بررسی سرولوژیک شیوع لپتوسپیروزیس در گوسفندان استان خوزستان با استفاده از روش میکروآگلوتیناسیون
محورهای موضوعی :
آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
محمد حسین مرادی کیا
1
(دستیار تخصصی بیماری‌های داخلی دام‌های بزرگ، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.)
غلامرضا عبداله پور
2
(استاد گروه بیماری‌های داخلی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.)
حسام الدین اکبرین
3
(استادیار گروه بهداشت و کنترل مواد غذایی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.)
آرش قلیانچی لنگرودی
4
(استاد گروه میکروبیولوژی و ایمنولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.)
تاریخ دریافت : 1401/03/11
تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/06/15
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/06/01
کلید واژه:
گوسفند,
خوزستان,
سرولوژی,
لپتوسپیروزیس,
میکروآگلوتیناسیون,
چکیده مقاله :
لپتوسپیروز از بیماری‌های شایع مشترک بین انسان و دام است که عامل آن باکتری لپتوسپیرا اینتروگانس است. لپتوسپیراها در شرایط آب و هوایی معتدل و مرطوب دوام بیشتری داشته و در صورت انتقال به میزبان مهره دار می توانند منجر به بروز بیماری بالینی تا تحت‌بالینی با طیف وسیعی از علائم از جمله تب، زردی، خون شاشی، سقط و گاهی مرگ شوند. گوسفندان از میزبانان مهم لپتوسپیرا هستند که با توجه به شیوع بیشتر فرم تحت بالینی بیماری در این گونه، کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند. هدف از این مطالعه، تعیین میزان شیوع سرولوژی لپتوسپیروز در گوسفندان استان خوزستان با استفاده از تست استاندارد آگلوتیناسیون میکروسکوپی (Microscopic Agglutination Test; MAT) است. بدین منظور، 261 نمونه خون از گوسفندان 10 شهرستان استان خوزستان در طی پاییز و زمستان سال 1400 اخذ گردید. تمامی نمونه ها با روش MAT و با استفاده از پنج سروتیپ لپتوسپیرا گریپوتیفوزا، پومونا، ایکتروهموراژیه، کنیکولا و هارجو مورد آزمایش قرار گرفتند. نتایج آزمایشMAT نشان داد 12 رأس (5/4 درصد) واجد آنتی بادی ضدلپتوسپیرایی بودند که از این میان، 4 نمونه با سروتیپ گریپوتیفوزا، 4 نمونه با سروتیپ ایکتروهموراژیه، 3 نمونه با سروتیپ هارجو و 1 نمونه نیز با سروتیپ پومونا دارای واکنش مثبت MAT بودند. تیتراسیون نمونه های مثبت نشان داد که 10 نمونه تیتر 1:100 و 2 نمونه واجد تیتر1:400 بودند. نتایج این مطالعه حاکی از کاهش میزان شیوع سرولوژیک لپتوسپیروز در گوسفندان استان خوزستان در مقایسه با مطالعات قبلی است. به نظر می رسد روند تغییرات آب و هوایی، کاهش بی‌سابقه بارش ها در طی سالیان گذشته و افزایش رعایت پروتکل های بهداشتی، نقش موثری در کاهش شیوع بیماری داشته است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Leptospirosis is a common zoonosis caused by Leptospira interrogans. Leptospira are more durable in temperate and humid climates and if transmitted to a vertebrate host, can lead to clinical to subclinical disease with a wide range of symptoms including fever, jaundice, hematuria, abortion and sometimes death. Sheep are important hosts of Leptospira that have received less attention due to the higher prevalence of subclinical form of the disease in this species.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis serology in sheep in Khuzestan province using standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT).261 blood samples were taken from sheep in 10 cities of Khuzestan province during the autumn and winter of 2022. All samples were tested by MAT method using five serotypes of Leptospira Grippotyphosa , Pomona, Icterohemorrhagiae, Canicula and Hardjo.The results of MAT showed that 12 samples (4.5%) had positive reaction, of which 4 samples with Grippotyphosa, 4 samples with Icterohemorrhagiae, 3 samples with Hardjo and 1 sample with Pomona. Titration of positive samples showed that 10 samples had a titer of 1:100 and 2 samples had a titer of 1:400.The results of this study indicate a decrease in the serological prevalence of leptospirosis in sheep in Khuzestan province compared to previous studies. It seems that the trend of climate change, the unprecedented decrease in rainfall expectations over the past years and the increase in compliance with health protocols, have played an effective role in reducing the prevalence of the disease.
