بررسی مولفه های تاثیرگذار در ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی کودکان کار(مطالعه موردی شهر شیراز)
محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی برنامه ریزی منطقه ایشیرین حیدری 1 , احمد ترکمان 2 *
1 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد رشتهی معماری، واحد مرودشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرودشت، ایران
2 - استادیار و عضو هیئت علمی گروه معماری، واحد مرودشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرودشت، ایران.
کلید واژه:
چکیده مقاله :
حضور کودکان کار در شهرها تبدیل معضلی اساسی گشته و اثرات مخرب بسیاری بر پیکره جامعه ایجاد نموده و باعث ایجاد و گسترش فاصله طبقاتی و فقر شده است. گسترش این پدیده به حدی است که جوامع توسعه یافته و در حال توسعه را به یک اندازه به خود مشغول کرده است. بی توجهی به ابعاد کیفی زندگی به دلیل رشد سریع شهرها، پیامدهای نامطلوبی بر سلامت فردی و اجتماعی جامعه گذاشته است. براساس مطالعات، کودکان کار در برابر انواع آسیب های اجتماعی نظیر سوء استفاده های جنسی، اعتیاد و خرده فروشی و آسیب های جسمی و روانی قرار دارند و دارای سطح مطلوبی از کیفیت زندگی نمی باشند؛ با توجه به اهمیت وضعیت رشد این کودکان به عنوان گروهی از آینده سازان جامعه، لزوم انجام پژوهش در زمینه کیفیت زندگی کودکان کار، احساس میگردد. بطور کلی هدف از این پژوهش، شناخت وضعیت کودکان کار، نیازهای آنها و معرفی شاخص های موثر در ارتقا کیفیت زندگی این کودکان به ترتیب اولویت آن ها میباشد. روش تحقیق به کار رفته در این پژوهش، روش توصیفی-تحلیلی میباشد. جهت گردآوری داده ها از روش کتابخانه ای و میدانی استفاده شده و از روش تحلیل همبستگی به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات بهره گرفته شده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کودکان کار شهر شیراز میباشد. بررسی ادبیات تحقیق و همچنین بررسی آمارهای استنباطی و نتایج آزمون های فریدمن، کولموگروف، اسمیرنوف و کای اسکور نشان میدهد که مولفه های کسب درآمد، شغل، برخورداری از مسکن و غذا، امنیت، آموزش و تحصیلات، خدمات سلامتی، ارتباط با دیگران و برخورداری از بهداشت مهم ترین مولفه ها در ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی کودکان کار به شمار میرود.
As a salient predicament witnessed in many cities today, child labor incurs detrimental effects on many societies, equally embroiling developed and developing countries, which results in widespread poverty and class differences. Neglecting various dimensions of life quality due to the rapid growth of urban areas has brought about adverse consequences influencing the individuals' and societies' health and peace. Studies show that child laborers are deprived of favorable quality of life and they are usually exposed and vulnerable to various social harms including sexual abuse, drug addiction and peddling as well as many other physical and mental harms. Considering the importance of growing and nurturing conditions for this group of children, it seems necessary to conduct a research on the quality of life for child laborers. In general, the purpose of this study is to identify working children's conditions, assess their needs, and introduce the effective factors in improving their life quality in the order of priority. A descriptive-analytical method is employed in this study and the statistical population is comprised of the working children in the city of Shiraz. Data were collected using library and field approaches and the correlation analysis method was employed to analyze the information. A review of the research literature as well as the inferential statistics and the results of Friedman, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Chi-square tests show that elements such as income, job, accessing to housing and food, security, education, healthcare services, relationships, and sanitation are among the most important factors in improving the quality of life for working children.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
As a noteworthy problem facing most major cities in the contemporary world, child labor has significant economic and social negative aspects. This particularly prevents skills, education, and knowledge from growing; reduces productivity and social insurance revenues; increases life and financial losses; causes various kinds of social harms including sexual abuse, addiction, and drug retail as well as other delinquencies among children and adults; raises the rate of migration to provincial capitals, and escalates poverty and class distance in society; hence, it endangers the social, economic and cultural health of the society and hinders its progress and development. Studies show that poverty is the main cause of child labor. In other words, families' financial distress is the most important impetus and poverty plays a decisive role in current and future status of children.
