children.Unpublished MasterThesis, University of Maryland: Maryland.2005
Dwairy M, Menshar KE. Parenting style, individuation, and mental health of Egyptian adolescents. Journal of Adolescence.2006; 29, 103-117.
Essex MJ, Klein MH, Cho E, Kalin NH. Maternal stress beginning in infancy may sensitize children to later stress exposure: Effects on cortisol and behavior. Biological Psychiatry.2002; 52, 776–784.
Fadaei Z, Dehghani M, Tahmasian K, Farhadei M. Investigating reliability, validity and factor structure of parenting stress- short form in mother`s of 7-12 year-old children. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences.2010; 8 (2), 81-99.(persian)
Frick PJ. Family dysfunction and the disruptive behavior disorders: A review of empirical findings. In T. H. Ollendick and RJ Prinz (Eds) Advances in ClinicalChild Psychology.1994;(PP.203-226). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Gimpel GA, Holland M L. Emotional and behavioral problems of young children: Effective interventions in the preschool and kindergarten years.2002; New York Guilford press.
Haapasalo J, Tremblay RE. physically aggressive boys from ages 6 to 12: Family background, parenting behavior, and prediction of delinquency. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.1994; 62, 1044-1052.
Hasting RP, Kovshoff H, Ward NJ, Espinosa F, Brown T. System analysis of stress and positive perceptions in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2005; 35(5), 635- 644.
Heller TL, Baker BL, Henker B, Hinshaw P. Externalizing behavior and cognitive functioning from pre-school to first grade: Stability and predictors. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 1996; 25, 376-387.
HematiAlmdarlo GH, HusseinKhanzadeh AA, Arjmandi MS, Timurid MM, Taher M. The maternal parenting style to predict behavioral problems in preschool children with intellectual disability. Journal of Special Education.2014;14(12),7-16. (Persian)
Hiramura H, Uji M, Shikai N, Chen Z, Matsuoka N, Kitamura T. Understanding externalizing behavior from children’s personality and parenting characteristics. Psychiatry Research. 2010; 175(1-2), 142-147.
Karzadeh Sh, Abdi M, Heidari H. Studying Family Functioning and the Role of Maternal Parenting Styles in Predicting Children’s Behavioral Problems in Boys Aged 5 to 10 Years in Ahvaz City. Journal of Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology.2015; 9 (36),17-26.(persian)
Katanin S. Childhood temperament and mother’s child rearing attitude. European Journal of personality.1997; 11, 249-265.
Kazdin AE, Mazurick JL, Bass D. Risk for attrition in treatment of antisocial children and families. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines1993; 22(1), 2-16.
Kazdin AE. Premature termination from treatment among children referred for antisocial behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.1990; 31(3), 415-25.
Khorram Abadi R, Pouretemad HR, Tahmasian K, Chimeh N. A Comparative Study of Parental Stress in Mothers of Autistic and Non Autistic Children. Journal of Family Research.2009; 5(3), 387-399.(persian)
Kuczynski L, Kochanska G. Maternal granting: Predictors of normal and depressed motherscompliance and non-compliance with requests of five year olds. Journal of Child Development.1990; 62, 1449-1459.
Mohammad-Esmail E. Guide form for measure system of preschool age’s children 1-5 years experience in Tehran. Tehran: Exceptional Child Research Institute.2009
Pourhossein R, Habibi M, Ashoori A, Ghanbari N, Riahi Y. Prevalence of behavioral disorders among preschool children. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health.2015; 17(5),234-239.(persian).
Reitman D, Currier RO, Stickle TR. A critical evaluation of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) in a head start population. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol.2002; 31(3), 384-92.
Rinaldi CM, Howe N. Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles and associations with toddlers’ externalizing, internalizing, and adaptive behaviors. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 2012; 27 (2), 266-273.
SadeghKhani A, AliAkbari Dehkordi M, Kakujouibari A. Maternal parenting practices on male students aged 7 to 9 years of primary school with oppositional defiant disorder and normal in the city of Ilam. Journal of exceptional. 2014; 3(6), 95-109. (Persian)
Sameroff A. Parental discipline and externalizing behavior problems in early childhood: The roles of moral regulation and child gender. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.2004; 32, 369-383.
Sepa A, Frodi A, Ludvingsson J. Could parental stress and lack of support/confidence function as mediating mechanisms between certain environmental factors and the development of autoimmunity in children? A study within ABIS. Annals of the New York Academy of Science.2002; 958, 431-435.
Shirzadi P, Framarzi S, Ghasemi M, Shafiee M. Investigating Validity And Reliability Of Parenting Stress Index – Short Form. Journal Of Rooyesh-e- Ravanshenasi.2015;3(4), 91-110.(persian)
Steinberg L, Lamborn SD, Darling N, Mounts NS, Dornbusch SM. Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritative, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development.1994; 65, 754–770.
Tahmasian K, Anari A, Fathabadi M. Evaluation of Effective Maternal Characteristics in Behavioral Problems of 2-6 Years Old Children. Journal of Modern Psychological Reserch.2012;7(26),89-104. (persian)
Webster-Stratton C. Aggression in young children: Services proven to be effective in reducing aggression. Reved Tremblay RE, Barr RG, Peters RDeV, eds Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. 2005.
Webster-Stratton C. Stress: A potential disruptor of parent perceptions and family interactions. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology.1990; 19(4), 302-12.