منابع و مأخذ:
Abdollahpour, G.R. (1995). Bovine leptospirosis, with a special reference to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Ph.D. thesis; The University of Sidney, pp: 26-51.
Abdollahpour, G.R. (2016). Leptospirosis, a disease transmitted from animals to humans. University of Tehran Press, (No. 3720). [In Persian] pp: 6-30.
Alonso-Andicoberry, C., Garcia-Pena, F.J., Pereira-Bueno, J., Costas E. and Ortega-Mora, L.M. (2001). Herd-level risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. Seroprevalence in dairy and beef cattle in Spain. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 52(2): 109-117.
Avizeh, R., Ghorbanpoor, M., Hatami, S. and Abdollahpor, G. (2009). Seroepidemiology of canine leptospirosis in Ahvaz, Iran. Iran Journal Veterinary Research, 2(2): 75-79.
Bahaman, A.R. and Ibrahim, A. (1988). A review of leptospirosis in Malaysia. Veterinary Research Commun, 12(2-3): 179-189.
Balakrishnan, G., Govindarajan, R., Meenambigai, T.V. and Murali Manohar, B. (2011). Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis among sheep in Tamilnadu. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 7(6): 285-289.
Bertelloni, F., Cilia, G., Turchi, B., Pinzauti, P., Cerri, D. and Fratini, F. (2019). Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in North-Central Italy: Fifteen years of serological data (2002-2016). Comparative immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 65(8): 14-22.
Cerri, D., Ebani, V.V., Fratini, F., Pinzauti, P. and Andreani, E. (2003). Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: Observation of serological data obtained by a Diagnostic laboratory for Leptospirosis from 1995 to 2001. The New Microbiologica, 26(4): 383-389.
Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H. and Grünberg, W. (2017). Veterinary Medicine – A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats. 11th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, pp: 1115-1129.
Costa, F., Hagan, J.E., Calcagno, J., Kane, M., Torgerson, P., Martinez-Silveira, M.S., et al. (2015). Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: A systematic review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(9): 1-19.
Ebrahimi, A., Alijani, L. and Abdollahpour, G.R. (2003). Serological survey of human leptospirosis in tribal area of west central Iran. Iranian Journal of Medical Science, 28(2): 93-95.
Ellis, G.R., Partington, D.L., Hindmarsh, M. and Barton, M.D. (1994). Seroprevalence to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in merino stud rams in South Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal, 71(7): 203-206.
Ellis, W.A., Bryson, D.G., Neill, S.D., McParland, P.J. and Malone, F.E. (1983). Possible involvement of leptospires in abortion, stillbirths and neonatal deaths in sheep. Veterinary Record, 112(13): 291-293.
Goarant, C. (2016). Leptospirosis: Risk factors and management challenges in developing Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine, 7: 49-62.
Goli, G. (2012). Seroepidemiological study of leptospirosis in livestock farms around Karaj. Thesis for D.V.M. degree, No. 2862. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. [In Persian]
HajiHajikolaei, M.R., Ghorbanpour, M. and Abdollapour, G.R. (2005a). Serological study of leptospirosis in cattle in Ahvaz. Journal Veterinary Research (University of Tehran), 60(1): 7-14.
HajiHajikolaei, M.R., Ghorbanpour, M., Gharibi, D. and Abdollapour, G.R. (2007b). Serologic study on leptospiral infection in sheep of Ahvaz, southwestern Iran. Journal Veterinary Research (University of Tehran), 8(4): 333-336.