The booming urbanization in recent decades and failing to dedicate appropriate attention to the quality of human life has brought adverse consequences on the level of individual and social health of society and urban life. The quality of life has been considered as one of the most essential research lines in recent decades encompassing a wide variety of elements from nutrition and clothing to healthcare, social and physical environment. It also relies on subjective or qualitative indicators (environmental, social, health, physical and mental items) as well as objective or quantitative indicators (quality items of the urban environment). Effective indicators of quality of life include physical factors (enjoying health, energy and physical strength); Mental health factors (self-esteem, well-being, security and mental health); Spiritual factors (understanding the purpose and meaning of life); Social factors (employment, health services, education, interacting with others, etc.); and Physical factors (housing, natural resources, physical environment).
Methodology
The present study draws on a hybrid approach. A descriptive-analytical research method has been used to provide appropriate answers to research questions. The research method employed is quantitative in terms of nature, applied in terms of purpose, and non-experimental in terms of data collection.
In order to achieve the main research objective, which is to identify and determine the effective factors in improving the quality of life for working children, the documentary (review and note-taking of documents, statistics and tables) as well as field (questionnaire) method was used to collect data. As for data analysis, the correlation analysis method was used and Friedman, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi-square tests were exploited. The analysis was performed using SPSS software version 2.3. The quality of life is considered as the dependent variable and the independent variable includes physical-mental, psychological, spiritual, social and physical indicators.
Using correlation analysis and questionnaire, all components resulted from the study of theoretical foundations were tested to be categorized based on importance. The statistical population includes working children in Shiraz, which was estimated to be about 30,000 according to the statistics. The sample size obtained using Morgan table and Cochran statistical formula to be 379 children.
Results and Discussion
The factors affecting the quality of life for child laborers were identified and studied after examining the theoretical foundations. To determine the importance of each factor, a customized questionnaire has been devised and used, which includes 14 measurable items each assigned to one single factor. In addition, the 5-point Likert scale was used with the answers being ranked from 1 to 5 and the number 2.9975 was selected as the average of the answers.
The validity and reliability of the questionnaire is of a formal type and has been confirmed by experts' views. Cronbach's alpha obtained after several stages of items modification has reached the desired and acceptable number of 0.710; thus, the reliability of the questionnaire is proven. In order to determine the statistical test to be presented, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical tests were first used to examine the normality of the research data and the hypothesis of data abnormality for the research variable is confirmed. Therefore, the use of non-parametric tests, such as Friedman, for the variable under study was allowed.
Considering the number obtained for the significance level which is less than 0.01, it can be concluded that the Friedman means difference test is significant for the research variable.
The results show that the element of employment and earning income is the most important factor for working children. Subsequently, the elements of accessing housing, food and security are the next significant factors affecting the quality of life for working children. Factors such as natural resources and understanding the purpose and meaning of life have the least impact on the quality of life according to child laborers.
Conclusion
A number of fourteen elements namely employment and income, housing, food, security, education and training, healthcare services, social interactions, sanitation, mental health, energy and physical strength, physical environment, self-esteem, natural resources, and understand the meaning and purpose of life were identified to play a key role in determining life quality for this group, among which only employment and income, housing, food, security, and education and training earned a higher-than-average score according to the results (the average was considered to be 2.9975). In line with the conducted study, the following suggestions and solutions are provided as useful guidelines to be utilized by the scholars and authorities for any future research or probable actions:
- Designing special spaces for education and skill training (urban and regional scale - large scale)
- Architectural design of spaces for working children based on criteria and standards (architectural scale - medium scale)
- Designing the interior spaces intended for labor children with respect to components of child psychology (interior design scale - micro scale)
- Financial and legal support by relevant organizations (Imam Khomeini Relief Committee), Welfare Organization and other related institutions)
- Comprehensive social support by relevant organizations (conditional and unconditional cash or non-cash donations, public employment plans, developing special programs to protect children's health, especially children with disabilities and ...)
- Fostering public behaviors, cultures and earnest interventions against economic exploitation of labor children.