HajiHajikolaei, M.R., Ghorbanpour, M., Haidari, M. and Abdollapour, G.R. (2005b). Comparison of leptospiral infection in the horse and donkey. Bulletin-Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 49(2): 175-178.
HajiHajikolaei, M.R., Ghorbanpour, M., Keshavarzi- Yangabadi, M. and Abdollapour, G.R. (2007a). Seroprevalence of leptospiral infection in goats of Ahvaz. Iran Journal Veterinary Research, 62(4): 93-96.
Hassani, M. and Nayeri Fasaei, B. (2020). Ameta-analysis of the prevalence of Leptospirosis and its serovars in livestock population of Iran. Journal of Veterinary Research, 75(3): 262-270.
Imandar, M., Hassanpour, A., Abdollahpour, G. and Haghpanah, H. (2012). Evaluation of risk factors of prevalence of leptospirosis in sheep flocks. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 5(4): 1397-1403.
Hassanpour, A., Imandar, M., Abdollahpour, and Mahsayekhi, M. (2011). Seroprevalence of Leptospiral Infection in Ewes in Khoy – Iran. Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(8): 2033-2038.
Jafari, M., Maham, A. and Azarvandi, A. (1996). Evaluation of leptospirosis in cows in Urmia. Abstracts of the Third Congress of Human-Animal Communicable Diseases, 6-4 May-Mashhad. [In Persian]
Khaki, P., Bidehendi, M.S. and Vande yousefi, J. (2005). Prevalence of Leptospirosis in Iran. 4th Scientific Meeting of the International Leptospirosis Society. November 14-16. Chiang Mai, Thailand, pp: 179.
Khalili, M., Sakhaee, E., Bagheri Amiri, F., Asadabadi Safat, A., Afshar, D. and Esmaeili, S. (2020). Serological evidence of Leptospirosis inIran; A systemic review and meta-analysis. Microbial Pathology, 138(1): 103833.
Leon-Vizcaino, L., De Mendoza, M.H. and Garrido, F. (1987). Incidence of abortions caused by leptospirosis in sheep and goats in Spain. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 10(2): 149-153.
Maghami, G.H., Hooshmand-rad, P. and Farhang-azad, A. (1997). Leptospirosis in small mammals of Iran: II: isolation of Leptospira grippotyphosa from Mus msuculus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 13(3): 286-289.
Martins, G., Brandão, F.Z., Hamond, C., Medeiros, M. and Lilenbaum, W. (2012). Diagnosis and control of an outbreak ofleptospirosis in goats with reproductive failure. Veterinary Journal, (193): 600-601.
Moharrami, M., Taghipour Bazargani, T., Hooshmandrad, P. and Bokaei, S. (1992). Seroepidemiological study of leptospirosis in dairy farms around Tehran. Abstracts of the First National Congress of Zoonoses, 3-5 November, Amol, Iran. [In Persian]
Otaka, D.Y., Martins, G., Hamond, C., Penna, B. Medeiros, M.A. and Lilenbaum, W. (2012). Serology and PCR for bovine leptospirosis: Herd and individual approaches. Veterinary Record, 10(2): 113-119.
Rahman, M.S.A, Bejo, S.K., Zakaria, Z., Hassan, L. and Roslan, M.A. (2020). Seroprevalence and distrubtion of Leptospiral serovars in livestock (cattle, goats and sheep) in flood-prone Kelantan, Malaysia. Journal of Veterinary Research, 65(1): 53-58.
Ramin A.Gh., Abdollahpour, G., Azizzadeh, F., Ghahremani, P., Masoudi, A. and Ramin, S. (2013). Seroepidemiological detection of antibodies against leptospira using microscopical agglutination test in Urmia cow and sheep. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 9(3): 54-61. [In Persian]
Rezaei, S., Haji Hajikolaei, M.R., Ghadrdan Mashhadi, A.R., Ghorbanpour, M. and Adbollahpour. (2016). Comparision of Leptospira interrogans infection in the goats and sheep. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 10(2): 113-119.
Roqueplo, C., Kodjo, A., Demoncheaux, J., Scandola, P., Bassene, H., Diatta, G., et al. (2019). Leptospirosis, one neglected disease in rural Senegal. Veterinary Medicine Science, 5(1): 536-544.
Samsi, N.S., Zainol, A., Darus, A., Zainun, Z., Wang, C.S., Zainal, Z., et al. (2013). Serodiagnosis of Leptospirosis in Domestic Animals and Humans. Malaysia Journal of Veterinary Research, 4(2): 21-26.
Talebkhan Garoussi, M., Vand-e-ussefi, J., Familghadakchi, H. and Nowrouzian, I. (2003). The seroepidemiolgical survey of canine leptospirosis in shephered of dairy cattle herds in Mashhad suburb of Iran. Journal of Veterinary Research, 58(2): 177-179.
Vand-e-ussefi, J., Moradi Bidhendi, S., Arabi, A., Ameli, A. and Charkhar, S. (2000). Serological examination of leptocirosis in humans and animals. Abstracts of the Third Congress of Human-Animal Communicable Diseases, 6-4 May-Mashhad. [In Persian]
Vermunt, J.J., West, D.M., Cooke, M.M., Alley, M.R. and Collins-Emerson, J. (1994). Observations on three outbreaks of Leptospirainterrogans serovar pomona infection in lambs. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 42(4): 133-136.
Victoriano, A., Smythe, L.D. and Barzaga, N. (2009). Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region. BMC Infectious Diseases, 9: 147-156.
Vihol Priti, D., Jignesh, M.P., Jatin, H.P., Mahesh, C.P., Irsadikhank, H.K. and Jeetendra, K.R. (2016). Serological and clinicopathological studies on Leptospirosis among sheep. Journal of Animal Research, 6(4): 571-577.
Vijayachari, P., Sugunan, A.P. and Shriram, A.N. (2008). Leptospirosis: An emerging global public health problem. Journal of Biosciences, 33(4): 557-569.
World Health Organization. (2003). Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control, pp: 107.
Wynwood, S.J., Graham, G.C., Weier, S.L., Collet, T.A., McKay, D.B. and Craig, S.B. (2014). Leptospirosis from water sources. Pathology Global Health, 108(7): 1-5.
Zeynali, A., Rod, M.A., Vandyousefi, J., Tabatabayi, A.H. and Bokai, S. (2003). Evaluation of serological findings of leptospiral infection by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) in dogs Tehran and Suburbs. Journal of Veterinary Research, 58(2): 133-137.
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Abdollahpour, G.R. (1995). Bovine leptospirosis, with a special reference to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Ph.D. thesis; The University of Sidney, pp: 26-51.
Abdollahpour, G.R. (2016). Leptospirosis, a disease transmitted from animals to humans. University of Tehran Press, (No. 3720). [In Persian] pp: 6-30.
Alonso-Andicoberry, C., Garcia-Pena, F.J., Pereira-Bueno, J., Costas E. and Ortega-Mora, L.M. (2001). Herd-level risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. Seroprevalence in dairy and beef cattle in Spain. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 52(2): 109-117.
Avizeh, R., Ghorbanpoor, M., Hatami, S. and Abdollahpor, G. (2009). Seroepidemiology of canine leptospirosis in Ahvaz, Iran. Iran Journal Veterinary Research, 2(2): 75-79.
Bahaman, A.R. and Ibrahim, A. (1988). A review of leptospirosis in Malaysia. Veterinary Research Commun, 12(2-3): 179-189.
Balakrishnan, G., Govindarajan, R., Meenambigai, T.V. and Murali Manohar, B. (2011). Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis among sheep in Tamilnadu. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 7(6): 285-289.
Bertelloni, F., Cilia, G., Turchi, B., Pinzauti, P., Cerri, D. and Fratini, F. (2019). Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in North-Central Italy: Fifteen years of serological data (2002-2016). Comparative immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 65(8): 14-22.
Cerri, D., Ebani, V.V., Fratini, F., Pinzauti, P. and Andreani, E. (2003). Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: Observation of serological data obtained by a Diagnostic laboratory for Leptospirosis from 1995 to 2001. The New Microbiologica, 26(4): 383-389.
Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H. and Grünberg, W. (2017). Veterinary Medicine – A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats. 11th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, pp: 1115-1129.
Costa, F., Hagan, J.E., Calcagno, J., Kane, M., Torgerson, P., Martinez-Silveira, M.S., et al. (2015). Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: A systematic review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(9): 1-19.
Ebrahimi, A., Alijani, L. and Abdollahpour, G.R. (2003). Serological survey of human leptospirosis in tribal area of west central Iran. Iranian Journal of Medical Science, 28(2): 93-95.
Ellis, G.R., Partington, D.L., Hindmarsh, M. and Barton, M.D. (1994). Seroprevalence to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in merino stud rams in South Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal, 71(7): 203-206.
Ellis, W.A., Bryson, D.G., Neill, S.D., McParland, P.J. and Malone, F.E. (1983). Possible involvement of leptospires in abortion, stillbirths and neonatal deaths in sheep. Veterinary Record, 112(13): 291-293.
Goarant, C. (2016). Leptospirosis: Risk factors and management challenges in developing Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine, 7: 49-62.
Goli, G. (2012). Seroepidemiological study of leptospirosis in livestock farms around Karaj. Thesis for D.V.M. degree, No. 2862. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. [In Persian]
HajiHajikolaei, M.R., Ghorbanpour, M. and Abdollapour, G.R. (2005a). Serological study of leptospirosis in cattle in Ahvaz. Journal Veterinary Research (University of Tehran), 60(1): 7-14.
HajiHajikolaei, M.R., Ghorbanpour, M., Gharibi, D. and Abdollapour, G.R. (2007b). Serologic study on leptospiral infection in sheep of Ahvaz, southwestern Iran. Journal Veterinary Research (University of Tehran), 8(4): 333-336.
HajiHajikolaei, M.R., Ghorbanpour, M., Haidari, M. and Abdollapour, G.R. (2005b). Comparison of leptospiral infection in the horse and donkey. Bulletin-Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 49(2): 175-178.
HajiHajikolaei, M.R., Ghorbanpour, M., Keshavarzi- Yangabadi, M. and Abdollapour, G.R. (2007a). Seroprevalence of leptospiral infection in goats of Ahvaz. Iran Journal Veterinary Research, 62(4): 93-96.
Hassani, M. and Nayeri Fasaei, B. (2020). Ameta-analysis of the prevalence of Leptospirosis and its serovars in livestock population of Iran. Journal of Veterinary Research, 75(3): 262-270.
Imandar, M., Hassanpour, A., Abdollahpour, G. and Haghpanah, H. (2012). Evaluation of risk factors of prevalence of leptospirosis in sheep flocks. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 5(4): 1397-1403.
Hassanpour, A., Imandar, M., Abdollahpour, and Mahsayekhi, M. (2011). Seroprevalence of Leptospiral Infection in Ewes in Khoy – Iran. Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(8): 2033-2038.
Jafari, M., Maham, A. and Azarvandi, A. (1996). Evaluation of leptospirosis in cows in Urmia. Abstracts of the Third Congress of Human-Animal Communicable Diseases, 6-4 May-Mashhad. [In Persian]
Khaki, P., Bidehendi, M.S. and Vande yousefi, J. (2005). Prevalence of Leptospirosis in Iran. 4th Scientific Meeting of the International Leptospirosis Society. November 14-16. Chiang Mai, Thailand, pp: 179.
Khalili, M., Sakhaee, E., Bagheri Amiri, F., Asadabadi Safat, A., Afshar, D. and Esmaeili, S. (2020). Serological evidence of Leptospirosis inIran; A systemic review and meta-analysis. Microbial Pathology, 138(1): 103833.
Leon-Vizcaino, L., De Mendoza, M.H. and Garrido, F. (1987). Incidence of abortions caused by leptospirosis in sheep and goats in Spain. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 10(2): 149-153.
Maghami, G.H., Hooshmand-rad, P. and Farhang-azad, A. (1997). Leptospirosis in small mammals of Iran: II: isolation of Leptospira grippotyphosa from Mus msuculus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 13(3): 286-289.
Martins, G., Brandão, F.Z., Hamond, C., Medeiros, M. and Lilenbaum, W. (2012). Diagnosis and control of an outbreak ofleptospirosis in goats with reproductive failure. Veterinary Journal, (193): 600-601.
Moharrami, M., Taghipour Bazargani, T., Hooshmandrad, P. and Bokaei, S. (1992). Seroepidemiological study of leptospirosis in dairy farms around Tehran. Abstracts of the First National Congress of Zoonoses, 3-5 November, Amol, Iran. [In Persian]
Otaka, D.Y., Martins, G., Hamond, C., Penna, B. Medeiros, M.A. and Lilenbaum, W. (2012). Serology and PCR for bovine leptospirosis: Herd and individual approaches. Veterinary Record, 10(2): 113-119.
Rahman, M.S.A, Bejo, S.K., Zakaria, Z., Hassan, L. and Roslan, M.A. (2020). Seroprevalence and distrubtion of Leptospiral serovars in livestock (cattle, goats and sheep) in flood-prone Kelantan, Malaysia. Journal of Veterinary Research, 65(1): 53-58.
Ramin A.Gh., Abdollahpour, G., Azizzadeh, F., Ghahremani, P., Masoudi, A. and Ramin, S. (2013). Seroepidemiological detection of antibodies against leptospira using microscopical agglutination test in Urmia cow and sheep. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 9(3): 54-61. [In Persian]
Rezaei, S., Haji Hajikolaei, M.R., Ghadrdan Mashhadi, A.R., Ghorbanpour, M. and Adbollahpour. (2016). Comparision of Leptospira interrogans infection in the goats and sheep. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 10(2): 113-119.
Roqueplo, C., Kodjo, A., Demoncheaux, J., Scandola, P., Bassene, H., Diatta, G., et al. (2019). Leptospirosis, one neglected disease in rural Senegal. Veterinary Medicine Science, 5(1): 536-544.
Samsi, N.S., Zainol, A., Darus, A., Zainun, Z., Wang, C.S., Zainal, Z., et al. (2013). Serodiagnosis of Leptospirosis in Domestic Animals and Humans. Malaysia Journal of Veterinary Research, 4(2): 21-26.
Talebkhan Garoussi, M., Vand-e-ussefi, J., Familghadakchi, H. and Nowrouzian, I. (2003). The seroepidemiolgical survey of canine leptospirosis in shephered of dairy cattle herds in Mashhad suburb of Iran. Journal of Veterinary Research, 58(2): 177-179.
Vand-e-ussefi, J., Moradi Bidhendi, S., Arabi, A., Ameli, A. and Charkhar, S. (2000). Serological examination of leptocirosis in humans and animals. Abstracts of the Third Congress of Human-Animal Communicable Diseases, 6-4 May-Mashhad. [In Persian]
Vermunt, J.J., West, D.M., Cooke, M.M., Alley, M.R. and Collins-Emerson, J. (1994). Observations on three outbreaks of Leptospirainterrogans serovar pomona infection in lambs. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 42(4): 133-136.
Victoriano, A., Smythe, L.D. and Barzaga, N. (2009). Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region. BMC Infectious Diseases, 9: 147-156.
Vihol Priti, D., Jignesh, M.P., Jatin, H.P., Mahesh, C.P., Irsadikhank, H.K. and Jeetendra, K.R. (2016). Serological and clinicopathological studies on Leptospirosis among sheep. Journal of Animal Research, 6(4): 571-577.
Vijayachari, P., Sugunan, A.P. and Shriram, A.N. (2008). Leptospirosis: An emerging global public health problem. Journal of Biosciences, 33(4): 557-569.
World Health Organization. (2003). Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control, pp: 107.
Wynwood, S.J., Graham, G.C., Weier, S.L., Collet, T.A., McKay, D.B. and Craig, S.B. (2014). Leptospirosis from water sources. Pathology Global Health, 108(7): 1-5.
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